National Health Mission

2013
Combined NRHM + NUHM
By Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI
It includes all other health programs of India like
RMNCH+A, NPCBVI, NTEP, NLEP, NPCDCS, NTCP,
AMB etc.
Major targets-
a. MMR <100/lac LB (Currently 113/lac LB)
b. IMR <25/1000 LB (Currently 32/1000 LB)
c. TFR - 2.1 (Currently 2.2) (So, CPR shall be
>60% and NRR shall be 1)
 National Tuberculosis
Elimination Programme
It is a new name for Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Programme (RNTCP) with a new logo.
Category 1 and 2 are treated with the same regimen
of HRZE (2 months Intensive phase) + HRE (4 months
Continuous phase)
Directly Observed Treatment
Shortcourse (DOTS)
ICT based adherence support- DOTS 99
Incentives- Patients 500/month
CXR and CBNAAT test in diagnosis
Daily regimens and Fixed dose combinations
Active case finding
Drug resistant TB treatment
 Nikshay
Online Tool For Monitoring and Surveillance ofTB Control
Programme. ... The word is combination of two Hindi
words NI and KSHAY meaning eradication of tuberculosis.
 Integrated Child Development
Services 1975
Heart of ICDS- Anganwadi
Ministry of Women and Child Development, GOI
Functional Unit- Community Development Block
1 CD Block = 100 villages (1 lac population)
1 Anganwadi Centre- Per 300-800 popn in hills
Per 400-800 popn in plains
 Infantometer
Used to measure length
up to 2 years

Shakir's Tape
Used to measure Mid Arm
Circumference (MAC/MUAC) on
field by health workers

Salter's Scale Age group - 6 months to 5 years

Used to measure
Severe Malnutrition (Red
weight in ICDS
activities Zone) MAC < 12.5 cm
ICDS Growth Charts
Used to assess malnutrition in ICDS

URC- 50th percentile for Boys

LRC- 3rd percentile for Girls

Green Zone is also ka ROAD TO HEALTH

Harpenden's Callipers Used to measure skin

fold thickness
WHO Growth Charts
 Poshan Abhiyaan
It is a multi-ministerial convergence mission with
the vision to ensure attainment of malnutrition
free India by 2022.
Under Ministry of Women and Child Development
through Anganwadi Centres
PM Poshan Shakti Nirman
By Ministry of Human Resource and
Development (Now known as Ministry of
Education)
1/3rd Calories and 1/2 proteins of RDA is
provided.
100 g and 150 g of cereals to primary and
upper primary children is provided
respectively.
 National Family Planning
Programme
This logo has been set in use for the NFPP.
 Janani Shishu Suraksha
Karyakram
Free diagnostics, free drugs, free delivery, free diet, free
blood transfusion, free delivery are components.
NewBorn Care Corner
NewBorn Stabilization Unit
Special NewBorn Care Unit
Home based NewBorn Care
 National Vector Borne
Disease Control Programme
(NVBDCP)
M/C Vector Borne Ds- Malaria
M/C Viral Vector Borne Ds- Dengue
M/C Arboviral VBDs- Dengue

Programme includes Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis,

Kala Azar, JE and CG Fever.
 National Leprosy Elimination
Programme (NLEP)
Uniform Multi Drug Therapy for all patients - 3 drug regimen of
Dapsone + Rifampicin + Clofazimine

NIKUSTH- ICT based online tracking and surveillance

system for leprosy patients in NLEP.
 National AIDS Control
Programme (NACP) 1987
1st case in India- 1986 (Chennai)
It iis looked after by NACO a subunit of
MOHFW, GOI
ART initiated irrespective of the CD4 count
Screening by ERS Battery (ELISA, Rapid and
Simple tests)

Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre (ICTC)

 Mission Indradhanush
It includes 100% coverage for 11 Vaccine
Preventable Diseases by 2020 through catch up
campaigns.
TB, Polio, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis
B, Measles, Rota virus, MR, IPV, JE

The Switch
National Switch Day of India was 25th April,
2016
Switch from trivalent OPV (P1, P2, P3) was
done to bilavlent OPV (P1,P3)
Cold Chain for Vaccines

Dial thermometer and

Alcohol Stem
thermometer shown in
the images to recording
temp in Cold Chain

Ice-Lined Refrigerators (ILR)

Located at PHC
Temp- 2 to 8°C
Storage of vaccines
Temp is recorded twice a day
 Cold Chain for Vaccines

Ice Pack
Smallest component of cold chain
2 vaccine vials can be kept
Used at the level of SubCentre or Villages
Maximum failure chances

Vaccine Carriers
16-20 vaccine vials can be carried
Located at level of Sub Centre or Village
4 Ice Packs can be stored
 National Programme for
Control of Blindness and Visual
Impairment
Blindness- Vision < 3/60 in best eye with best possible
correction.
MCC- Cataract > Refractive Errors
Prevalence is 0.36% and Goal is < 0.3%
VISION 2020 India
Right to Sight Initiative
To eliminate all causes of avoidable blindness
Cataract, RE, Childhood Blindness, Trachoma, Diabetic
Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Corneal Blindness
Vision Centre--> Service Centre--> Training Centre-->
Centre of Excellence--> Apex
School- 1 teacher/150 students
Referral- Vision <6/9
Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) 2018
To reduce prevalence of anemia by 3% every year by 2022
Strategy- 6 beneficiaries × 6 interventions × 6 institutional
mechanism
 National Program for Prevention
and Control of Diabetes, Cardio-
Vascular Diseases and Stroke
(NPCDCS)
Health promotion, opportunistic screening, referral ,
diagnosis and management of none communicable diseases
 Rule of Halves
Shown by Hypertension

Diabetes

Breast Cancer
Awareness
 National Iodine Deficiency
Disorder Control Programme
(NIDDCP), 1992
Salt Iodinisation- 30 ppm at production level
15 ppm at consumer level
 Pradhan Mantri Surakshit
Matritva Abhiyaan (SUMAN)
Free antenatal care checkups on 9th of every month
By MOHFW, GOI
National Health Insurance National Tobacco Control Program
Scheme (RSBY)
 Aarogya Setu App
Aarogya Setu is a mobile application
developed by the Government of India to
connect essential health services with the
people of India in our combined fight
against COVID-19.
 Employee State Insurance
Act,1940
By Ministry of Labour, GOI
Contribution- Employer 3.25% of wages
Employee 0.75% of wages
Sickness Benefit- 91 days (70% wages)
Extended Sickness Benefit- 2 years (80% wages)
Maternity Benefit- 26 weeks (100% wages)
 National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA)
> 100 days of employment per year
Max. 1member per BPL family
Unskilled manual labour
 Integrated Disease Surveillance
Project (IDSP)
Encompasses Regular, Sentinel and Periodic Surveillance
Forms for Syndromic Dx, Presumptive Dx and Lab confirmed
Dx.
National Disaster Response Force
It is under National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA)
Chairperson- Prime Minister
Nodal Ministry- Home Affairs
Nodal Centre- District

World Disaster Reduction Day- 13th October

 Disaster Management Cycle
Health and Medical Relief:
Primary phase- (0-6hrs) First aid, Medical care
Secondary followup (6-24 hrs) Transportation, Sanitation,
Immunization
Tertiary cleanup- Food, Clothing, Shelter, Social services and
Rehabilitation
 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan
Yojana (PMJDY)
By Ministry of Finance, GOI

UIDAI Aadhar
 Unnati Jyoti by Affordable
LEDs for All (UJALA)
By Ministry of Power, GOI
Distribution of LEDs at affordable and subsidized
prices
 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
Yojana (PMUY)
By Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas,
GOI
Free LPG connections to BPL families and gas
cylinders at subsidized rates
 UJJAWALA Yojana
A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of
trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-
integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial
Sexual Exploitation
By Ministry of Women and Child Development, GOI
 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
Abhiyaan
By Ministry of Women and Child Development
 AYUSH
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopath,
Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
MOHFW, GOI
 International Day of Yoga
21st June
 Indian Standards
Institution Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health
The ISI mark is a standards- through the regulation and supervision of food safety.
compliance mark for industrial
products in India since 1955.

Bureau of Indian
Standards
BIS is the National Standard Body
AGMARK of India established under the BIS
Act 2016 for the harmonious
AGMARK is a development of the activities of
certification mark standardization, marking and
employed on quality certification of goods and
agricultural products for matters connected therewith
in India, assuring that or incidental
they conform to a set
of standards.

thereto.
James Lind
He worked on Scurvy and naval hygiene

Edward Jenner
He coined the term Vaccination
He developed the first vaccine (Small Pox)
 Sir Louis Pasteur
Father of Microbiology
He was a French microbiologist.
He invented vaccines of Cholera, Anthrax and
Rabies
He also invented Pasteurization
He disapproved the Theory of Spontaneous
Generation of Disease given by Aristotle
He gave the Germ Theory of Disease
 John Snow
Father of Epidemiology
Father of Modern Epidemiology
He worked on Cholera and therefore Cholera is
regarded as Father of Public Health
National Institute of Epidemiology - Chennai, India
 Epidemiology

Epidemiological Triangle
Epidemiological Triad
 Web of Causation Theory
Given by Mcmohan and Pugh

Multifactorial Causation Theory

Given by Pattenkoffer
 Iceberg
phenomenon

Lead Time
Prospective Cohort study
 Analytical Studies

Case Control Study

 BARRIER CONTRACEPTIVES

Male Condoms Vaginal Sponge (TODAY)

Pearl Index- 2-14/HWY Pearl Index- 9-20/HWY

Female Condoms Vaginal Diaphragm

Pearl Index- 5-21/HWY Pearl Index- 5-20/HWY
 Intra-Uterine Contraceptive
Device
Pearl Index- 1-5
Best method of emergency contraception

CuT 380A
Lippes Loop 2nd generation IUCD
1st generation IUCD Bioactive
Highest failure among A signifies vertical length of limb
IUCD's 380 signifies surface area of Cu
Non-medicated and Inert used

Mirena
3rd generation IUCD
Levonorgestrel medicated IUCD
 CONTRACEPTION

Antara
Chhaya IM injectable hormonal contraception
Also ka Saheli/Centchroman Depot Metroxy Progesterone Acetate
Once a week pill (DMPA)

Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCP)

Yuzpee and Lancer Regime (4 pills taken at a
time 12 hrs apart within 72 hrs)
Ethinyl Estradiol - 30 mcg
Levonorgestrel - 150 mcg
7 tablets of Ferrous sulphate 60 mg
Pearl Index- 0.1-2/HWY
 Sterilization
Permanent method of contraception
Pearl Index - < 0.1/HWY

Tubectomy Vasectomy
Most commonly used method Advice post vasectomy-
MC technique- Pomeroy's Use barrier method for
technique 3 months
Natural Method of
Contraception
 Autoclave
Temp- 121°C at 15 psi for 15 min
Control- Geobacillus stearothermophilus
 International Organizations

World Health Organization United Nations (UNO)

(WHO) Established- 1945
Established- 1945 HQ- New York
Constitution- 7th April 1948
(World Health Day)
HQ- Geneva

United Nation's Children's Emergency Fund

HQ- New York
 International Organizations

International Labour
International Red Cross Organization
HQ- Geneva HQ- Geneva

FAO
HQ- Rome, Italy Launched FFHC Campaign
 Mosquitoes and Larvae

Female Anopheles Mosquito Aedes aegypti Mosquito

Vector for Malaria Vector for Dengue, YF, CG Fever and Zika
Black spots on wings virus
45° angle with surface White spots so aka Tiger Mosquito
Larva parallel to water surface Larva suspends from water surface
 Mosquitoes and Larvae

Culex Mosquito Mansonia Mosquito

Vector for Japanese Encephalitis, WNF, Vector for Brugyian Filariasis
Lymphatic Filariasis Sparkling on legs and wings
Hunchback appearance
Larvae along rootlets of aquatic plants

Larva suspended from water surface

 Measles (Rubeola)
Rash (Image 1)
Koplik spots (Image 2)
IP- 10-14 days
Vaccine strain- Edmonstron Zagreb strain
NIS- 2 doses of MR vaccine
(9 months and 16-24 months)
 Chicken Pox (Varicella)
Aka Human Herpes Virus (HHV 3)
IP- 14-21 days
Centripetal distribution of rash
Rash in different stages
Dew drop lesions
Vaccine strain- OKA strain
 Methods of Communication

Sociogram
Focused Group Discussion

ORS Demonstration
 Instruments

Sling Psychrometer
Used to measure Air
Wind Vane
Humidity Used for Direction of
wind

Kata Thermometer
Used to measure Low air
velocity/ Cooling power of air
 Horrock's Apparatus
Used for estimation of Chlorine
demand
1 black beaker of Starch Iodide

Chloroscope
Used to measure amount of
free residual Chlorine in water
 Nutrition and Health

Bitot's Spots
Vit. A deficiency (Xerophthalmia)
Class X1B
Secondary Sign Lathyrism
Due to adulteration of
Kesari Dal in other pulses
Golden Rice Toxin- BOAA (Beta- Oxylyl
Genetically
Amino Alanine)
Modified Crop
Neurological and Skeletal
Rich in Iron and
Beta-Carotene manifestations

Carotene
Dental Fluorosis

BioHazard
 Single Exposure, Point Source
Epidemic
Clustering of cases in one incubation
period
Sudden rise and sudden fall
Eg. Food Poisoning

Multiple Exposure, Point

Source Epidemic
Sudden Rise
Secondary waves due to multiple
exposure
Multiple clustering of cases
Eg. Typhoid due to contaminated
water in pond/well
 Propogated Epidemic
Only with diseases showing Person-
to-person transmission
Slow rise and slow fall with a plateau
Eg. Hepatitis A, TB, HIV

Pandemic
Country to country spread of a
disease
Eg. COVID-19, H1N1, HIV
 Trends of Disease

Secular Trend
Long term fluctuations

Cyclical Trend
Increase or decrease every few years
Periodic fluctuations

Seasonal Trend
Periodic fluctuations
 Louse

Louse transmitted diseases -

Epidemic Typhus
Relapsing Fever
Trench Fever
Pediculosis
a. Pediculosis Capitis- Head louse
b. Pedivulosis Corporis- Body louse
c. Pediculosis Pubus- Crab louse
 VECTORS

1. Sandfly (Phlebotomous sp.)- Visceral Leishmaniasis

1 (Kala Azar), Cutaneous Lesihmaniasis (Oriental sore,
Delhi boil, Baghdad boil)

2. Reduvid Bug- American Trypanosomiasis

(Chagas disease)

3. Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis)- Bubonic plague

Endemic Typhus, Chiggerosis

2 3
 Tick transmitted diseases
Soft Tick- Q fever, KFD(outside India), Relapsing Fever
Hard Tick- KFD(India), Indian tick typhus, Babesiosis, Tick
encephalitis and Tick hemorrhagic fever, Tularemia
 Sampling

Simple Random Sampling Systematic Random Sampling

 Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Random Sampling

Done in various levels (strata) Done in various clusters
 Statistical Graphs

Histogram

Frequency Polygon Frequency Curve

 Statistical Graphs

Simple Bar Charts

Multiple Bar Charts

Component Bar
Charts
Statistical Graphs

OGIVE- Cumulative Frequency

Diagram (Frequency only
increases)
 Statistical Graphs

Stem and Leaf

Funnel Plot Forest Plot
Plot

Box and Whisker Plot Pie Chart

Forensic Medicine
and
Toxicology
 Mechanical Injuries

Grazed Abrasion
Gravel Rash/Brush
Burn/Friction Burn

Patterned Abrasion
Imprint Abrasion/Impact
Abrasion

Pressure Abrasion
 Image 1- Contusion/Bruise

Image 2- Racoon's eye/Panda's

eye/Spectacle hematoma
It is due to Anterior Cranial
Fossa fracture
Aka Ectopic migratory bruise

Image 1- Laceration

Image 2-
Avulsion/Degloving Injury
 Suicidal Wounds
Hesitational Cuts/
Intentional Cuts/
Tentative Cuts

Incised Wound

Harakiri/Seppuku
Self inflicted injury
to abdomen by
japanese soldiers

Stab Wound
Skull Fractures

Linear/Fissure
fracture

Depressed fracture
Signature fracture/ Fracture
Ala Signature

Pond's Fracture
Indented fracture
Seen in elastic skulls of infants
 IntraCranial Hemorrhages

Extradural Hemorrhage Subdural Hemorrhage

Injury to Middle Meningeal Rupture of bridging emissary
Artery veins
Coup injury Extremes of ages
Lucid Interval Concavoconvex (crescent
Biconvex (lens shaped) opacity shaped) opacity on CT Head
on CT Head
 IntraCranial Hemorrhages

SubArachnoid Hemorrhage IntraCerebral Hemorrhage

Rupture of berry aneurysm MC site- Putamen
Worst headache of life or Thunderclap Injury to lenticulostriate artery
headache (Charcots artery)
Xanthochromic CSF
Forensic Ballistics
Firearm
Thermal Burns
 Transportation Injuries

Sparrow Foot Marks/ Injuries

Due to broken wind screen Whiplash Injuries
Neck goes in hyperflexion and
hyper extension leading to spinal
cord injuries

Seat Belt Injuries

Due to hyperflexion on seat belt
MC- Mesenteric rupture
 Electrical Injuries

Joule Burn
Low voltage
burn

Crocodile Burns
Multiple pitted lesions due to high
voltage

Filigree Burns
It is seen with lightening
Aka Arborescent markings/ Lichenberg
flowers/ Ferns/ Keranographic markings
 Torture Methods
Declaration of Tokyo

Telefono Falanga/BastinadDry Submarine

o

Wet
Submarine

Parrot's Perch Planton Saw Horse

 Cold Injuries

Trench Foot
Due to moist cold on prolonged
immersion

Frost Bite
Permanent damage due to freezing
temperature
 Transvestism/Eonism
Vitriolage (Acid Attack)
Defn- IPC sec 326 A
Punished- IPC sec 326 B

Voyeurism
Peeping Tom/
Scoptophilia
IPC sec 354 C

Frotteurism
IPC sec 290
Hanging

Typical
Atypical Hanging
Hanging

Lynching
Mugging Manual Strangulation(Throttling)

Ligature
Garrotting Strangulation
 Drowning

Cadaveric Spasm Froath

Emphysema Aquosum Washer Woman's hand

Smothering Choking
Treated with Heimlich's manuevre

Positional Asphyxia
Jack Knife Position
Burking
Tache noire sclerotica
Rigor Mortis

Ligor Mortis (Hypostasis) Tardieu Spots

Subpleural hemorrhages in lungs
Adipocere

Mummification
Marbling
Cephalic Index Classification
 Dactylography
Galton's Classification of Fingerprints

Composite (C)
Most Common

Cheiloscopy Rugoscoy Super imposition

Maceration
Skin Slippage (Earliest Sign)
Spalding Sign- Radiological Sign of
IUD
Caput Succadeneum. Cephalhematoma
 Tests

Takayama test

Blood Tests

Teichman's test

Barberio's test

Seminal Stain Tests

Florence test
 Cardiac Poisons

Aconite
Mitha Bhush/ Mita Zaher/ Monks
Hood
Root is most toxic
Aconitine is active principle
Effects- Hippus and Cardiac
arrhythmias

Yellow Oleander
Cerbera thevetia
Causes hyperkalemia
and arrhythmias
Pink Oleander /Kaner
Nerium odorum
 Ophitoxemia

Elapidae (Neurotoxic)
Common Cobra. Krait
(Naja naja). (Bangarus caereleus)

Hydropidae (Myotoxic)
Sea Snakes

Viperidae (Hemotoxic)
Russel Viper. Saw scaled Viper

(Daboia russel). (Echis carinate)

Delirients

Datura alba
Datura nigra
Datura stramonium (Jimson's weed)-
-> Thorn apple

Active principle- Hyoscine and

Atropine

Fatal dose - 100 seeds

Aka Railway or Roadside poison

8 D's
Dry mouth, Dry skin, Dysarthria,
Dysphagia, Dilatation of pupil,
Delirium, Drunken gait, Death
 Cannabis
(Rope/Joint/Weed/Marijuana/Grass)
MC abused substance
Active principle- THC (Tetra Hydro Cannabinol)
Burnt rope smell
A motivational syndrome
Run Amok/ Stabbing spree
Flashback phenomenon
Preparations-
Bhang/Ganja/Charas/Hashish/Majoon/Sinsemella

Cocaine
Fatal dose- 1gm oral Ulceration of
nasal septum Cocaine
Bugs(Formification/Magnan's
symptom) Sympathomimeticand

Vasoconstrictor
Lead Poisoning Arsenic Poisoning
Image 1- Burtonian line Image 1- Rain drop pigmentation
Image 2- Aldrich mees line
Image 2- Basophilic stippling
 Plant Irritants
Abrus precatorius
Gunchi seeds/Rati seeds/Rosary
needs
Each seed weighs 108 gm
Abrin is active principle
Sui needles are prepared

Croton tigilium
Jemal Gota
Croton is active principle
Causes intense purgation

Ricinus communis
Castor plant/Arandi
Ricin--> Bloody diarrhea
 Semicarpus anacardium
Bhilawa seeds/Marking nuts
Artificial bruise
Semicarpol is active principle

Plant
Irritants
Calotropis
Calotropin is active principle
Abortion stick/Infanticide/Artificial
bruise

Spanish fly Chilli seeds

Blister Capsicum anum
beetle/Canthari Hunan's hand
des (Chilli burn)
 Opium
Papaver somniferum
Afim/Madam
Somniferous cerebral poison
Fatal dose- 2gm
Morphine- Miosis, Resp. depression

Strychnos nuxvomica
Kuchila
Strychnine is active principle
1 crushed seed is fatal
Resembles Tetanus
Spinal poison
Opisthotonus as in image
 Methods of Substance Abuse

Snorting Skin Popping

Huffing

Bagging Chasing the Dragon

Psychiatry
 Sigmund Freud
Father of Psychoanalysis
He stated Theory of Topographical
Mind

Callousy Knuckles
Seen in Bulimia Nervosa due to
constant purging
Posturing
Symptom of Catatonic
Schizophrenia
 Othello Syndrome
Pathological or Morbid Jealousy
Delusion of infidelity
Seen in Alcoholics

Fregoli Syndrome
Misidentifying a stranger as familiar
person
Believes person can change identity

Capgras Syndrome
Misidentifying a familiar person
Believes familiar person has been
changed by an impostor
 Cataplexy
Seen in Narcolepsy

Autoscopic
Hallucinations
Autism Awareness

Depression
Omega Sign on forehead (In woman
, shown with white arrow)

Veraguth Fold seen at canthus of

eye in man
Anesthesia
Cannulas

Simple Hudson Mask
Nasal Cannula
FiO2: 0.24-0.45 (2-6L/min)
High Flow Nasal Cannula
O2 blenders with Nebulizer
FiO2: 0.21-1.0 (30-60L/min)
O2 Delivery Devices
O2 Mask with Reservoir Bag
FiO2: 0.44-0.60 (6-
Can be with Non-rebreathing or
8L/min)
Partial rebreathing bag
FiO2: 0.6-0.9 (6-10L/min)
Venturi (Venti) Mask
FiO2: 0.24-0.6 (2-12L/min) Anesthesia Face Mask
FiO2: 1
 Ambu Bag
Bag and Mask Ventilation
C/I- Congenital Diaphragmatic
Hernia

Laryngoscope
Macintosh (Curved blade)- Adults
Rotahaler Killer's (Straight blade)- Children
Supraglottic Airway Devices
 Double Lumen Endotracheal Tube
Used in thoracoscopic surgeries

Tracheostomy Cricothyrodotomy Guedel's Airway

 Needles

Quincke/Whitacre/Sprotte- Spinal
Toughy- Epidural
Swan Ganz Catheter Central Venous Access
 Anesthesia Circuit

Mapelson A (Magill)- Spontaneous ventilation

Mapelson D (Bain's)- Controlled ventilation
Mapelson E (Ayre's T piece)- Bagless,Valveless,Useless
Mapelson F (Jackson Reev's modification of E)-
Pediatric patients Closed circuit
 Flexometallic(
Armoured)
Endotracheal
Tube
Kink-Resistant
Vapouriser
Yellow- Sevoflurane
Purple- Isoflurane
Red- Halothane
Blue- Desflurane

Cyclopropane Air Nitrous Oxide Entonox

Oxygen PI- 50%O2 + 50% N2O
PI- 3,6 PI-1,5 PI- 3,5
2,5
PI-7
Physiology
Normal ECG

Ventricular Action Potential

 Spirometry
O2-Hb
Saturation
Curve
The Flow Volume Curves
Normal EEG
Counter-Current
Mechanism
Anatomy
Landmarks in Skull
Normal CT Images
 Extra Ocular Muscles
and Directions of Gaze
Hesselbach's Triangle
Contents of Greater
and Lesser Sciatic
Foramina
Circle of Willis
 Couinaud's
Classification

Calot's Triangle
Guyon's Canal
 Cutaneous
Innervation

Muscular Innervation
(Injuries)
C8,T1
Pharmacology
Short Acting Beta 2 Long Acting Beta 2 Corticosteroid Inhaler
Agonist Inhaler Agonist Inhaler

Z-track
technique used
to prevent
leakage in
subcutaneous
tissue.
Used for Iron
Dextran
 Adverse Effects

Phocomelia
Eg. Thalidomide
intake
Biochemistry
 Carbohydrate Tests

Molisch Test
Benedict's Test

Barfoed's Test
Seliwanoff's Test
 Protein Tests

Biuret Test Xanthoproteic Test

Ninhydrin Test Sakaguchi Test

 Lesch Nyhan
Syndrome
Self mutilation

Deficiency of HGPRT
enzyme leading to
hyperuricemia

Hurler's Disease
MPS-1 and also a LSD
Hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal
abnormalities, cognitive impairment

and corneal clouding

 Von Gierke’s Disease
Type I Glycogen Storage Disease
Severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly,
ketosis
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphatase

Gaucher's Disease
It is a lipid storage disease
Deficiency of
Glucocerebrosidase
Histopath- Gaucher Cell
(Crumpled tissue paper
appearance)
Cahill or Glucose-
Alanine Cycle
Tendon Xanthomas Xanthelasma

Both conditions are seen in

Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Microbiology
 Mycology
Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)
Stain

Haematoxylin and Eosin (H

and E) stain

Calcaflour White
Fluorescent Stain

Gomori Methanamine
Silver Stain
Black Piedra White Piedra
Piedra hortae Trichospora beigelli

Kerion
Tricophyton
mentagrophytes

Tinea Capitis
Favus
Tricophyton
schoenlenii
 Candida albicans

Corn Meal Agar Reynold Braude phenomenon SDAgar- Creamy pasty

Chlamydospore formation Germ tube formation colonies

Oral Thrush
Curdy creamy patch

Vaginal Candidiasis
Curdy white discharge
 Tinea/Pityriasis versicolor
Malasezzia furfur

Scales + 10% KOH mount --> Sphagetti Scales + SD Agar --> Fried Egg
and Meat Ball appearance colonies

Tinea Cruris
Aka Dhobi/Jock
Itch
 Aspergillus

H and E stain of
Black Colonies of Tissue biopsy-
Aspergillus on Septate hyphae,
culture medium acute angled (45°)
and dichotomous
branching

Halo Sign on
CT Chest in
Invasive
Aspergillosis Crescent sign on
CT Chest in
Invasive
Aspergillosis
 Zygomycetes
Aseptate hyphae, Obtuse angled
 Dermatophytes

Tricophyton
Cylindrical macroconidia and
numerous microconidia

Epidermophyton
Club/Boat/Pear shaped
macroconidia with no microconidia

Microsporum
Spindle shaped macroconidia with
few microconidia
 Dimorphic Fungal Disease
Coccidides imitis
Causes Coccididomycosis
Yeast- Spherule with endospores
Mold- Anthroconidial arrangement

Paracoccidides brasilensis
Causes Para coccididomycosis aka South
American disease or Lutz mycosis
Yeast- Mickey mouse/Mariner's wheel/Pilot
wheel appearance

Penicillium marneffi
Causes Penicilliosis
Brush Conidial arrangement
Brick red colour pigment
 Dimorphic Fungal Diseases

Histoplasma capsulatum
Causes Histoplasmosis aka Darling's
disease
Sporothrix schenkii
Yeast- Narrow based budding Causes Sporotrichosis aka Rose
Mold- Tuberculate macroconidia Gardener's disease
Yeast- Cigar shape
Mold- Flower like sporulation
 Dimorphic Fungal Diseases

Chromoblastomycosis
Tissue Bx- Medlar bodies (Sclerotic
brown coloured globose bodies)
Copper penny appearance

Blastomyces dermatitis
Causes Blastomycosis aka North
American/Chicago/Gilchrist disease
Yeast- Figure of 8 appearance
 Madura Foot/Mycosis
Actinomycetoma- Bacterial
Eumycetoma- Fungal
Multiple discharging sinuses

Rhinosporidiosis
Caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi
It is a aquatic protozoa
Mulberry like nasal mass
Poly Bx- Spherule with endospores

Cryptococcus
neoformans
Causes Pneumocystis
Cryptococcal carni/jeroveci
meningitis in Causes PC
HIV +ve India pneumonia Cannot
Ink stain of CSF be cultured
 Protozoalogy

Amoebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica
Anchovy sauce/Chocolate
pus

Quadrinucleate cyst

Giardia lamblia
Causes Giardiasis
Trophozite- Tennis Racquet/Monkey
face/Tear drop appearance
Falling leaf like motility
 Trichomonas vaginalis

Copitis macularis (Strawberry

Green frothy discharge
vagina)
Plasmodium species stages
Toxoplasma gondii
Causes Toxoplasmosis
Due to ingestion of undercooked
contaminated meat
Sabin feldman dye test

Babesia microti
Maltese cross arrangement
Causes Babesiosis
Transmitted by tick
 Chagoma/Romana sign

American Trypanosomiasis
Aka Chagas disease
Transmitted by Reduvid Bug
Leads to Megacolon,
Megaesophagus
 Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)

Leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani- Kala azar
Transmitted by Sandfly
(Phlebotomous)
rk 39 Ag test
LAMB is DOC Leishman Donovan (LD) Bodies
 Helminthology

Diphyllobothrium latum
Aka Fish tapeworm
Operculated egg
Leads to Megaloblastic Anemia

Hymenlopsis nana
Aka Dwarf tapeworm
Non-Bile stained egg
Autoinfection
 Echinococcus
granulosus
Aka Dog tapeworm
Water Lily sign on CT Abd
Casoni test
PAIR therapy

Clonorchis sinesis
Aka Oriental or Chinese
Liver fluke
Can lead to
Cholangiocarcinoma (CT)
 Schistosoma
Squamous and Transitional cell
carcinoma of bladder
Katayama fever

Neurocysticercosis
Due to Taenia solium
Starry sky appearance
 Trichuris trichiura
Aka Whipworm
Barrel/Dumbbell shaped egg with
mucus plugs
Leads to Coconut cake like rectum
(frequent prolapse)

Enterobius vermicularis
Aka Pinworm/Thread
worm/Seatworm
Perianal pruritus
Auto infection
Non bile stained plano- convex
egg
Tadpole like larvae
 Ancylostoma duodenale
Aka Hookworm
Ground itch
Causes Fe deficiency anemia
Chandler's index (>300 is a social problem)
Eggs with blastomeres)

Ancylostoma brasilensis
Causes Cutaneous Larvae
Migrans

Ascaris lumbricoides
Wuchereria bancrofti
Leads to Bancroftian Filariasis
Transmitted by Culex mainly
DEC provocative test
Blood smear- Microfilariae (No
nuclei at tail tip)

Brugua malayi
Tail tip shows terminal 2 nuclei
Bacteriology
Robert Koch
Father of Modern Microbiology
Father of Bacteriology
Discovered TB and Cholera bacilli
Stated Koch's Postulates

Joseph Lister- Father of Antiseptic

Surgery

Antony Van Leeuwenhook- Father

of Microscopy

Paul Ehrlich- Acid Fast stain concept

Kary B. Mullis- PCR

Chinese Letter Pattern or Cuneiform
arrangement
Potassium Tellurite Agar
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Aka Klebloeffler's bacilli
Bipartite toxin
Shick test
Leads to Bull's Neck
Pseudomembrane (MC- Faucial)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Aka Gonococcus
Common cause of Urethritis,
Ophtgalmia neonatorum
Intracellular kidney shaped

Neisseria meningitidis
Aka Meningococcus
A, C, W and Y serogrp
Meningitis and Meningococcemia
Can lead to Waterhouse Friedrichsen
syndrome
Staphylococcus

Staphylococcal
Impetigo (above)
Scalded Skin
Furuncle (below)
Syndrome (SSSS)

Staphylococcus
Pin head sized colonies with beta-
hemolysis on blood agar
 Streptococcus

Gr. A Streptococcus (S. Pyogenes)

Scarlet Fever
Pharyngitis and PSGN (Immuno-fluorescence showing IgG
and C3 deposits)

Gr. B Strep
(S. Agalactiae) Streptococcus
shows Butterfly pneumoniae
zone hemolysis on (Pneumococcus)
Blood Agar MCC of Pneumonia Draughtsman
like or Carrom
Coin colonies
Bacillus anthracis
Gram stain- Bamboo stick appearance
Agar Microscopy- Medusa head/Matted Wool like appearance
Gelatin Stab Culture- Inverted Fir tree appearance

Cutaneous Anthrax Pulmonary Anthrax

Aka Hide Porter's disease Aka Wool Sorter's disease
 Clostridium
Robertson Cooked Meat
Medium
Stately motility

Gas Gangrene (Cl.

welchii/perfringens)

Ptosis
Opisthotonus
Botulism (Cl. botulinum)
Tetanus (Cl. tetani)
Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) stain
20% acid-fast M.TB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Rough, tough and buff colonies on LJ
media

Gohn's and Ranke's complex on

Chest X-ray
 Mycobacterium leprae
Causes Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
ZN staining- 5% acid-fast with Cigar
bundle shape arrangement
Grows in foot pad of nine banded
armadillo (image)

Tuberculoid Leprosy Borderline Leprosy Lepromatous leprosy

 Granuloma Inguinale
Rhinoscleroma (K. (Donovanosis)
rhinoscleromatis) K. granulomatis

Klebsiella
Aka Fried Lander's bacilli
Urease positive
Klebsiella Pneumonia
CXR- Bulging fissure sign
Red currant jelly sputum
 Cholera
Vibrio cholerae on TCBS media
Darting motility
Rice Watery Diarrhea
Transport- VR media
Classical and Eltor types

Yersinia pestis
Wayson stain- Bipolar staining (Safety pin
app)
Spirochaetes
Haemophilus influenzae Legionella
BCYE (Buffered Charcoal
Blood agar- Satellitism
Yeast Extract) Media

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Nutrient agar
Salmonella typhi
Jet Black colonies
Causes Typhoid/Enteric
fever
Pea soup diarrhea
(image)
Rose spots (image)
Longitudinal ulcers in
GIT
 Classification based in flagella

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Bacterial Growth Curve
 Virology

Adenovirus-Space Rabies virus- Bullet Ebola virus- Filamentous

Vehicle shape shaped

Influenza virus structure

HIV structure
 Inclusion Bodies

Cytomegalovirus Infection
Owl Eye inclusion bodies

Rabies
Negri Bodies

Measles
Warthin Finkeldey Giant Cells
Molluscum Contagiosum
Pox virus (Brick shaped)
Pearly umblicated papules
Henderson Peterson bodies

Erythema Infectiosum
Aka 5th disease
Parvo virus B 19
Slapped Cheek appearance
 Herpes Virus

HSV 1 (Oral Herpes) HSV 2 (Genital Herpes)

Herpes Zoster
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Ophthalmicus
 Hand Foot Mouth Disease
Coxsackie virus

AnoGenital Warts
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
 Mumps
Epidemic parotitis
IP- 14-21days
Vaccine strain- Jerryl Lynn

Rubella
Aka German Measles
IP- 14-21days
Vaccine strain- RA 27/3
COVID-19 (SARS CoV2)
Novel Corona Virus
 Bone Age Estimation

3 year old 10 year old

For Bone Age estimation-
In neonates- Xray Knees
In infants- Xray Shoulder
1-13 years- Hand and Wrist Xray
Syndromes
Alagille Syndrome
Neonatal cholestasis
Pulmonary stenosis
Butterfly vertebra (image)
Triangular facies (image)

Seckel Syndrome
Microcephaly
Elongated bird-like face
Beak like nose
Dwarfism

Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Aka Brittle Bone Disease/Dentinogerous
Imperfecta
Triad-
Recurrent Fractures/Bony deformity
Blue Sclera
Deafness
 Dentition Abnormalities

Cleidocranial Dysostosis
Absent clavicles
Delayed closure of anterior
fontanelle
Delayed dentition
Supernumerary teeth

Congenital Syphilis
Hutchinson's triad-
Hutchinson's Teeth (Pegged Central
Incisors)
Interstitial Keratitis
Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Pierre Robin Sequence

Natal teeth (Born with teeth)
Achondroplasia

Autosomal Dominant
Champagne Glass Pelvis (Xray)
Hand abnormality (Trident Hand)
Obesity
Neurological problems
Delayed motor milestones
Recognised at birth
bOwing of legs
Proximal limb shortening
LArge head
Short stature
Increase interpedicular distance
Abnormal gene FGFR-3
 Pica
Bed Alarm
Technique
Used for Nocturnal
Enuresis

Rett's syndrome
X linked dominant
MC in girls
Acquired microcephaly
Autistic symptoms

Autism
Gestational age to Birth
weight

Orchidometer
Used to measure testicular volume
Rooting reflex Moro's Reflex
32 weeks IUL to 1 month 28-37 weeks of IUL to 5-6
postnatal age month postnatal age

Asymmetric Tonic
Neck Reflex
35 weeks of IUL to 5-
months postnatal age

Palmer/Grasp Reflex Parachute Reflex

28 weeks of IUL to 3 7-8 months postnatal age and Primitive
months persists throughout life Reflexes
 Neonatal Resuscitation

Incubator

Radiant Warmer Kangaroo Mother Care

 Pre-Term Neonate
Extended posture
Scarf sign

Acrocyanosis
(Peripheral)
Neonatal Jaundice
Icterus in neonates has a cephalocaudal
progression
Kernicterus (Stained Basal Ganglia)
Photo therapy (Wavelength- 450-470 nm)

Capillary Refill Time

Normal <3 sec
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Aka Hyaline Membrane Disease
Lung Bx- Eosinophilic hyaline membrane appearance
CXR- Ground glass haziness and air bronchogram

Transient Tachypnea of Newborn

Seen in term neonate
CXR- Fluid in interlobar fissure and pleural
effusion
 Periventricular Leukomalacia
Due to HIE (Hpoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy)
Seen in pre-term neonates
Leads to spastic diplegia

Necrotizing EnteroColitis (NEC)

1. Portal vein gas
Hairy Pinna 2. Pneumatosis intestinal is
Seen in Infants of Diabetic 3. Soap Bubble appearance (Diffuse
Mother Peritonitis)
 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
C/I- Bag and mask ventilation
Pulmonary hypoplasia (Respiratory distress)
Xray- Loops of bowel protruding into thorax

Pneumoperitoneum
Rigler Sign (Double Wall sign)

Pneumoperitoneum
Football Sign
 Severe Malnutrition

Flaky paint dermatitis. Flag sign

 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Due to Zinc deficiency

Pellagra
Due to Niacin (Vit. B3) deficiency
Cassal's necklace (image)

Ariboflavinosis
Due to Riboflavin (Vit. B2) deficiency
Angular Stomatitis, Glossitis and
Cheilosis (image)
Sandle gap
Turner's Syndrome
 Edward Syndrome
(Trisomy 18)

Patau Syndrome
(Trisomy 13)
 Noonan
Syndrome
Normal Karyotype
46XX/XY

Beckwith
Wiedemann
Syndrome
 Mongolian Spots
Resolves itself in infancy
Seen in LumboSacral region

Collodion Baby
Covered with a collodion membrane

Harlequin Baby
 Fragile X Syndrome

Gaucher's
Disease

Erlenmeyyer Flask Deformity

Henoch Schonlein Purpura
MC Vasculitis in childhood
Palpable purpura
Renal involvement, Arthralgia/Arthritis
Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Vomiting
Kidney Bx and IF- IgA deposition
Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Duchenne's Muscular
Dystrophy (DMD)

Gower's Sign Pseudo hypertrophy of Calf

muscles in DMD
Washerman hand
Potter's facies
appearance

Alport Syndrome
MC hereditary nephropathy
Basket weave appearance on
Kidney Bx
Bilateral anterior lenticonus
Sensorineural Hearing loss
 Posterior Urethral Valve (PUV)
Dilated posterior urethra is
Vesico-Ureteric Reflux visible on MCU
Bilaterally dilated ureters and renal
pelvis on MCU (Micturating Cysto
Urethrogram)
Due to PUJ obstruction or PUV
 Rickets

Xray- Metaphyseal cupping, fraying

and splaying

Wind Swept
Deformity Harrisons
Sulcus/Groove
 Scurvy
Scorbutic
Rosary

A. Painful pseudoparalysis
B. Gum Bleeding
C. Petechiae
 Neurofibromatosis
AD inheritance
NF1- Chr.17
NF-2- Chr. 22

Sturge Weber Syndrome

A. Port Wine Stain
B. Glaucoma
C. Tram track appearance on CT
Head
D. Intra-Cranial Calcifications
Tuberous Sclerosis
Cranioschisis and Anencephaly
Rachischisis
Iniencephaly

Lissencephaly Holoprosencephaly
 Hydranencephaly Arnold-Chiari
Malformation

Hydrocephalus

Dandy Walker Malformation Vein of Galen

Dilated 4th ventricle with cerebellar
Malformation
hypoplasia
Sacrococcygeal
Teratoma

Aneuploidy
USG- Nuchal Translucency
is a marker
 Transposition of Great Arteries
(TGA)
Egg on String appearance

Partial Anomalous Pulmonary

Venous Connection (PAPVC)
Scimitor sign
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous
Connection (TAPVC)
Snowman or Figure of 8 sign
 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Left atrial and Right ventricular
enlargement

Coarctation of Aorta (COA)

Figure of 3 or Reverse E sign
Inferior rib notching

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Left sided enlargement
 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Boot shaped heart

VSD + Overriding of Aorta + Right ventricular

hypertrophy + Pulmonary infundibular stenosis

Eisenmenger Syndrome
Box shaped heart
Due to reversal of shunt
Acute Epiglottitis
Tripod position

Endoscopy shows red swollen

epiglottis

Lateral X-ray- Thumb sign

Pneumonia
Pericardiac opacities
 Laryngomalacia- Omega shaped
epiglottis
Acute LaryngoTracheoBronchitis (LTB or Croup)
Steeple sign

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Blueberry Muffin Rash
Salt and Pepper Retinopathy
Cataract
PDA
Deafness
 Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Thalassemia
Hemolytic Anemia PBS
Chipmunk facies
Hair on end appearance on Xray Skull
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
 Postpartum Hemorrhage

Bakri's Balloon

B-Lynch or Brace Sutures Internal Iliac Artery Branches

 Placental Separation
A. Schultze Central B. Duncun's Marginal
Separation
Separation

Placenta Accrete
Syndrome
 AntePartum Hemorrhage

Kliehauer Betke Test

Aka Acid Elution test
Placenta Previa Quantitative test
Measures fetomaternal hemorrhage
Abruptio Placentae

Covulaire/Bruised Uterus
Revealed Bleed Concealed Bleed Due to concealed hemorrhage
Reactive Non-Stress Test
(NST)
Fetal heart rate should
increase >15 beats for 2
or more times in 20 min
each for >15 sec
Cardiotocography
Decelerations in Fetal HR

Early (Type 1)- Head compression

Variable- (MC) Umbilical Cord compression
Late (Type 2)- Placental insufficiency
Sinusoidal- Fetal ania
Cervical Funneling Cervical Cerclage (Mcdonald's Stitch)

Blighted Ovum

Abortions
Ectopic Pregnancy

Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy

Blood in Cul-de-sac (image)

Signs of peritoneal hemorrhage

(image)
Chorionicity Scan
(12-13 weeks)
• Dichorionic Diamniotic -
Twin Peak or Lambda Sign
• Monochorionic
Diamniotic- T-sign
Mode of Twin presentation and
Delivery
• Both cephalic/vertex- Normal Delivery
• 1st Cephalic and 2nd Breech- Normal
Delivery
• Both Breech/Transverse- Elective C-
section
 Partial Mole

Complete/Vesicular Mole
USG- Snowstorm app
Gross- Grape-like clusters
Pomeroy's Technique Parklands Technique Irving Procedure

Tubal
Rings/Bands
Clips

Uchida's Procedure Cauterization Essure Ring

 Double Decidual Sac Sign on USG
Indicates Intra-Uterine Pregnancy

Cardiac Output in Pregnancy

Starts increasing by 5th week and
reaches peak at 32-34 weeks
Highest immediately post-partum External Ballotment
Around 22-24 weeks
Partogram
We can monitor progress of labour
(cervical dilatation and descent of head),
FHR, Liquor, Contractions, PR, BP, Temp,
Urine output, etc
Diameters of Fetal Skull
 Perimetry

Types of Pelvis

Diameters of
Female Pelvis
 Loveset's Maneuver
Delivery of extended arms

Pinard's Maneuver
Delivery of extended legs
 Delivery of After Coming Head

Piper's Forceps

Burns-Marshall Maneuver
 Shoulder Dystocia Management

Gaskin's Maneuver

Mc Robert's Maneuver

Woods Cork Screw Method Zavanelli Restitution with C-section

Breech Presentation

Stargazing Sign
Breech with extended
head

Uterine Incisions
 Adenomyosis
Gross appearance- Uniform enlargement
MRI- Lakes of endometrial blood
USG- Venetion Blind appearance
Histopath- Myohyperplasia

Endometriosis
Powder Burn lesions/Blue
spots
Chocolate cyst of Ovary
 Supports of Uterus

Uterine Prolapse

Transvaginal Tape
 Fibroid Uterus
Aka Leiomyoma
Perineal Tears Endometrial Cancer Staging
Fusion
Defects
 Cervical Cancer
Ayre's Spatula and
Cytobrush

Vulvar Cancer
Key Punch Forceps- Used for biospy

Endometrial Biopsy
3 5 1 2
 Trichomoniasis
Colpitis macularis (Strawberry
Vagina)
Green frothy discharge
pH >4.5

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Curdy white discharge
pH <4.5

Bacterial Vaginosis
AMSEL's Criteria
White creamy discharge
Clue cells
Whiff test positive
Fishy odour
 Polycystic Ovarian Disease
(PCOD)
Aka Stein Levinthal Syndrome
Diagnosis- Rotterdam's Criteria
Anovulation
Hyperandrogenism
+/- PCO look on USG

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Ambiguous genitalia

Bartholin's Cyst
Tx- Marsupilization
 Ovarian
Tumors

Serous Cystadenoma
echino
Bx- Psamomma Bodies

Mucinous Cystadenoma
Bx- Walthazard Nests with Coffee
Bean nucleus
 Ovarian
Dermoid
Cystic
Mature
Teratoma

Dysgerminoma
Large polygonal cells with clear cyto and
dark stained nuclei

Schiller Duval Bodies

Seen in Yolk
Sac/Endodermal Sinus or
Carl Exner Bodies
Embryonal tumors
Seen in Granuloma Cell tumors
 Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

Mayer Rokitansky Muster

Hauser Syndrome
Mullerian agenesis
USG- Absent uterus Sperm Extraction Techniques
 Supine Hypotensive Syndrome

Ritgen Maneuver

Leopold's Maneuver
Hegar's Sign
 Episiotomy Scissors
Ovum Holding Forceps

Uterine Curette
Hegar's Dilator

Cusco's Vaginal Vulsellum

Self-retaining Forceps
Speculum
 External
Cephalic
Version
Around 36
weeks
Chadwick's Sign

Implanon
Implantable
Contraceptive
Artificial Rupture of
Membranes (ARM)

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Done around 11-13 weeks of
Cordocentesis gestation

Amniocentesis
Done around 16-20
weeks of gestation

Culdocentesis
Sampling from Cul-de-sac
Asherman's Syndrome Naegele's Pelvis Robert's Pelvis
Absence of 1 sacral ala Absence of both sacral ala
Intra-Uterine Adhesions
Ophthalmology
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF EYE ANTERIOR LENTICONUS SUNFLOWER CATARACT

HETEROCHROMIA OF IRIS ONION PEEL APPEARANCE KF RING

OIL DROPLET CATARACT :

IRIS COLOBOMA SNOW FLAKE CATARACT : DM
GALACTOSEMIA
 TRAUMATIC CATARACT STEINOPIC SLIT

GLAUCOMPHLEKAN KERATOME AND CRESCENT CLEAR CORNEAL INCISION

HMSC : BAG OF MILK SICS

HYDRODELINEATION- separation of
MULTIFOCAL LENS Nd YAG CAPSULOTOMY
nucleus from cortex

Femto Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery ENDOPHTHALMITIS

Subluxated lens

ANTERIOR CHAMBER IOL PCO SUBLUXATION

 CONGENITAL CATARACT:
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGE – blunt trauma MC
LEUCOCORIA CONJUNCTIVITIS cause

BLUE DOT MEMBRANOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS TRACHOMA

• ZONULAR CATARACT

Desmarres lid retractor: to see ANGULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS – by

ARLT’S LINE
the upper fornix Moraxella Axenfeld
 COBBLE STONE PAPILLAE Phlyctenular conjunctivitis

OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM SHIELD ULCER : VKC PTERYGIUM

VKC : HORNER TRANTA SPOT ARCUS SENILIS / GERONTOXON BITOT SPOT

Cochet Bonnet FUNGAL CORNEAL ULCER FLUORESCEIN STANING OF ULCER
esthesiometer

VIRAL KERATITIS/ DENDRITIC ULCER LAGOPHTHALMOS

PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS PTOSIS

KERATOCONUS GONIOSCOPY PERKIN TONOMETER

PLACIDO DISC SCHIOTZ TONOMETER GOLDMAN APPLANATION

TONOPEN

CHECKING OF END POINT IN

ARCUATE SCOTOMA
GOLDMANN
ACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA KRUKENBERG’S SPINDLE

PERIPHERAL IRIDOTOMY BY Nd YAG

BUPHTHALMOS BULL’S EYE SIGN/ TARGET SIGN
LASER

PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA
NEOVASCULAR - 100 DAY GLAUCOMA :
TRANSILLUMINATION DEFECT ISCHAEMIC CRVO
 PAN RETINAL
HYPEROLEON: SILICONE OIL IN AC
PHOTOCOAGULATION

RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL BOAT SHAPED SUBHYALOID HEMORHAGE (

VITREOUS HEMORHAGE)
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
DETACHMENT
• HORSE SHOE SHAPED TEAR

PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC
PAR PLANA VITRECTOMY BLACK ISCHEMIC AREAS IN FFA
RETINOPATHY
 HOLLENHORST PLAQUE OCT OF CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA

SPLASHED TOMATO / thunder storm CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION :

CHERRY RED SPOT WITH WHITE RETINA
MACULAR ISCHEMIA
ISCHAEMIC CRVO

ST BRVO CYSTIOD MACULAR EDEMA CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY

FLOWER PETAL IN FFA

HONEY COMB
 DRY AMD ( GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY)-
CENTRAL SEROUS BULL’S EYE MACULOPATHY – on
poor visual prognosis loss of
RETINOPATHY photorecptors – no treatment
chronic HCQs
UMBRELLA PATTERN = mushroom= smoke
stack pattern ( most specific on FFA )

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA –
CSR : NEUROSENSORY DETACHMENT
WET ARMD / CNVM BAP triad
on OCT Bony spicules , Attenuated vessels , Pale disc

DRY ARMD : DRUSEN – waste

AMSLER GRID to see macular ROTH SPOT flame shaped
material collected in bruch’s
pathologies like ARMD hemorhages with central clear area
membrane
 COAT’S DISEASE : EXUDATION
AND TELENGECTASIA
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA : TIGROID
RETINA
Best vitelliform macular dystrophy
with egg yolk appearance
CMV RETINITIS : BRUSH FIRE
BLOW OUT FRACTURE
APPEARANCE
Orbital soft tissue
prolapsing in maxillary
Area, hence tear drop sign
Stargardt disease flecks -
HERTEL’ S EXOPHALMOMETER
Accumulation of lipofuscin in the RPE
Orbital cellulitis – Staph aureus
ethmoid sinusitis MC cause
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS- COKE BOTTLE SIGN IN THYROID EYE DISEASE -
muscle belly enlarged but tendon are spared RIGHT CONGENITAL PTOSIS
loss of abduction early sign

EVISCERATION- sclera , ON, muscle Macus – Gunn jaw winking phenomenon:

THYROID OPHTHALMOPATHY improvement in ptosis when jaw moved to opposite
spared side
LID RETRACTION- dalrymple’s sign

LID LAG on looking down BPES – blepharophimosis syndrome

ENUCLEATION
Von Graeffe’s sign phimosis, ptosis, epicanthus
 STYE/ HORDEOLUM EXTERNUM
staph aureus. Acute , painful inflammation of zeis and Incision and curettage done for ENTROPION: inturning of lid margin
moll gland
chalazion

CHALAZION – chronic, painless • TRICHIASIS DISTICHIASIS

SYMBLEPHARON- adhesion b/t bulbar and palpebral
inflammation of meibomian glands conjunctiva

INTERNUM HORDEOLUM
MADAROSIS

ANKYLOBLEPHARON:
adhesions b/t lids

Chalazion clamp LEFT LOWER LID ECTROPION-

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
outward rolling of lid margin
LEUCOCORIA ACUTE LEFT DACRYOCYSTITIS TEAR FILM BREAK UP TIME

ENDPHYTIC AND EXOPHYTIC RETINOBLASTOMA EOM

RETINOBLASTOMA : LEUCOCORIA
INTRAOCULAR CALCIFICATION Epicanthic fold
FLEXNER WINTERSTEINER ROSETTE
SCHIRMER’S TEST

PHENOL RED THREAD

TEST
 BRUCKNER TEST : brighter reflex
ESOTROPIA : SEE LEFT EYE DEVIATED INWARDS BIFOCAL vs PROGRESSIVE signifies refractory error / low
vision

EXOTROPIA: SEE LEFT EYE DEVIATED OUTWARDS APHAKIC glasses: maximum magnification

BIFOCAL GLASSES
HIRSCHBERG TEST Maddox rod test
WORTH FOUR DOT TEST to check
LEFT THIRD NERVE PALSY OCCLUSION/PATCHING
binocularity

TITMUS FLY TEST FOR STEREOPSIS PELLI ROBSON CHART: CONTRAST

LEFT 6th nerve palsy
– seen through polaroid glasses SENSITIVITY

FORCED DUCTION TEST + in

LEFT HYPERTROPIA PAPILLEDEMA
restrictive squints
PATON LINE SECONDARY OPTIC ATROPHY

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: IMPROVEMENT IN ISHIHARA CHART- for red and

PAPILLITIS AND NEURORETINITIS PTOSIS BY INJ EDROPHONIUM green colors only

PRIMARY OPTIC ATROPHY: CHALKY IRREGULAR PUPIL WITH MUTTON FAT KPs
RIGHT HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA
WHITE DISC in Arlt’s triangle configuration
 TOXOPLASMA SCAR – at macula : MC cause of
hypopyon KERATIC PRECIPITATES posterior pole granuloma and scar

Mutton fat keratic precipitates

Iris bombe configuration BAND SHAPED KERATOPATHY

Seen in
Hypercalcemia,
uveitis, corneal
ulcer ,chronic
glaucoma,
sarcoidosis ,
trauma, JRA,
silicone oil in
AC

ACTIVE CHOROIDITIS: HEADLIGHT PHTHISIS BULBI- thickened sclera ,

FESTOONED PUPIL in uveitis
IN FOG APPEARANCE distorted sunken eyeball
 BLUE SCLERA PIN HOLE – improved vision through pin hole
STAPHYLOMAS in refractive errors
Paget’s disease,
Pseudoxanthoma
elasticum,
Marfan
syndrome,
Buphthalmos,
scleritis,
myopia,
osteogenesis
imperfecta

SNELLEN’S
ANTERIOR STAPHYLOMA
CHART

CILIARY STAPHYLOMA- at ciliary ETDRS / LOG MAR CHART – to DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE

body location check vision
Direct ophthalmoscopy : FOR
INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE PANDA / RACOON EYE
RETINA VIEW

DISTANT DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY IRIDODIALYSIS

HYPHAEMA
BLACK AREAS SUBLUXATED LENS RETINOSCOPY
VOSSIUS RING SOF/ IOF/ OC

PORT WINE STAIN

NAEVUS OF OTA : SECONDARY U/L

GLAUCOMA , PHACOMATOSIS
ENT
 Direct
Laryngoscopy

Indirect
Laryngoscopy
 Phonasthenia
Key Hole Glottis

Laryngomalacia Bilateral Abductor Palsy

Omega Epiglottis

Congenital Glottic
Bilateral Adductor Palsy
Web
Juvenile Papilloma of Larynx TB of Larynx
Turban Epiglottis (B)

Mouse nibbled appearance

of left Vocal Cord (below
image)

Vocal Nodules
Aka Singer's/Screamer's/Teacher's Vocal Polyp
Nodules
 Laryngocele
Laryngeal Carcinoma
Dilated saccule (Seen in trumpet players)

Chevalier Jackson
Tracheostomy Tube
Blom Singer Prosthesis

PVC Tracheostomy
Tube

Electrolarynx (Artificial Larynx)

 Zenker's Diverticulum
Heimlich's Maneuver Hypopharynx/Retropharynx/Laryng From Killian's
Given for choking opharynx Dehiscence

Adenoid Hypertrophy Rose Position

Adenoid Facies In adenoid or tonsil surgeries
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Frogface Deformity seen CECT- Hollmam Miller/ Antral
Angiofibroma (JNA) in JNA Sign

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
(NPC)
Arises from Fossa of
Rosenmuller

Trotter's triad seen

 Quinsy
Peritonsillar
Abscess
Hot Potato Voice

Parapharyngeal Abscess
Similar picture to Quinsy with neck swelling
Image of Oropharynx (A)- Abscess
 Retropharyngeal Abscess
Pediatric airway emergency (D/D- Acute
Epiglottitis)
Imaging- Widening of prevertebral
shadiw

Pre-Vertebral Abscess
Due to TB Cervical Spine
Imaging- Widening of
prevertebral space +
erosion of cervical
vertebral bodies

Tongue Carcinoma
MC site- Lateral border of tongue
India MC- Gingivobuccal Sulcus
 Rhinophyma
Aka Potato Nose
Hypertrophy of sebaceous
glands

Saddle Nose
Seen in Leprosy/Syphilis

Nasal Myiasis
Presence of maggots
Rhinolith
 LeForte's fracture
Mid face fractures
1. Transverse
2. Pyramidal
3. Craniofacial Dysjunction

Walsham forceps- Closed

reduction of nasal bone
fracture

Nasal Septum fracture Nasal Bone Fracture

A. Jarjaway- Horizontal MC fractured bone of face Ash Forceps- Reduction of
B. Chevallet- Vertical nasal septum fractures
Nasal Endoscopy Anterior Rhinoscopy and Anterior Rhinoscope

Posterior
Rhinoscopy
and Posterior
Rhinoscope

Ethmoidal Nasal Polyp

Lateral View Water's view Caldwell view
X-ray Skull

Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma Ohngren's Line Weber Fergusson

RF- Nickel or Furniture hardwood dust To assess prognosis approach
exposure of Maxillary Sinus Ca
For Total
Maxillectomy
 Deviated Nasal
Septum (DNS)

Mucormycosis
Seen in diabetics/HIV +ve

Septal Hematoma
Bilateral

Due to trauma

Can progress to Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy

abscess and Seen in DNS
perforation
Mulberry appearance of Nasal Mucosa
 Rhinoscleroma
Aka Woody Nose
Atrophic Rhinitis Due to Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
Aka Ozeana (Frisch bacillus)
Wide roomy cavities filled with Bx- Russel Bodies and Mikulicz Cells
crusts
Merciful Anosmia
Rhinosporidiosis
Due to Rhinosporidium
seeberi (aquatic
protozoa)
Mulberry like nasal mass

Epistaxis
A- Anterior Nasal Packing
B. Posterior Nasal Packing
Hillocks of His
Precursor of pinna (6)

Darwin's Tubercle Malignant Otitis

Externa
Aka Skull Base
Ear Syringing Osteomylelitis
Due to Pseudomonas
Posterosuperior direction
aeuginosa
 Otomycosis
Due to Aspergillus
niger
Wet newspaper
appearance

Landmarks of Tympanic Membrane

(Myring)

TM
Perforation

Grommet Insertion
Done in Glue
Retraction Pocket Cholesteatoma
Ear/Serous Otitis Media
Acute Suppurative Mac Evan's Triangle (Suprameatal Traingle)
Otitis Media (ASOM) Surgical landmark for Mastoid Antrum

Ironing of mastoid surface

Acute Mastoditis
Seen in Acute Mastoditis
Bithermal Caloric Test

Brainstem Evoked Response

Audiometry (BERA)
Pediatric patients
Malingerers Oto Acoustic Emissions (OAE)
Used in Neonates
 Tympanometry
A- Normal
Ad- Ossicular dislocation
As- Otosclerosis
B- Perforation of TM
C- Eustachian Tube Blockage

Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA)

Aka Audiogram

Age Induced Hearing

Loss (Presbyacusis)
Slopping Audiogram
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Normal Acoustic Dip at 4000 Hz
 Lateral Sinus / Sigmoid Siegel's Speculum
Sinus Thrombosis
Schirmer's Test
CT- Delta Sign

Ossicular Replacement
Prosthesis (ORP) SenosiNeural Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss
Partial(PORP) and
(SNHL) (CHL)
Total(TORP)
 Stapes Piston
Schwartz Sign Prosthesis
Aka Flamingo pink appearance Fixed stapes is replaced in
Seen in early stages of Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis
Carhart's Notch
Acoustic dip at 2000 Hz on Audiogram in
Otosclerosis Acoustic Neuroma
Aka Vestibular Schwannoma
MC Cerebello-Pontine Angle
tumor
8th nerve

Cochlear Implant
Done in B/L profound
hearing loss
 Glomus Jugulare
Phelp Sign- CT
Rising Sun Sign
Brown Sign on
Siegelisation

Phelp Sign

Meniere's Disease
Aka Endolymohatic Hydrops

Rising Audiogram
Recruitment phenomenon
Heinnebert's Sign
Tullio's phenomenon
Tumarkin's Crisis
Diplacusis
Otoscope
Surgery
 Joll's Thyroid Self-
Surgical Self-Retaining Proctoscope
Retaining Retractor
Retractor

Deaver's Retractor

Morris Retractor Doyen's Retractor

 Allis Tissue Forceps Babcock's Tissue Forceps

Lagenback's
Artery Forceps
Retractor
Towel clip

Mayo Scissor
Thyroglossal Cyst Thyroglossal Fistula Lingual Ectopic Thyroid

Branchial Cyst Ludwig's Angina Pleomorphic Adenoma

Esophageal Eosinophilic
Candidiasis Esophagitis

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia Erythroplakia
 Cystosarcoma Phyllodes tumor Fibroadenoma Breast on
Histopath

Mondor's Breast Abscess Peau'd Orange Fibroadenoma

Disease Mastitis Seen in Breast Breast on
Cancer Mammography
Dance Sign
Empty Right Iliac Fossa
Venous Ulcer Arterial Ulcer Neuropathic Pressure Ulcer Marjolin's
Ulcer Ulcer

Negative Pressure
Wound Therapy

Pneumatic
Compression Stockings
Varicose Veins
 Menetriers
Disease

Congenital
Diaphragmatic
Hernia
X-ray- Bowel loops in
thorax Nissen's 360°
Scaphoid Abdomen Fundoplication
Done for GERD

TracheoEsophageal
Fistula with
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital Hypertrohic Pyloric Stenosis (CHPS) Single Bubble Sign (CHPS)

Double Bubble Sign Triple Bubble Sign Multiple Bubble Sign

Duodenal Atresia Jejunal Atresia Ileal Atresia
 Diverticulosis on
Colonoscopy

String Sign of Kantor Lead Pipe Colon Saw tooth appearance

 Ischemic Colitis PseudoMembranous Gastric Ulcers
Thumb Print Sign Colitis Filling Defects
Thumb Print Sign

Pulled Up Caecum Goose Neck Deformity
Ileocecal Tuberculosis
Hirschprung Disease
Aka Colonic Agangliosis
Dilated proximal and collapsed distal
segment of colon
 Toxic Megacolon
Esophageal Schatzki Zenker's Diverticulum Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
Ring

Pneumoperitoneum
Cupola Sign
Aka Meniscus Sign
Generalized Peritonitis
 Achalasia Cardia
Bird Beak appearance

Esophageal
Carcinoma
Sigmoid Volvulus Rat tail appearance

Metastasis from Gastric Cancer

Sister Mary Jospeh Nodule (Periumbilical)

Virchow's Node/Troisier's Sign (Left

Supraclavicular LN)
 Bariatric Surgeries

Stomas

Modified Blair Incision

For Parotidectomy
 Hernia Umbilical Hernia

Mesh used in
hernia repair

Maydl's Hernia Types of Indirect Inguinal

Loop of intestine Richter's Hernia
Hernia
Hemorrhoids Fistula In Ano

Pilonidal Sinus
Rectal Prolapse Aka Jeep Driver's
Blumberg Sign
 Acute Pancreatitis Acute Hemorrhagic
Pancreatitis

Colon CutOff Sign

Pancreatitis
Acute Cholecystitis

Gall Stone
Acoustic Shadow
on USG Gall Bladder Cancer
USG and Gross app

Gall Stone Ileus

Rigler's Triad-
Pneumobilia
Gall stone impacted
in intestine
Small bowel
Porcelain Gall Bladder obstruction
Premalignant
Fogarty's Catheter Atherosclerosis of
Coronary Vessels

Aortic Dissection Abdominal Aortic

Tennis Ball Sign Aneurysm
Crescent Sign
 Choledochal Cyst

Cholesterosis of Gall
Bladder
Strawberry Gall Bladder

Endoscopic Retrograde T-tube Cholangioram Hydatid Cyst

Inserted in cases of Due to Echinococcus granulosus
Cholangio Pancreatography
iatrogenic injury post- Water Lily Sign
(ERCP) operatively Serpent Sign
 Neurogenic Bladder
Christmas/Fir Tree appearance
Extra-Peritoneal Intra-Peritoneal
Bladder Rupture Bladder Rupture
Tear Drop Bladder Sunburst appearance

Giant Bladder Stone

Foley's Urinary Catheter

 Anterior Urethral Rupture

Mechanism of Injury- Manhole Covers

Thimble Bladder- Seen in Bladder Tuberculosis

Butterfly Hematoma
Seen in Anterior Urethral Rupture
Renal Tuberculosis- Moth Eaten Calyces Putty Kidney
Seen in Renal TB

Papillary Necrosis
Egg in Cup appearance
Medullary Sponge
Kidney
PolyCystic Kidney Disease (PCKD) Paint Brush
X-ray- Spider leg deformity appearance
Duplication of Urinary CT- Kidney Stone Extra Corporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Calyceal System (ESWL)
Drooping Lily Sign Done for kidney stones <4 cm

Emphysematous Steinstrasse Staghorn/Struvite Calculus

Pyelonephritis Phenomenon Triple Phosphate Stones
 HorseShoe Kidney
Hand Joining Sign or
Flower Vase appearance

Hydronephrosis (Right)

Bilateral Fish Hook Unilateral Fish

Ureter Hook/S-shaped Bilateral Ureterocele
Seen in BPH Ureter Cobra Head/Adder
Seen in Retrocaval Head appearance
 Uroflowmetry

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Osteoblastic Metastasis
Seen in Prostate Carcinoma
Metastasizes to vertebra via
Bateson's Plexus of Veins

Done for BPH

Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Fournier's Gangrene Bell Clapper Deformity
Prone for Testicular Torsion

Hypospadias
 Hydrocele
Trans illumination Test is positive
 Vicryl
Sutures

Catgut
Sutures

Purse String Sutures

Humby's Knife
Used for Skin Grafting
 Unipolar Cautery

Bipolar Cautery

Dermoid Cyst

Zones Of Retroperitoneum Sebaceous Horn

Zone 1 and 3 requires exploration

Dermatology
 Normal Skin Histology

Birbeck Granules
Epidermal Melanin Unit Tennis Racquet shape Pilo-Sebaceous Unit
1M:36K Found in Langerhans Cells Inflammation leads to Acne
 Nail Pathologies

Clubbing Koilonychia Aldrich Mees Pterygium

IDA and Plummer Vinson Lines Lichen Planus
Syndrome Arsenic Poisoning

Oil Drop Sign Thimble Nails Beaus Lines Muehrcke's Lines Onychogryphosis/R
Psoriasis am's Horns Nails
Trauma

Half Nail Sign/Lindsay

Nails Terry's Nails
Chronic Renal Failure Pemphigus
 Miliaria (Prickly Heat) Hydradenitis Suppurativa
Inflammation of eccrine sweat
glands

Fordyces Spots Fox Fordyces Disease

Ectopic Sebaceous Glands Inflammation of Apocrine Sweat
Glands
 Psoriasis

Inverse Impetigo
Pustular Herpetiformis
Psoriasis Psoriasis
(Psoriasis in
Von Zumbusch (Flexural) Pregnancy)
Ds (Generalized)

Guttate Psoriasis Erythrodermic Psoriasis

Scalp Psoriasis Auspitz Sign
Pinpoint bleed on removed of
Bukeley's membrane

Pencil in Cup
deformity
Seen in Psoriatic
Arthritis

Psoriatic Arthritis
 Wickham's Striae

Violaceous Papules Lichen Nitidus

Ball in Claw appearance
 Tzanck Smear
Diascopy
Acanthocytes in Pemphigus
 Wood Lamps Examination

Tinea Capitis Pityriasis Versicolor Erythrasma

Green Yellow Gold/Apple Green Coral Red

Primary Nikolsky Sign- Pemphigus, SSSS

Pseudonikolsky Sign- Herpes, SJS, TEN

Absoe Hansen Sign (Bullae Spread Sign)-

Pemphigus and Pemphigoid
 Albinism Vitiligo Piebaldism

Segmental Vitiligo Contact Leukoderma

Nevus Anemicus Halo/Sutton Nevus

Mongolian Spots Nevus of Ito

Becker's Nevus
 Lupus Vulgaris Scrofuloderma
Apple Jelly Nodules

TB Verrucosacutis
Aka Anatomist Wart

Acne Rosacea

Erythema Nodosum
Acne Conglobata
 Sarcoptes Burrows Norwegian Sacbies
scaibei
Circle of Hebra
Most prone sites

Pediculosis Capitis-
Due to Head Louse Pediculosis Corporis-
(Vagabond Disease)
Due to Body Louse
Pediculosis Pubis
Louse
Due to Crab Louse
Causes Pediculosis
 Asteatotic Nummular
(Xerotic) Dermatitis
Dermatitis

Seborrheic Dermatitis
Patch Test Seborrheic Dermatitis
Cradle Cap
 Atopic Dermatitis
D- Head Light Sign
G- Dennis Morgan Fold
H- Hertoghe Sign

Urticaria Pigmentosa
Urticaria Aka Mastocytosis Angioedema
Darier's Sign
Pemphigus- Histopath- Row of Tombstones app, Immunofluoroscence Fish net pattern

Bullous Pemphigoid

Hailey Hailey
Disease
Familial
Pemphigus Dermatitis Herpetiformis
IF- IgA deposition
 Erythema Multiforme Epidermolysis Bullosa
Target/Bull's Eye Lesions Pityriasis/Tinea Versicolor

Pityriasis Rosea (Rosacea)

Indeterminate Pityriasis Alba Herald Patch
Leprosy Christmas Tree/Fir Tree pattern
Non-aesthetic lesions Cigarette Paper/Collarette scales
Hanging Curtain Sign
 Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Tertiary Syphilis
Hard Chancre Gumma

Chancroid Donovanosis LymphoGranuloma

Painful Soft Chancre Aka Granuloma Inguinale Venerum (LGV)
Hemophilus ducreyi Klebsiella granulomatis Buboes
School of Fish app on Gram Pseudobuboes Chlamydia Trachomatis L
Stain Safety pin app of bacteria Fries test
Macrophage- Donovan Body
Molluscum Contagiosum Condyloma accuminata
Pox virus Herpes virus

Reiter's Syndrome
Aka Reactive Arthritis

Geographic Tongue
Vit. B12 deficiency
Lupus Pernio
Sarcoidosis

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Butterfly/Malaria
Rash
SLE

Sclerodactyly Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Seen in Associated with Inflammatory Bowel
Scleroderma Disease
 Acanthosis Nigricans

Incontinenta
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Pigmenti
Erythroderma with Napper Claires

Salmon Patch

Xeroderma
Pigmentosum
 Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Steven Johnson Fixed Drug Eruption
(TEN)
Syndrome (SJS)

Dermatomyositis
A- Heliotrope Rash Staphylococcal Scalded Skin
B- Shawl Sign Syndrome (SSSS)
C- Gottron's Sign and Mechanic Hand
Seborrheic Keratosis

Actinic Keratosis
History
Hugh Owen Thomas-
Father of British
Orthopaedics

Gave Thomas Splint (Femur

fracture)
Thomas Heel

Described Thomas Test

Types of Fractures
 Chauffer's Fracture Side Swipe Injury Pattern/ Baby Car
Night Stick Fracture
(Radial Styloid Process) Fracture
(Ulnar Shaft)
Distal Humerus+ Proximal Ulna+ Radius
fracture

Bumper's Fracture Pott's Fracture

Tibial Lateral Condyle (Bimalleolar) Cotton's Fracture (Trimalleolar)
Fracture
 Aviator's Fracture
(Neck of Talus)

Chance Fracture
Pilon Fracture Aka Seat Belt Fracture
Intraarticular Tibial Jone's Fracture
Fracture (5th Metatarsal Base)

Clay Shovellers
Fracture
Jefferson's Fracture (Spinous process
(C1 arch) of C7) Hangman's Fracture Burst Fracture
 Knuckle Bender
Splint
For Ulnar nerve
injury

Krammer Wire Dennis-Browne Splint Cock-up Splint

Splint (K-wire) Maintains CTEV Radial nerve
injury

Aeroplane Splint
Brachial Plexus Ankle Foot
Milwaukee and Boston's Brace Taylor's Brace Orthosis/Foot
injury
For Scoliosis For T-L spine Drop Splint
Posterior Dislocation of
Hip
Dash Board Injury
FADIR attitude of limb

Anterior Dislocation
of Hip
FABER attitude of
limb
 Central Fracture Dislocation

Avascular Necrosis of
Femoral Head (B/L)

Gallow's/Bryant's Traction
Titanium Elastic Nailing
Femoral Shaft #
System (TENS)
 Ankle Ligaments

Anterior Drawer Test Posterior Drawer Test

For ACL injury For PCL injury

Lachman Test
For ACL injury

Meniscal Injury
Done for MCL and LCL injuries

Pseudofracture/Milkman's # (Looser's Zones)

Seen in Osteomalacia

Trendelenburg Test
Indicates weakness of Gluteus medius
Bohler Brown (BB) Splint and minimus (Hip abductors)
 Congenital Talipes Equinus Club Foot Splint and Shoes
Varus (CTEV)

Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)

Von Rosen Splint

Pawlik's Harness
 Hyperparathyroidism

Subperiosteal Brown's Tumor

Salt and Pepper Skull Rugger Jersey
Resorption of
Spine
Phalanges

Austin Moore
Prosthesis Thompson's Sudeck's Osteodystrophy
Prosthesis (Reflex Sympathetic
Dynamic Hip Dystrophy)
Screw
 Shoulder Dislocation

Posterior
Anterior Inferior (Luxatio Erecta)
Light Bulb Sign

Recurrent Dislocation
Bankart's Lesion- Anteroinferior
Attitude of Limb
Hill Sach's Lesion- Posterolateral
Dugas Test Tests of Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Hamilton Ruler Test

Hanging Cast
For Humeral Shaft Fracture
 Myositis Ossificans

Gun Stock Deformity

Malunion of Supracondylar Humeral Fracture
 Dupuytren's Contracture
Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture

Lateral Condylar Fracture of

Nursemaid's Elbow (Pulled Elbow)
Humerus
 Posterior
Fracture of distal
dislocation of
1/3rd of radius
ulnar head

Monteggia Fracture Dislocation Galeazzi Fracture Dislocation

Colle's Fracture
Distal Radius #
Dorsal Displacement
Dinner Fork Deformity

Smith's Fracture
Distal Radius #
Ventral Displacement
Garden Spade Deformity
 Scaphoid Fracture
MC site- Waist

Image 2 shows AVN

of proximal part of
Scaphoid

Image 3- Scaphoid
Cast (Glass Holding
Position)

Bennett's Fracture Dislocation

Boxer's Fracture Intra articular # of base of 1st Rolando's Fracture
Neck of 5th Metacarpal metacarpal with subluxation at Comminuted # of base of 1st
1st CMC joint metacarpal
Mallet Finger/Baseball Finger

Tinel's Test/Sign
To assess nerve regeneration
Saturday Night/Crutch
/Honeymoon Palsy

Wrist Drop
 Pen Test Pointing Index Test/Sign
Phalen's Test Reverse Phalen's
Test
Egawa Test Froment's Sign/Test (Book/Card Test)
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
 Winging of Scapula
Due to Long Thoracic nerve (Nerve
of Bell) palsy
Serratus anterior muscle is affected

Osteoporosis
Thinned out cortex
Fish mouth vertebra Ankylosing Spondylitis
DEXA Scan- t-score<2.5 B/L Sacroilitis (yellow arrows)
Prone to fractures Spine- Dagger Sign (Orange
arrows)
Bamboo Spine (white arrows)

Facial nerve (Bell's) Palsy

Paget's Disease (Osteitis Deformans)- Picture Frame vertebra, Cotton Wool Skull, Sclerosis
and thickened cortex of bone (Bone within bone app)

Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)

 Brodie's Abscess
Acute Osteomyleitis Chronic Osteomyelitis

Gout
 Giant Cell Tumor
(Osteoclastoma)
Multinucleated Giant Cells in
Histopath
Soap Bubble appearance
Lesion extending up to joints
Unicameral (Simple) Bone Cyst
Fallen leaf sign

Aneurysmal
Bone Cyst
Pott's Spine Pott's Puffy Tumor
(ABC)
Spinal TB Due to Frontal Sinusitis
 Osteosarcoma
Enchondroma Osteochondroma Periosteal Reaction
MC bone tumor of
hand
Ewings Sarcoma

Osteoid Osteoma
Charcots Joints Bone Cutter Bone Nibbler Bone Curette
DM
Radiology
Normal Chest X-ray (PA view) Normal Abdominal X-ray (PA view)
 Normal Chest X-ray (Lateral view)

Normal CT-Chest
Normal CT Brain
 Pneumomediastinum
Continuous Diaphragm Sign Pneumopericardium
Air around heart, above ribs

Pneumoperitoneum
Cupola Sign (Gas under Diaphragm)
Deep Sulcus Sign Surgical Subcutaneous Emphysema
 Meniscus sign

CT-Chest- Pulmonary Edema

CT-Chest- Pleural Effusion
Due to CHF

Pulmonary Venous Hypertension

Stag Antler's/Reverse Moustache Sign Congestive Heart Failure Kerley Lines
 Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Pulmonary Edema Crazy Pavement Pattern
Bat wing appearance

Hydropneumothorax

Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Enlargememt
 Lobar Pneumonia
Round Pneumonia Right Upper and Middle Lobar Pneumonia

Lung Abscess
Cavity with air fluid level
Tree in Bud
app

Glove in Hand app

Allergic Broncho Pulmonary Aspergillosis
 Acute Pulmonary Embolism Westermarks Sign (yellow star) and Palla's Sign
Hampton Hump Sign and Fleischner's Sign (black marks), Seen in Pulmo Embolism

Sarcoidosis CT-Chest- Mosaic Pattern

Bilateral Hilar Lymphadenopathy Pulmonary Hypertension
Tuberculosis- Ghon's Focus and Gohn's Complex Ranke's Complex
(TB)

Acute Respiratory Distress

Syndrome (ARDS)
Ground glass opacities

Miliary Tuberculosis Silicosis

Snow Storm appearance Egg Shell Calcification
Snow Storm app
 Pancoast Tumor (P) Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Canon Ball Metastasis Transfusion Related Acute Pulmonary Cavities

Metastasis from RCC, ChorioCarcinoma Lung Injury (TRALI)
USG-Abdomen-Gall Stones Small Bowel Obstruction X-ray and CT-Abdomen

CT Abdomen-Gall Stones Gall Stones- Mercedes Benz

Hepatic Abscess
Sign
USG Abdomen-Starry Sky
appearance Acute Pancreatitis Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Acute Viral Hepatitis

Neurotoxoplasmosis
Xray and MRI Skull- Soap Bubble appearance
IntraCranial Space Occupying Lesion
CNS Crytococcosis
(ICSOL)
 Glioblastoma Multiforme
Brain Abscess

Meningioma Congenital Hip Dislocation

Spondylolisthesis Degenerative Reverse Rim and Rim Sign seen in Renal
Spondylolisthesis Infarction

Ivory Vertebra
Paget's Disease Bremstrahlung Reaction Orthopantomogram
 Seldinger Technique (Used for Angiography)

Fibrous Dysplasia Invertogram Hemangioma

Imperforate Anus Polka Dot and Corduroy/Jail Bar pattern
 Langerhans Cell Eosinophilic Multiple Myeloma- Rain Drop Skull
Histiocytosis (LCH) Granuloma (Multiple lytic lesions)

Osteoporosis Circumscripta Thalassemia Moth Eaten Skull

Paget's Disease Hair on end appearance
Pathology and Medicine
Myelin Figures Hydropic Change/Cloudy Swelling
 Caseous Necrosis (TB)

Fibrinoid Necrosis Barret's Esophagus (Columnar Metaplasia)

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NET) Apoptotic Bodies
 Von Kossa Black Stain Oil Red O Stain (Orange Red fat
(Calcium black deposit) Globules)

Sudan Black Stain

Fat Globules (Black)

Langhans GiantbCells Lipochrome/Lipofuschin/Wear and tear

Seen in Granulomatous Diseases pigment (brown)
 Perl's Prussian Blue Stain
(Bright blue Iron deposits)

Durck Granuloma Stellate Granuloma

Cerebral Malaria Cat Scratch Disease
Warthin Finkeldey Giant Cells Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Cell
Measles SLE
Granulation Tissue
 Normal Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) Reticulocytes

Amyloid on Congo Red Stain (Polarized Microscopy)

Amyloid on Congo Red Stain (Red deposits) Apple Green Birefringence
 Bite Cells Spherocytes
Heinz Bodies (Orange) Hereditary Spherocytosis

Auto agglutination Sickle/Crescent Cells

Cold Agglutination Sickle Cell Anemia
 Megaloblastic Anemia Alpha Thalassemia (HbH)
Hypersegmented Neutrophils and Tear
drop cells

Naked Eye Single Tube RBC Osmotic Fragility Aplastic Anemia

Test (NESTROFT) Normal Bone Marrow compared with
No lines in Thalassemia
Classical Reed Sternberg (RS) Cells Owl eye appearance
Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Inclusion Bodies

Popcorn RS Cells Lacunar RS Cells

Lymphohistiocytic HL Nodular Sclerosing HL
Nodular Sclerosing Hodgkin's Lymphoma Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
(CLL)

Plasma Cells Burkitt's Lymphoma

Starry Sky appearance on Bx
 Multiple Myeloma

Flame Cells Mott Cells Dutcher Bodies

Hairy Cells Frieg Egg appearance Thromboangitis Obliterans

Hairy Cell Leukemia (Buerger Disease)
 Giant Cell/Temporal
Arteritis
Bx- Multinucleated Giant
Cells

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

Fibrinoid Necrosis with transmural
involvement

Polyangitis with Granulomatosis

(Wegener's Granulomatosis)
Granulomatous inflammation
 Aschoff's Bodies Monckenberg Calcification
Rheumatic Heart Disease Arteriosclerosis

Tree Bark appearance Wavy Myocardial Fibers

Syphilitic Aortitis Myocardial Infarction

Cardiac Myxoma
Curschmann Spirals
Bronchial Asthma

Bronchiectasis Centriacinar Emphysema

Asteroid Bodies
Satcoidosis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lung with Keratin Oearls

Miliary
AdenoCarcinoma-In-Situ
Tuberculosis
with lepidic pattern
 Acute Proliferative Anti-GBM Disease Kimmelstein-Wilson
Gloemrulonephritis (IF) Goodpadture's Syndrome Nodules
DM

Membranous IgA Nephropathy Wire Loop Lesions

Glomerulonephritis Berger's Disease Lupus Nephritis
 Malignant Focal Segmental Adult Polycystic Kidney
Nephrosclerosis Glomerulosclerosis Disease

Hexagonal Crystals
Cysteine Stones
Dumbell shaped Crystals Coffin lid shaped Crystals
Calcium Monohydrate Struvite Stones
Stones

Envelope shaped
Irregular shaped
Crystals
Crystals
Calcium Dihydrate
Uric Acid Stones
Stones
Holoprosoncephaly Corpus Callosum Agenesis Ballooned Neurons
Pick's Disease

Naegri Bodies Cowdry A Bodies Spongiform app

Rabies Herpes Encephalitis Prion's Disease

Meningioma
Psamomma Bodies

Hirano Bodies
Alzheimer's Disease
Pseudomembranous Colitis Crohn's Disease (Skip Lesions) Nutmeg Liver

Groundglass Hepatocytes
Viral Hepatitis

Councilman Bodies
Viral Hepatitis

Micronodular Cirrhosis
 Fluid Thrill

Pretibial
Myxedema

Shifting Dullness
 Trousseau Sign
Caprpopedal Spasm
(Chvostek's Sign)
Due to
Hypocalcemia

Myasthenia Gravis
Ptosis

Plexiform
Hoffman's Reflex Neurofibroma Parkinsonism
Festinating Gait
Reflexes