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Focal Length of Convex Lens Experiment

1. The document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the focal length of a convex lens using two methods - by plotting graphs between the object distance (u) and image distance (v), and by calculating the focal length (f) using the lens equation. 2. Measurements of u and v are taken by placing an object in front of the lens and adjusting the screen position to obtain a sharp image. These values are then either plotted on a graph or used in the lens equation to calculate f. 3. The focal length determined from the graphing method and calculation method are reported, along with any sources of error in the experiment.

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47K views4 pages

Focal Length of Convex Lens Experiment

1. The document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the focal length of a convex lens using two methods - by plotting graphs between the object distance (u) and image distance (v), and by calculating the focal length (f) using the lens equation. 2. Measurements of u and v are taken by placing an object in front of the lens and adjusting the screen position to obtain a sharp image. These values are then either plotted on a graph or used in the lens equation to calculate f. 3. The focal length determined from the graphing method and calculation method are reported, along with any sources of error in the experiment.

Uploaded by

Michael Ibrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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  • Experiment no: 4, Convex Lens: Outlines the experiment to find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs.

NOTES (2023-2024)

Subject: Physics Lab manual Class: XII Sec: A


Experiment no:4. Convex Lens

Aim
To find, the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u
and 1/v.

Apparatus
A convex lens with lens holder, white screen, wire mesh, candle and a half metre scale.

Theory
The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens is

where,
f = focal length of convex lens
u = distance of object needle from optical centre of the lens
v = distance of image needle from optical centre of the lens.
Note. According to sign-convention, u has negative value and v has positive value. Hence, f
comes positive.

Procedure
To determine rough focal length

1. Mount the convex lens in a lens holder.


2. Go out in the open and obtain the image of a distant tree or the building on a white
painted wall (screen) and move the lens forward and backward to get a sharp image on
the wall.
3. Measure the distance between the lens and the wall (screen). This will be equal to the
rough focal length of the lens.
To set the lens
4. Clamp the holder with lens in a fixed upright and keep the upright at 50 cm mark of a
metre scale..
5. Adjust the lens such that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the
metre scale..
6. Keep the object at a distance of about 30 cm from the lens(u).
7. Adjust the position of the screen to get a sharp image of the object.
8. Measure the distance of the screen from the lens(v).
9. Record the values of u and v.
10. Repeat steps 6,7,8 & 9 seven or eight times .
11. Calculate the value of f.
12. Plot a graph between u and v by taking u along –x axis and v along +y axis.
13. Calculate the value of f from u-v graph also.

To plot u – v Graph:

Take u along X-axis and v along Y-axis. Scales of x- and y-axis should be same. Draw
a hyperbola curve for various values of u and v Note that six sets of readings for u
between f and 2f, give you 12 points on the graph by interchanging values of u and v.
The point u = 2f; v = 2f is shown as point Z on u – v graph . The point Z is the point of
intersection of a line OZ bisecting the angle ∠XOY with hyperbola. Draw two lines AZ
and BZ perpendicular to Y- and X-axis, respectively. The lengths AZ and BZ are both
equal to distance 2f. Thus by plotting the u – v graph, the focal length of the lens can
be obtained.

RESULT:

Focal length of the lens

(a) By calculation:

(b) From u-v graph:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The uprights supporting the optical elements should be rigid and mounted vertically.

2. The aperture of the lens should be small otherwise the image formed will not be distinct.
3. The corrected values of the distances u and v must be put in the formula for calculating
f and then a mean of f should be taken. Calculations for f must not be made using the
mean values of u and v.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The uprights may not be vertical.

2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.

Ray diagram

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Approximate focal length of the lens=…………..

Sl. No Distance Distance between uv


f=
between object image and lens(v) u+v
and lens(u) (cm) (cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Mean f=
CALCULATIONS:

A. Calculate the corrected values of u and v. Compute the value of f.


using Eq. for f. Tabulate them in the table and find the mean
value of the focal length of the given convex lens.

B From u-v graph:

Distance OA (= 2f ) on Y-axis = ... cm

Distance OB (= 2f ) on X-axis = ... cm

Mean focal length of the convex lens, f =

u-v graph for convex lens

****************************************************************************************************

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