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19lecturepresentation 160229163241
19lecturepresentation 160229163241
19
Descent with
Modification
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely
developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier
Cuvier speculated that each boundary between
strata represents a catastrophe that destroyed
many species
Video: Tortoise
Darwin in
1840, after HMS Beagle at sea
his return
from the
voyage Great
Britain EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The PACIFIC AFRICA
Galápagos Pinta OCEAN
Islands Genovesa
Marchena SOUTH Equator Malay Archipelago
Equator PACIFIC
Santiago AMERICA
Daphne OCEAN
Andes Mtns.
Great
Britain EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
AFRICA
Brazil OCEAN
Chile AUSTRALIA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Argentina Cape of
Good Hope Tasmania
Cape Horn New
Zealand
Darwin in 1840,
after his return
from the voyage
The PACIFIC
Galápagos Pinta OCEAN
Islands
Genovesa
Marchena Equator
Santiago
Daphne
Islands
Pinzón
Fernandina
Isabela Santa Santa
Cruz Fe San
Cristobal
0 20 40 Florenza Española
Kilometers
(b) Seed-eater
(a) Cactus-eater
(b) Seed-eater
(c) Insect-eater
† Barytherium
† Deinotherium
† Mammut
† Platybelodon
† Stegodon
† Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa)
60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees
† Moeritherium and relatives)
†Barytherium
†Deinotherium
† Mammut
†Platybelodon
†Stegodon
† Mammuthus
Elephas maximus
(Asia)
Loxodonta africana
(Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis
(Africa)
60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0
Cabbage
Selection for
apical (tip) bud
Brussels
sprouts Selection for Selection Broccoli
axillary (side) for flowers
buds and stems
Selection
for stems
Selection
for leaves
Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi
Wild mustard
Kale
Brussels
sprouts
Cabbage
Broccoli
Kohlrabi
Spore
cloud
Number of individuals
4
2
0
Museum-specimen average
10 On introduced
Soapberry bug with beak 8 species,
inserted in balloon vine 6 goldenrain tree
fruit 4 (central Florida)
2
0
6 7 8 9 10 11
Beak length (mm)
Field Study
Results
4
2
0
Museum-specimen average
10 On introduced
8 species,
6 goldenrain tree
4 (central Florida)
2
0
6 7 8 9 10 11
Beak length (mm)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 19.14c
Results
10 On native species,
8 balloon vine
Number of individuals 6 (southern Florida)
4
2
0
Museum-specimen average
10 On introduced
8 species,
6 goldenrain tree
4 (central Florida)
2
0
6 7 8 9 10 11
Beak length (mm)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
2,750,000 1
250,000 base pairs
400
2,500,000
Chromosome map
of S. aureus clone USA300 500,000
Key to adaptations
2,250,000
Methicillin resistance
Ability to colonize hosts 750,000
Increased disease severity
2,000,000 Increased gene exchange
(within species) and
toxin production 1,000,000
1,750,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 19.15b
400
Annual hospital admissions
350
with MRSA (thousands)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05
Year
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Human Cat Whale Bat
Pharyngeal
arches
Post-anal
tail
Pharyngeal
arches
Post-anal
tail
Pharyngeal
arches
Post-anal
tail
Human embryo
NORTH
Sugar AMERICA
glider
AUSTRALIA
Flying
squirrel
(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus (c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer)
(b) Pakicetus
Other even-toed
ungulates
Hippopotamuses
†Pakicetus
†Rodhocetus
Common
ancestor †Dorudon
of cetaceans
Living
cetaceans
†Pakicetus
Common
ancestor
of cetaceans †Rodhocetus
†Dorudon
Living
cetaceans
20 cm
Diacodexis, an early
even-toed ungulate
Guppies
transplanted
Pools with
pike-cichlids Pools with killifish,
and guppies but no guppies
prior to transplant
12 12
Area of colored
10 10
colored spots
spots (mm2)
Number of
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
Source Transplanted Source Transplanted
population population population population
Observations
Individuals in a population Organisms produce more
vary in their heritable offspring than the
characteristics. environment can support.
Inferences
and
Over time, favorable traits
accumulate in the population.