Physics Practical File

Class – XII
Term-2

Total File Page = 42

Syllabus 1
 2

Experiments
Aim :- 3
To Find the Focal Length of a Convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v
or between 1/u and 1/v.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓An optical bench with three uprights

✓a convex lens
✓lens holder
✓two optical needles
✓a knitting needles
✓a half metre scale.
Theory :- 4
The relation between u, u and j for a convex lens is given as –
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
where u is the distance of object needle from optical center of the lens, v is the
distance of image needle from optical center of the lens and f is the focal length
of convex lens.
Procedure :- 5
1. Focus distant object on a white sheet of paper or wall to get a sharp, clear and inverted image of the distant
object. Measure the distance of image from the lens which gives the rough focal length of the lens.
2. Mount the convex lens with its holder on the central upright of the optical bench. Also mount the two
needles on the other uprights, one on each side of the lens so that tips of the needles are at the same height
as the optical center of the lens.
3. Measure the length of the knitting needle and also the distance between each needle and the lens when
held at a distance equal to length of the knitting needle. Find the index correction for u and v.
4. Mark one needle as object needle (let AB is the object needle) and other needle as image needle (CD is the
image needle).
5. Place object needle AB between f and 2f (approx. 3/2 times the rough focal length). Look on the other side of
the lens for the inverted image of the object needle at a distance more than 2f. Adjust the position of the
image needle CD till the parallax is removed tip to tip between the image needle and the image of the object
needle. Note the positions of the lens, the object needle and the image needle on the bench scale and find
the observed value of u and v.
6. Repeat the above steps for five different sets of observations by placing the object needle beyond 2f and
between f and 2f.
Observations :- 6
(i) Rough focal length of the lens = 10 cm
(ii) Actual length of knitting needle, x = 15 cm.
(iii) Observed distance between object needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, y = 15.2 cm.
(iv) Observed distance between image needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, z = 14.1 cm.
(v) Index correction for the object distance u, x – y = – 0.2 cm
(vi) Index correction for the image distance v, x – z = + 0.9 cm

1. 66 50 26 16 24 0.041 0.062
2. 67 50 27 17 23 0.043 0.058
3. 68 50 28 18 22 0.045 0.055
4. 70 50 30 20 20 0.05 0.05
5. 75 50 33 23 17 0.058 0.043
6. 80 50 34 24 16 0.062 0.041
Calculation of focal length by graphical method – 7
(i) u – v graph : The graph is a rectangular hyperbola :
Scale : X’ axis : 1 cm = 5 cm of u
Y’ axis : 1 cm = 5 cm of v
AB = AC = 2f or OC = OB = 2f
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶
f= and also f =
2 2
Mean value of f = 10.1 cm.

𝟏 𝟏
(ii) - graph : The graph is a straight line.
𝒖 𝒗
1
Scale : X’ axis : 1 cm = 0.01 cm-1 of
𝑢
1
Y’ axis : 1 cm = 0.01 cm-1 of
𝑣
1 1
focal length, f = = = 10.2 cm.
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑄
Graph for u Vs. v 8
 𝟏 𝟏
Graph for Vs.
𝒖 𝒗
9
Result :- 10
(i) From u-v graph is, f = 10.1 cm
1 1
(ii) From - graph is, f = 10.2 cm
𝑢 𝑣

Precautions :-
(i) Tips of object & image needles should be at the same height as the center of
the lens.
(ii) Parallax should be removed from tip-to-tip by keeping eye at a distance at
least 30 cm. away from the needle.
(iii) The image & the object needles should not be interchanged for different sets
of observations.
Aim :- 11
To find the Focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓An optical bench with four uprights (2 fixed upright in middle two outer uprights with lateral
movement)
✓convex lens
✓convex mirror
✓a lens holder
✓a mirror holder
✓2 optical needles (one thin, one thick)
✓a knitting needle
✓a half meter scale.
Theory :- 12
𝑅
Focal length of a convex mirror f =
2
where R = radius of curvature of the mirror.
Observations :- 13
(i) Actual length of knitting needle, x = 15 cm.
(ii) Observed distance between image needle I and back of convex mirror, y = 15 cm
(iii) Index error = y - x = 15 – 15 = 0 cm (No index correction)

Position of :
Radius of
S.No. Object needle, Image Curvature MI
Lens, L Mirror, M
O needle, I (cm)
(cm) (cm)
(cm) (cm)

1. 25 50 56 70.5 14.5

2. 28.5 50 60 73.3 13.3

3. 31.5 50 65 78.4 13.4

4. 30.5 50 60 74 14

Mean R = 13.8
Calculations :- 14
Mean corrected MI = R = 13.8 cm
𝑅
f = = 6.9 cm
2
Result :- 15
The focal length of the given convex mirror = 6.9 cm

Precautions :-
(i) The tip of the needle, center of the mirror & center of lens should be at the
same height.
(ii) Convex lens should be of large focal length.
(iii) For one set of observations, when the parallax has been removed for convex
lens alone, the position of the lens & needle uprights should not be changed.
Aim :- 16
To find the Focal Length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓An optical bench with four uprights

✓a convex lens (less focal length)
✓a concave lens (more focal length)
✓two lens holder
✓two optical needles
✓a knitting needle & a half meter scale.
Theory :- 17
From lens formula, we have –
𝑢𝑣
f=
𝑢−𝑣
Observations :- 18
➢ Actual length of knitting needle, x= 15 cm.
➢ Observed distance between object needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, y = 15 cm.
➢ Observed distance between image needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, z = 15 cm.
➢ Index correction for u = x – y = 0 cm
➢ Index correction for v = x – z = 0 cm

Position of (cm) 𝒖𝒗
S.No. u = IL2 v = I’L2 f=
O (cm) L1 at O1 I L2 I’ 𝒖−𝒗
1. 29 50 75 69 78 6.0 9.0 -18.0

2. 27 50 71.5 65 77.5 6.5 12.5 -13.54

3. 25 50 70.5 65 72.8 5.5 7.8 -18.64

4. 28 50 71.3 63 71.2 8.3 8.2 -17.45

Calculations :- 19
𝑓1+𝑓2+𝑓3+𝑓4
Mean f =
4
f = -16.9 ≈ -17 cm
Result :- 20
The focal length of given concave lens = – 17 cm.

Precautions :-

(i) The lenses must be clean.

(ii) A bright image should be formed by lens combination.
(iii) Focal length of the convex lens should be less than the focal length of the concave lens, so
that the combination is convex.
Aim :- 21
To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph
between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓Drawing board
✓a white sheet of paper
✓Prism
✓drawing pins
✓Pencil
✓half meter scale
✓office pins
✓graph paper
✓protector.
Theory :- 22
The refractive index, 𝜇 of the material of the prism is given by –
𝐴 + 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝜇= 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

Where Dm is the angle of minimum deviation & A is the angle of prism.

Observations :- 23
Angle of Deviation ∠𝛿
S.No. Angle of Incidence ∠i

𝟒𝟑°
1. 𝟑𝟓°

2. 𝟒𝟎° 𝟑𝟖. 𝟖°

3. 𝟒𝟓° 𝟑𝟕. 𝟖°

4. 𝟓𝟎° 𝟑𝟖°

5. 𝟓𝟓° 𝟒𝟎°

6. 𝟔𝟎° 𝟒𝟐°
Calculations :- 24
From graph between angle of incidence, ∠i and angle of deviation, we get the
value of Dm (angle of minimum deviation) : Dm = 37.8°
Result :- 25
From ∠i - ∠D graph we see that as ∠ i increases, ∠D first decreases, attains a
minimum value (Dm) & then again starts increasing for further increase in ∠ i.
(ii) Angle of minimum deviation = Dm = 37.8°

Precautions :-
(i) The angle of incidence should be between 30o – 60o.
(ii) The pins should be fixed vertical.
(iii) The distance between the two pins should not be less than 8 cm.

Sources of Error :-
(i) Pin pricks may be thick.
(ii) Measurement of angles maybe wrong.
Aim :- 26
To determine the Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling
microscope.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓A marker
✓glass slab
✓travelling microscope
✓lycopodium powder.
Theory :- 27
The Refractive Index of a glass slab is given by –
Observations :- 28
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm or 0.01 mm
Mean values = r1 = 0 mm r2 = 6.81 mm r3 = 10.25 mm

Mark With slab on it Powder on top of slab

Mark Without slab
S.No. r2 = M + n × LC (min.) r3 = M + n × LC (min.)
r1 = M + n × LC (min.)

10 + 23 × 0.01 = 10.23 mm
1. 0 6.5 + 29 × 0.01 = 6.79 mm

2. 0 6.5 + 31 × 0.01 = 6.81 mm 10 + 25 × 0.01 = 10.25 mm

3. 0 6.5 + 33 × 0.01 = 6.83 mm 10 + 27 × 0.01 = 10.27 mm

Calculations :- 29
Result :- 30
The refractive index of the glass slab by using travelling microscope is
determined as 1.52 = 𝜇

Precautions :-
(i) Microscope once focused on the cross mark, the focusing should not be
disturbed throughout the experiment. Only rack and pinion screw should be
turned to move the microscope upward.
(ii) Only a thin layer of powder should be spread on top of slab.
(iii) Eye piece should be so adjusted that cross-wires are distinctly seen.
Aim :- 31
To find the refractive index of a liquid by using a convex lens and plane mirror.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓A convex lens
✓A plane mirror
✓Water
✓Pointer
✓Spherometer
✓Mercury
✓China dish
✓Retort stand
Theory :- 32
When a convex lens is placed over some drops of water on a plane mirror, a
Plano-concave liquid lens is formed between lens and the mirror.
F1 = Focal Length of convex lens
F = Focal length of combination of convex lens and Plano-concave lens.
F2 = Focal length of liquid lens and is given by –
𝑓𝑓1
𝑓2 =
𝑓−𝑓2

If R = Radius of Curvature of face of convex lens which is in contact with liquid.

Then, Refractive Index of the liquid is –
𝑅
𝜇=1+
𝑓2
33
Observations :- 34
Distance of needle tip
Arrangement From lens From plane Focal Length
mean
surface mirror

Without liquid 19.9 cm 20 cm 19.95 cm F1 = 19.95 cm

With liquid 29.7 cm 30.1 cm 29.9 cm F = 29.9 cm

Calculations :- 35
R = 20.03 cm

Rough focal length of convex lens = 10 cm

F1 = 19.95 cm , F = 29.9 cm

19.95 × 29.9
so, F2 = = 59.94 cm
29.9 ×19.95

20.03
And 𝜇=1+
59.94

𝜇 = 1.334
Result :- 36
The Refractive Index of given liquid (Water) is 1.334

Precautions :-
✓The liquid taken should be transparent.
✓Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer is not thick.
✓The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

Sources of error :-
✓Liquid may not be quite transparent.
✓The parallax may not be fully removed.
Aim :- 37
To Draw the I-V characteristics curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias
and reverse bias.

Apparatus and Materials Required :-

✓A p-n junction semi-conductor diode

✓a three volt battery
✓a high resistance
✓a rheostat
✓a voltmeter (0- 3v)
✓a milli ammeter (0-.30 mA)
✓one – way key
✓connecting wires.
Theory :- 38

Forward bias characteristics

The junction is said to be forward biased when the p-section of the diode is connected
to the positive terminal of the battery and the n-section of the diode is connected to
the negative terminal of the battery. With an increase in the voltage, the current also
increases. For Si diode, at 0.7 V the current increases suddenly.
Reverse bias characteristics
The junction is said to be reverse biased when the p-section of the diode is connected
to the negative terminal of the battery and the n-section of the diode is connected to
the positive terminal of the battery. With an increase in the voltage, there is a small
change in the current but the reverse current increases to a higher value with an
increase in the voltage.
Circuit Diagram for Forward and Reverse Bias 39
Observations :- 40
Least count of voltmeter = 0.02 & 1 v/div
Least count of milli-ammeter = 0.2 mA/div
Least count of micro-ammeter = 2 𝜇A/div Z
Reverse bias Voltage
S.No. Forward Bias Voltage (V) Forward Current (mA) Reverse Current (𝝁A)
(V)
1. 10 × 0.02 = 0.20 2 × 0.2 = 0.4 10 × 1 = 10 5 × 2 = 10

2. 0.30 4 × 0.2 = 0.8 15 16

3. 0.40 6 × 0.2 = 1.6 20 22

4. 0.50 11 × 0.2 = 2.2 25 30

5. 0.60 18 × 0.2 = 3.6 30 38

6. 0.70 23 × 0.2 = 4.6 35 48

7. 0.80 31 × 0.2 = 6.2 40 60

8. 0.90 39 × 0.2 = 7.8 45 72

Calculations :- 41
Graph is plotted between forward – bias voltage (VF) (on x-axis) and forward current, IF (on y – axis)
Scale : X – axis : 1 cm = V of VF Y – axis : 1 cm = mA of IF
Graph is plotted between reverse bias voltage, VR (along X’ axis) and reverse current, IR (along Y’ axis).
Scale : X’ axis = 1 cm = V of VR Y’ axis = 1 cm = 𝜇A of IF
Result :- 42
The obtained curves are the characteristics curves of the semi-conductor
diode.

Precautions :-
(i) All connections should be neat, clean & tight.
(ii) Key should be used in circuit & opened when the circuit is not being used.
(iii) Forward bias voltage beyond breakdown should not be applied.

Sources of error :-
✓The junction diode supplied maybe faulty.