Ohm’s Law EXAMPLE 1: A series circuit has 1200-

ohms of total resistance with 12 V as

the power supply. What is the total
current of this circuit?

EXAMPLE 2: Find the resistance of a

circuit that draws 0.06 amperes with 12
volts applied.

Joule’s Law
EXAMPLE 3: Bogart runs his juicer
every morning. The juicer uses 90W of
Power and the Current supplied is 4.5A.
How many volts is necessary to run the
juicer.
EXAMPLE 4: Calculate the amount of
power dissipated by this electric
heating element, if the generator’s
output voltage is 110 volts and the
heater’s resistance is 2.5 ohms.

Calculate also the power dissipated by

the same heater if the generator’s
output voltage is doubled.
Energy and
Cost of
Operation
Engineering Utilities 1

LECTURE 02
Energy Use/Consumption (q)
q = P x t

P=rated power of the appliance (watts)

t= length of operating time

Energy Charge (＄energy)

＄energy = q x (＄/kwh)

＄energy = cost of electrical energy consumed

q = energy consumption is expressed in kilowatt-hours
＄/kwh = unit cost of electricity

ü The energy charge is based on energy consumed by the customer during a billing period,
say once a month or every 30 days. Energy consumed is determined by reading the
electric meter.
EXAMPLE 1: Determine the cost to run EXAMPLE 2: If the power company
a 1,500W heater for six hours based on charges 5.5php/kWh, how much does it
an electricity cost of 4php/kWh. cost to run a 100W radio for 3.0hours
everyday for the period of 30 days?
EXAMPLE 3: A 60W light bulb remains
lighted 24hours a day for 30days.
Determine the electrical energy
consumed over this period. Calculate
the energy charge for the billing
period at a rate of ＄0.1172/kWh.
EXAMPLE 4: A large residence consumes 1155 kWh
of electrical energy
over a billing period. Determine the total charge
for the billing
period based on the rate schedule provided:
Service Charge . . . . . . . . . . . .$5.16 Energy Charge
First 1000 kWh of billing period . . . . . . . . .$0.117/kWh
Next 2000 kWh of billing period . . . . . . . . .$0.109/kWh
 Commercial and industrial
consumers (and some all-electric
residential users) are assessed an
Power “Demand” Charge
additional charge based on the
highest rate that energy is
consumed.
Maximum demand is the user’s
highest rate at which energy is
consumed in kilowatts (kW) over a
small time interval (usually 15 min
but sometimes 30 or 60 min) that is
measured by the electric meter
during a billing period.
A demand charge is the billing
fee related to maximum demand.
Depending on the billing rate, a
high demand charge may remain at
that rate for 12 months even though
the demand for succeeding months
is significantly lower.
Example 1: A small
manufacturing plant on a single
three-phase service consumes
104 000 kWh of electrical
energy over a monthly billing
period. Peak demand is
measured at 400 kW during the
day and 200 kW at night.
Determine the total monthly
charge based on the rate
schedule provided:
Example 2: Similar to example 1, a
small manufacturing plant on a single
three-phase service consumes 126 000
kWh of electrical energy over a
monthly billing period. Peak demand
is typically measured at 400 kW
during the day and 200 kW at night.
However, because of an abnormality
in plant operation, demand for power
increases to 1200 kW over a 15-min
period on one day during the month.
Determine the total monthly charge
based on the rate schedule provided:
Circuit Loads
Example 1: Three resistor 2Ω,
3Ω and 6Ω respectively are
connected in parallel. This
combination is connected in
series with an 8Ω resistor.
Find: RT , IT , and power at 6Ω.
(use 18v source)
Example 2: A string of 16
identical christmas lights in
series takes in a combination
current of 0.03A from a 220V
line.
Find: Voltage across each lamp,
operating resistance, and RT.
Do you have
any questions?
Activity 2