Clause

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and verb. It can function as a sentence,
which may or may not be a complete one.

Types of clause
(1) Independent (principal) clause: Jane was walking slowly along the road.
(2) Dependent (subordinate) clause: I had breakfast before I left for the office.

(1) Noun clause

that-clause: People used to believe that the earth was flat.
wh-clause: I wonder what it means.
I don’t know where he went.
(2) Adjective (relative) clause
Defining clause: People who take physical exercise live longer.
(Defines noun.)
Non-defining clause: Mary, who takes physical exercise, is very fit.
(Gives more information about noun.)
(3) Adverb clause:
Adverb clause of Manner: Complete each exercise as I showed you.
Adverb clause of Time: When we heard the news, we were delighted.
Adverb clause of Reason: I didn’t eat because I wasn’t hungry.
Adverb clause of Concession: Though the test was difficult, we all passed.
Adverb clause of Condition: If you work hard, you will succeed.

Phrase
A phrase is a group of words without a subject-verb component. It forms a part of a clause
or sentence which is used to provide further information.

Types of phrase
Noun Phrase: The lady at the store is my mother.
Verb Phrase: She must be singing at a karaoke bar.
Adverb Phrase: Mary told me the truth very honestly.
Infinitive Phrase: David likes to surprise others.
Gerund Phrase: Rosy and her friends enjoyed a lot of dancing at the party.
Prepositional Phrase: You can find the food on the table.