CON 1033 - ConstructionMethods,

Materials and Codes

Week 2: Lecture 2
Site Grading and Part 1 of Site Servicing
 Learning Outcomes

1. Understand the terminology and principles involved in

site grading and civil site servicing works
2. Describe the basic materials, components (products),
and methods used in site grading and civil site servicing
works
3. Discuss the key properties of the most common
materials and products used in civil site servicing works
4. Discuss coordination requirements and typical
inspections
5. Identify alternative site servicing materials and methods

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 Site Grading

❖In construction, grading generally means remodeling

existing land as per grading plan/drawing to obtain a lot
area with required elevations for:
– Building pad for new structures
– Parking lot
– Drainage, etc.
❖Roughly involves adjusting the ground level to facilitate
excavation and construction of a building.
❖Involves topographic survey and grading drawings.

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 Site Grading

Topographic Survey:
Topographic survey results are required for site grading work.
Definition:
❖ Determines the relative locations of places on the earth's surface
with respect to horizontal distances, differences in elevation, and
directions.
Purpose:
❖ Produce topographic maps
❖ Construct topographic (cross-sectional) profiles
❖ Establish vertical and horizontal control to definelocations
accurately

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Topographic
Drawing
Givesall
Existing
Elevations
on Site
 Site Grading

Grading Drawing:
❖ Grading Drawing provides the following key information:
– Proposed elevations
– Finished floor elevation of thebuilding
– Parking lot elevations
– Sidewalk and curb elevations
– Drainage flow elevations, etc.
❖ Grading drawing can also include existing elevation (refer to
Kelson Project Drawings).
❖ Based on the existing and proposed elevations, the top
elevations of the subgrade are determined for both building
pad and parking lot areas → Needs Cutting and Filling.
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Site Grading

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 Site Grading

Grading work is generally performed in

two stages – Bulk Grading and Fine
Grading.
Bulk Grading:
❖ First stage of grading work where
elevations are marked on stakes
placed into the grounds.
❖ Grading operation is done to roughly
reach the proposed elevation.
❖ Requires Cutting and/or Filling.
ccnrebuild.blogspot.com
❖ Calls for locates.
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 Site Grading

Cutting and Filling:

❖ Before starting the grading work, the need for cutting
and filling at site (check Grading Plan and
Topographical Survey Drawing) is determined.
❖ After that, bulk grading by cutting or filling is
performed to come as close as possible to the
proposed levels.
❖ The topsoil is removed.
❖ The soils are stockpile for reuse or disposal.
❖ Excavator and bulldozer are required.
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 Site Grading

Cutting and Filling:

❖ A construction site may
involve both cutting and
filling of soils.
❖ The cut soil can be used on
the same site if permitted
by the Geotechnical
Engineer (Geotechnical
Investigation Report or Soil
Report shall include this
recommendation).
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 Site Grading

Cutting and Filling:

❖ Suitable soil needs to be imported from another site to
achieve the proposed levels if there is more filling than
cutting during grading work.
❖ There will be excess soil (spoiled soil) on the site as a
result of the grading work if there is more cutting than
filling.
❖ The spoiled soil has to be disposed off atthe
appropriate dump site using truck.

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 Site Grading

Disposal and Import of Soils:

❖ The soil dumping site for disposal of spoiled soil as well
as the soil import site for fill soil have to be determined
in accordance with the recommendations of the
Geotechnical Engineer made based on the soil
characteristics.
❖ Needs soil analysis.
❖ Imparted in soil report.

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 Site Grading

Fine Grading:
❖ Second stage of grading work.
❖ The proposed elevations are
precisely achieved.
❖ There are equipment known as
“Fine Grader” to carry out fine
grading operation. A Multipurpose Utility Fine Grader
(Source: ForConstructionPros.com);
❖ Fine grading can be achieved Suitable for asphalt paving
contractors, general contractors,
using a bulldozer equipped with landscape contractors, and
Global Positioning System (GPS). municipalities.

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 Fine Grading with a GPSBulldozer

❖Bulldozer operations become more efficient and

accurate with GPS, which operates through the
satellite.
❖The existing elevations given by the topographic
survey drawing and the proposed elevations given
by the grading drawing are fed into the GPS system.
❖The bulldozer blade automatically moves up and
down as the signals transmit off the satellite to
provide the desired elevations on the building site.

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Fine Grading with a GPSBulldozer

GPS Bulldozer (Source: denverinfill.com)

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 Fine Grading with a GPSBulldozer

❖The bulldozer operator is constantly informed ofthe

blade's position and the required elevation in a
monitor screen inside the bulldozer cabin.
Advantages of GPS Bulldozer:
❖The system reduces the need to use staking in
grading operations, provides precise grade checking,
and helps speed up the implementation of plans for
large construction projects.
❖Using this equipment, the grading work can be
carried out with an accuracy of a few centimeters.
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 Site Grading Equipment

Major Equipment Used for Grading Work:

– Bulldozers with or withoutGPS
– Excavators
These two have towork
• Bucket sizes may vary in coordination

– Haulage trucks
– Fine grader
– Levels (rough & precise)

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Site Grading Equipment

Excavator – Backhoe (Source: www.deere.com)

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Site Grading Equipment

Excavator – Power Shovel (Source: www.imgday.com)

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Site Grading Equipment

Bulldozer (Source: en.wikipedia.org)

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Site Grading Equipment

Haulage Truck: (Capacity ≈ 10 m3)

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 Site Servicing Work

❖ Site servicing means bringing mainly the following services into the
site and up to the buildings and is carried out by a site servicing
contractor:
• – Potable water line
– Sprinkler line •CCairvriileSditoeuStebryvitchinegc:ivilsite
servicing contractor in
– Sanitary line accordance with the site
servicing drawing
– Storm line
– Electrical line
Electrical Site Servicing
– Communication line

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Civil Site Servicing
Drawing provides
information on:
➢ Potable water line
➢ Sprinkler line
➢ Sanitary line
➢ Storm line
➢ Invert/Obvert
➢ Service line plugs
➢ Flow type
➢ Flow direction,etc.
 Civil Site Servicing Work

❖The deepest line (normally Roof drainis

connectedto
the storm or sanitary line) stormdrain
underneaththe
is laid first before the street

second deepest line.

❖The roof drain can be
connected to the storm
line.
❖Alternatively, the
rainwater can be directed
onto the grade through
rain leader Common CommercialConnection
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 Civil Site ServicingWork
❖The shallowest line (normally water line) is laid at the end
beyond the frost line (the minimum depth for any exterior
excavation; this is 1.2 m for Toronto).

Frost Levels of SouthernOntario

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 Civil Site ServicingWork

❖ The flow in waterline is pressure flow.

❖ The flow in waterline takes place due to the pressure
existing in the city water main (this pressure is generally
in the range of 60-80 psi).
❖ The flow in storm and sanitary lines is gravityflow.
❖ The sanitary and storm pipes have a slope whichis
maintained by invert levels.
Obvert level

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 Civil Site Servicing Work

The Work Involves

➢ Establishing locates.
➢Excavating the trench to the required depth using
the excavators (power shovel, backhoe).
➢ Placing and compacting the bedding materials
inside the trench to support the overlying pipe.
➢ Laying the pipe on the compacted bedding
materials at the correct invert level.
➢ Backfilling of the trench and compaction.

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 Civil Site ServicingWork

Locates before Excavation Work:

❖ Locates must be called for by
the contractor before any kind
of excavation work.
❖ This is required to protectthe
existing underground utilities
in the area of building
construction work.
❖ The utility companies clearly
mark the locates on the
Ground Penetrating Radar Locates
ground to avoid any accidents. Private Utilities Prior to Excavation
(Source: gp-radar.com)

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 Civil Site Servicing Work

Trench Depth = Depth of Foundation + Depth of

Bedding + Depth of Haunch Zone + Depth of
Initial Backfill + Depth of Final Backfill

Trench Excavation (Trenching)

Source: http://www.ads-pipecanada.com

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 Civil Site Servicing Work
Nominal Minimum Recommended
Diameter,Ø, Trench Width,
in. (mm) in. (mm)
4 (100) 21 (535)
6 (150) 23 (585) Pipe Trenching – Minimum
8 (200) 25 (635)
10 (250) 28 (710)
Trench Width:
12 (300) 31 (790)
15 (375) 34 (865)
❖ Unless otherwise specified,
18 (450) 39 (990) the minimum trench width
24 (600) 48 (1220) shall be as to provide a
30 (750) 56 (1422)
36 (900) 64 (1625)
clearance of 150 mm on each
42 (1050) 72 (1828) side of the pipe.
48 (1200) 80 (2032)
54 (1350) 88 (2235)
60 (1500) 96 (2438
Source: http://www.ads-pipecanada.com

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 Civil Site Servicing Work

Pipe Trenching – Maximum Trench Width:

Configuration Pipe Size Maximum Trench Width

Single Pipe 250 mm to 900 mm O.D. + 600 mm

Over 900 mm O.D. + 1000 mm
Dual Pipe 250 mm to 900 mm O.D. pipe 1 + O.D. pipe 2 + 560 mm
Over 900 mm O.D. pipe 1 + O.D. pipe 2 + 760 mm

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 Civil Site Servicing Work

Pipe Bedding:
❖Pipe's ability to supportthe
overlying earth loads is
influenced by the bedding
support that the pipe has
under it and at its sides.
❖Improperly supported pipe
will be either damaged or
deformed (depending on the
type), causing leakage at the
pipe joints. ❖ The Haunch Zone is located directly above the
❖Bedding material should beat Bed Zone and extends to a height of between
the specified standard 10% and 30% of the outside diameter of the
density before laying down pipe above the Bed Zone.
the pipe. ❖ It provides support to the underside of the pipe
and shifts loads to the bed zone.

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dm = 75 mm for I.D. ≤ 675 mm; dm = 100 mm for I.D. 750-1500 mm; dm = 150 mm for I.D. ≥ 1650 mm

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 Civil Site Servicing Work

Soil Compaction:
❖ Soil compaction is defined as
densification of soils by
removing air voids using
mechanical equipment such as
trench compactor or roller.
❖ In soils, compaction brings
about an increase in bulk
density, bearing capacity, and
unit weight, accompanied by a
decrease in air volume.
❖ Compaction also decreases the
undesirable settlement of soils
due to loading.

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 Civil Site ServicingWork

Soil Compaction:
❖ Compaction depends on the type of soil, compactive energy, and soil water
❖ The types of soil based on compactability: Type 1 – Consolidated clay; Type 2 –
Silty clay; Type 3 – Sand; Type 4 – Wet and muddy soil
❖ Type 1 and Type 2 soils are compactable whereas Type 3 and Type 4 are non-
compactable

A trench roller is ideally suited for

the compaction of excavations
and sub bases of foundations,
roads and parking lots; a smaller
unit can also be used to compact
pipe bedding.
Source: (www.wackerneuson.jp )

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 Civil Site ServicingWork

Soil Compaction:
❖ Compaction is a function of water content;
water added to the soil during compaction
acts as a lubricant for the soil particles.
❖ Optimum moisture content (OMC) is that
content of water in soil at which the
maximum dry unit weight can be attained
as a result of a given compaction effort.
❖ Dry density = (Wet density)/(1 + Moisture
content as a fraction)
❖ The optimum moisture content of soil is
determined in the lab through a test
widely known as “Modified Proctor Test”.
❖ Bedding and backfill materials should be
compacted properly at the OMC. Source: LandscapeOnline.com
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 Civil Site Servicing Work

Pipe Laying:
▪ A crawler pipe
layer is used to
lower the pipes
on compacted
bedding in a
trench.
▪ Most common
in ICI
construction
works.

(Source: www.oilandgasproductnews.com)
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 Civil Site ServicingWork
Service Line Plugs:
❖ Once the civil site services are brought to the buildingsite
➢ They are taken at or close to the building pad of each buildingto
be constructed.
➢ Are capped about 2 feet above the finished floor level and left
there by the civil site servicing contractor (plumbingcontractor)
➢ These capped connection points are called “service line plugs”.
❖ At a future stage of the project, the capped services are distributed
further inside the building by the plumbingcontractor.
❖ It is also the responsibility of the plumbing contractor toget services
connected with the city mains and to get all the tests passed before
the services can be opened up for use.
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 Civil Site ServicingWork

Source:
http://knockdownrebuildcosmopolitan.blogspot.ca
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 Civil Site ServicingWork
❖ Some of the materials and components used in civil site servicing
include:
– Ultra-rib PVC pipe
– Pressure rated steel and PVC pipes
– Concrete pipe
– Embedment materials (bedding & backfill materials)
– Catch basins and manholes
– Benching
– Unshrinkable fill
– Oil/grit separator (Stormceptor)
– Sub-drain/weeping tile
– Tracer wire
– Valve and box
– Siamese connection
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 Ultra Rib PVCpipe

▪ Ultra rib PVC pipe has concentric

reinforcing ribs that encircle thepipe
to provide superior ring stiffness and
performance.
▪ It is an extruded, seamless pipe made
from high grade PVC compound.
▪ Ultra-Rib’s 50 psi capable joints easily
outperform concrete joints and
eliminate infiltration and exfiltration.
▪ It provides good hydraulic
performance and much better
abrasion and chemical resistance.
▪ Used for storm and sanitarymains.
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 Concrete Pipe Used inOntario

❖ Circular non-reinforced concrete

pipe – used when low to moderate
cover and/or live load conditions
exist; mostly available with a
diameter in the range of 100-600
mm (can be larger); applied in
storm drains and culverts.
❖ Circular reinforced concrete pipe –
the best choice for applications
where water tightness is needed;
available in diameters from 300 to Source: slbconcrete.com
3600 mm; applied in sanitary
sewers, storm drains, and culverts.

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 Concrete Pipe Used inOntario

❖ Elliptical reinforced concrete pipe – used where height or width

restrictions exist; available in circular diameter equivalents of 900
to 2700 mm; applied in storm drains, culverts and underground
storm water retention structures; installed as horizontal ellipticalor
vertical elliptical.
❖ Rectangular concrete pipe – box section.

Source: www.munroltd.com Source: www.cemexusa.com

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 Concrete Pipe Specifications

❖Concrete pipe are usually specified in the following three

ways:
➢ Based on the class or type of concrete
➢ Using Standard DimensionRatio (SDR)
➢ Based on the D-load
• D-load represents the load associated with initial cracking without any
failure
• Less than ultimate load (failure load)
➢ There are three classes of non-reinforced concrete pipes
➢ There are four/five classes of reinforced concrete pipes

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 Strength Classes of ConcretePipe
Three-Edge-Bearing Strength (lb/ft) of Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipe

Note: Diameter is in inch

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 Strength Classes of ConcretePipe
Non-Reinforced Sewer and Culver Concrete Pipe according
to CSA

Source: Ontario Concrete Pipe Association

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 Strength Classes of ConcretePipe
Classes of Reinforced Concrete Pipe:
❖ Classified based on the design load
that causes 0.3 mm wide crack
without failure during flexuretest.
❖ Five strength classes of reinforced
concrete pipe according to ASTM.
❖ Four strength classes of reinforced Flexure Test of Concrete Pipe
(Source: www.ikt-online.org)
concrete pipe according to CSA.

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 Pressure RatedPipes
❖ Pressure Rated Copper and Steel Pipes
❖ Pressure Rated PVC pipes – normally used for water mains; rated based
on pressure (psi) and standard dimension ratio (SDR) or dimension ratio
(DR); commercial example: BlueBrute Piping Systems

Pressure Rating of Blue Brute Piping Systems

Note: The numbers 100, 150, and 200 represent pressure in psi that a pipe can withstand without
leakage; higher the pressure rating number, better the quality of the pipe.
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 Standard Dimension Ratio(SDR)
❖ "Standard Dimension Ratio" - SDR – is a method of rating
pressure piping

❖ The SDR is the ratio of pipe outer diameter to wallthickness

and can be expressed as SDR = D / s , where
D = Pipe outer diameter (mm)
s = Pipe wall thickness (mm)

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 Standard Dimension Ratio(SDR)

❖An SDR 10 means that the outer diameter “D” of the

pipe is ten times the thickness “s” of the wall.

❖With a high SDR ratio (fixed diameter), the pipe wallis

thin compared to the pipe diameter

❖With a low SDR ratio (fixed diameter), the pipe wallis

thick compared to the pipe diameter

❖As a consequence, a high SDR pipe has a low-pressure

rating and a low SDR pipe has a high-pressure rating

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 Alternative Site Servicing Materials
and Methods
❖ Alternative materials to produce site servicing products such as
different types of concrete pipe: for example, industrial wastes–
fly ash, ground slag, etc. and quarry waste – quarry dust can be
used in concrete making
❖ Alternative bedding materials such as recycled concrete
aggregate obtained from waste concrete and building demolition
as well as quarry waste aggregate can be used in pipe bedding
❖ Alternative backfill materials: locally available coral, slag, cinders,
and crushed shells; unshrinkable flowablefill
❖ Alternative installation techniques: trenchless technologies –pipe
jacking, micro-tunneling, boring, etc.

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 Coordination Requirementsand
Typical Inspections
❖Good coordination is required among civil, electrical and mechanical
site servicing contractors to avoid any mistake and accident.
❖A coordination document is prepared for the workers of more than
one employers who perform work in the same project site.
➢ Identify coordinated works, duties of workers, communication
methods, adequate means of entering and exiting, etc.
❖Typical Site Servicing Inspections:
➢ Grading and excavation works
➢ Potable water and sprinkler lines
➢ Storm and sanitary sewers
➢ Catch basins and manholes
➢ Fire hydrants
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 Coordination Requirementsand
Typical Inspections
❖ Final Approval - Requires the submission of engineeringinspection
and testing reports as applicable,including
➢ Chlorination documentation
➢ Water line leakage test
➢ Sprinkler line leakage test
➢ Sanitary sewer air leakagetest
➢ Storm and sanitary smoke test whereapplicable
❖ Occupancy will not be granted until site servicing works are
approved, and all the requirements of the Building Permithave
been met.

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 Lesson Summary

1. Site grading
2. Different civil site servicing works
3. Materials, components, and equipment used in
civil site servicing works
4. Alternative site servicing materials and
methods
5. Coordination requirements
6. Typical inspections