Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Milesian Measures Space Time and Matter

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Nukman Salim
    47 views23 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    47 views23 pages

    Milesian Measures Space Time and Matter

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Nukman Salim

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 23
    THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY Edited by PATRICIA CURD AND DANIEL W. GRAHAM CHAPTER 3 MILESIAN MEASURES: TIME, SPACE, AND MATTER STEPHEN A. WHITE {20 asrur to trace he origin of Grek philosophy fst to complementary ‘robles eich severe. One i the enfortanate fc that evidence for the sty ‘hlowophe i wofly mei. Tht wn word are soe ently lst and Ino ofthe deletion tat dove savin san feted and gency surpct. The oshe preblem concepts what wo cous pienophy Yt ner ‘robles neoperable fe aut the parameter, we ray bin see that, ‘bile noesaniyprovonal ae both aly ad Ukimeatng. Here 1 propose fo reorient the march fr origin in two ws carespoing to ur we pbs Flt, ther Cn econ anise work diet, shal fc on 8 crac atage nt aclent option, n partly the efforts by Aro a ib elleapues the ter hal othe fourth ey tocol abaya and as the ‘idence te avaible forse tept o undstand the natal word The Jnlunce of their work, a widely recognized and frequently nent, wa eo stant and often decisive, ot oly or the terpretaton of er work a evn for what infomation about weald survive. In eet, reosncing the Gite aol of recovering arcinc Groce Inthe wight may ena ws t r= ‘ula and beter pprednt, ho those ides appeared oon well infor fd astute ries why if nt bye apmpatati,mere mc beter acd to ‘derstand tht procera we sallever be ells wee rch on ‘bematk-amueh-dnpte quertion which can here oly ouch ona patsng— ‘en cave ana of thle acount i probably the best we can doy abot substi new fn 0 teace the infin of torts hough i Gees The ter tin oc shall make fom phlosaphy to selene or ate se tht ‘wold ae sar nd equal conte const gveons, {ball oc on idence forthe neplaybxweencbsevason, mexuremon, nd expaation in the wok of thre sith etary Mien Thales (625-548 0 sono Phenomens, Anuimander (610 5) onthe structure and dimensions of the fsmos and Anaxmens 50-525 omthetansoratios of mater odin ‘eri a els liken shot, al cove pot of tr tens to meine and exp uli time, spe, ap mate. 1, THALES AND THE MrasuRes or Timp “The problem of eidenc ie dbl aeatefr Thales. Not only so inortion tiene and mos ate: a very aie tat he wrote ary books in theirs ple. Ancien sources report to oe te tiles « Natal Aone i vere and another wed orto er On Sle and Byun or On Salie ‘nd On Equinox! But the verse wes mote credibly srbed to an oterwize on own Phocur of Somos” and Antxnater is cited with wong the fst sununary expos” of hs dns, reported the yea ter Toles ded (DL 325, R67)" Noneticls, the absence of ny teat by Thales i othe Bopee Station it might now apes. Even ihe wot othinghimsll would be @ fustuk ods the extant etal radon. Mach of ifort, nod Ing some in very Ine wets, gos ick o Atte and bis jane ealleauee Diceschus,Eudemus, an Theophrastus Thee research, though ony ac Sonal cited by name, was ely the ni soars oF met te eer inthe feds of asronomoy and prose tht alse epors aout Thales lie lem Buderim partir” The eral gestons ae that Goo what ‘ures did they we and ld those Sowers prvidesny tell nformaton boat Tale? ‘On the st count ite car tht Astle’ elles aco to most of ‘he eater ets nown tos nd «go del tote hat later ota for tenn ptr clea that Theoprats rend work by oth Ansan ind Arusinenes an gente cllaberaie eganiatin ofthe yer sae ‘assim tat is cllesgies ha acces to thos wrtngs a well On the second oun f ther of thre Mian recrde anything abot Thal, thee iret testimony would make the Arsalan tradon esol ear i arn, Un- Serunately here no sa sign tht cher of odd ite he olde cope two.” Ba we are not therefore reded to wage contre, Even if ner Msn sid anything about Tl, cers wing som arte cea ders inhi Resch in Astronomy, eppreny cited both Xenophane nd Hesotots and probably ako Herat ant Democs, for his on account of “Takes as “the Sint steno” (14D 123s and a passage i Herod (034) verti the one cation we ca al et Another Hl source of aor tation was Hecate (500), «flow Misia old enough to Kew Itt Anastoenespesonlly and to ar Stang report boul he. Hingis ‘velipped with their and his geographical wok depended hei on Ansa Imande’s (As); his writings mony als eben wat we tea abou Teale a Herodotus wh knew the work of Hestacus we? To bie eh ely writen reports reid gly 0 elves, which are inertbly prone odoin, at in ely orl etre esi century Nieto on the rl ation of doe tlie can be remarkably acura, especial If ed wo material objec, ‘When sports about Tis were fst record nd how they reached Eades ‘emai mtr. But tea mystery that once fad anrrern even if we con no Tonge recover them. The abecnce of ny etn ines of transi, brane Slane by heed ange of ple erates sheer more ll to St our inguly to what Eade id aboot Thales "evidence for Testy af the ay alle ito three chronological groups. The ales at to reports in Herodoms (fom the aero 40,0 ping met ‘ions in Aristophanes (e424 and 4, do page in Pst Hom the Soe ands). The second group comes fom Aso chook an anecdote la he ats and tne cations of Eades’ std fey steonony in te ones. ‘Mach ofthe tetimouy in bat groups centers on phenomena watched by tai ‘ional horizontal astronomy": eboavation of the hors, nly a da nd ee The seme empl evident i ater testy whic me Thales for many ‘mor insights bat rely Wey thei our. Taken togeths, the tee ete of fetinony record dozen distinct But elated cms The ei, when daly ans Ips boa, cote and largely crib ite of les pment ‘elaienesuement of time who couted and cored perndc astonomal ‘ye An ventory of the phenomena ded el be wl bere!” Solar eps Ha 178 (As, demas 14 in Cem Sra. 13465 (88), Enemas i144 in DL 235 Bader 4 in Thon Math 540 ‘POs 37. cig Aistarcus Stns) 2343 (Apa, Clot Dit ia {Pn N29 (43), Su (A, Sch ep 600A (A), Bae Chr (4), > Soles es fi fs (De 125 A) D2 Sada (3), S| Rep 00h (83) ginoxes Da. 13, Sudo (An), Pliny NH any (A. Sewn DL 17, Days pe year DA. ap Days pe oats: POsy (ting Aristachs, Di 124 ‘lonsolar tt: 1134 Apu be (A39) Pldade: iy NH a (008 yas Se Are 72 (Bi) ‘ess Minor: Callin fi 39154-5 (Aa), Sh ap oo (A). 1, Nile ood: Hat, 2.2, DAL wy, A 4 (8 "a Ole harvest: Ais Pal i (At), Hlrooyms of Rhodes 4 ia DL. $36 Gero Dia. “The evidence enompases slat, lana, stella seasonal phenomena ‘ovis relations smng, tem. The mot celetel Hem and abo the exist tested the stom the lin hough eriderly aesept by Er ‘spel puzling Tals pected solr cp a Herod cts och anni his sucess was not completely oruitous, then he mst have red on 2 Previously established pattern of ent tht enabled hen to expat Kose Preouly abered phenotens to fue rctrene, Use f each» prdiae aterm wold presimbly met Se base eons for any frm of mssre ‘ment: fis, oltng some tesomibly deeraizte cberble parte nd second, defining ifr rode to quantify tose parce, Ln ths atthe ‘Phenomena yer solar eis, onthe spl langage of Herod ots when the day suddenly bec night” (173 anf the module would ave been sore sor of engorat nral between cies If we sou tr hi story would be car evidence hat Thales srpased is Geek contemprsies i ms Saringat est one temporal praeter, namely the tras betwee clip, shoud we trast the stony Or rather, iether any eridenes tht Bade had reasonable ground fr tating ‘Absent now evlece schol aun ever to reich comers on eer ‘quston, Some dss the ory ott, thes appeal to sia Near Fate proctices! In particu hae a ar with soothing the sell Sirs yee sed by Babylonian priests to calcultein advance the dye which an ‘pe might ocr; then he coud at at ped tht one might xc within limite period of mes Herodotus put "by sting «it ofthe oa in which it i ocae™ (79) When ove did cca within that peso his sees, ‘though sill eal dependent om luck, would ntl become famaus Sah ‘reiion wold iavolea Bly sophisticated fren of nearing tine, Dt ‘qustomble whether ven Bader knew ofthe Sono sna met, which te Brot attested for Grek dion the entre Iter Or petbape tad onbts ire miaieted andthe question task 0 wheter o owe Thales could predict ab els, but what exe pried lore paring tht suston, Iw we fist need to comider some rtd evidence, users ect a he suhorty fr one otber astonomicel dcovery by Thal Diogenes Laci, “wit round 00 cx, mentions ala ep sone the second ei eliics eogte Di nasa) Aconingtsme, he bgt be he do aon el ‘oles aes Enea Reach atom hee oth Xesphans gl Het ame fm an Hecta and Danes slo te oh. Sarno Cea epee wo te et tomy salar lor Hea neon a pre ae ‘oie twice ‘Theon of Smyrna Paton acv al century or more eae, ngs ut the same wo phenomena in «bie summary of ater frm Bacem (fe us Math 340, a) ademas pert in i Astron it One fin cee te agty heuer ys Taf rel 0 ‘cpr ofthe td nol betes it Sm ak Asin Ie cove ht te crt ao anda te ie Site come Jeune that ter eter knee adem’ work dey. Diogenes te it ‘nly erg and Theo ames the Poni Deseyldes is cctay ve orca ashi ‘Source Hath sty he ceded Thales wth dnoveries involving these pal Phenomena, sola eclipse ad ston But exactly what ademas thot be ‘Sscoered in he fst cnet tlle: Diogenes verbs bth ce ogee 2 “foeeing” and Theon dsc both 8 "dcoveries” Which right or ‘oreo Bent Tiles war certainly ot the fist to bev either ven, anit svimually certain that he di ot oral explain oth, ven he ideo fo ‘clipes as tome sours chim (POsy32096-44 Ady Ata, the explanation of he ‘oles involes odd of lestl means nowhere relbly arb oh Te ct wean be onder tha Bae i otc hat Thales proponed ay echancl explain, ice tat wd be conitnt with Theos sammy, ‘hich eis Anasmander with heaton al del Yet th eps tito darify what Thales discovered abou he oles and their acount eat and consistent if ken as complementary. According to Diogenes, Tales tab Tied two tempers inter, one fom the sumer to the water sti, ad nother back tthe summer ose. cording Theos, he fond that hese ne tealerealwaysunegta” proba by signing each ners eral mm ‘er of days Both eqporte ala imply hat Bem considered Sura est reughlaecurte Tha day, the tral mth ume the winter sie ‘ar shorter by about fur anda af day andthe fat atte Bare from ucemon co, cord ference of fire dye!” But hater Thales upped the difeence tobe, fr hi to fd thatthe terval lle a al world have ‘nquired cell acl sutuned cbsrntio, Bren iis vaults wee ices ot ‘at ecracy lafuenced by lek, be wa ently to accept ach asymmetry wh ‘out compeling evidence. Oris this scenario aa a zeson to dtut Bader? Mach of what the ancient sures sey beat Thales would a al hae ‘hesirafegnd Belin this eather isto icant evidence that Tas what odors ins By Bader’ tine, Greek atronomy bad developed preset concept ofthe tics in tem ofthe sual ton log {be die ofthe ep But we should not asume tthe atbutd the sane one o Tals. Or the outa. he was alert the primitive form of Thal ‘ome isight (1-95 An, 20), ade was crt aie wih the ‘Scie method of detrinng the soir by watching the Horizon, which ‘ine the poplar castors sn hi own day an for centre aera Tie custo: ia rtd in the Geek me for the soles and echoed bythe ‘ode ibe “opis: the an’ rape "rings wee eat by whi the ily progres of susie or suns lg te san to find when the reaches the mother and soathernmest pons on th orzo before “tr ing” backin the oppostedecton. But Thaler ae the tadtonl method of tonal troy, how could he "coer any Eades cet ‘Noreslis were ey Frese ll weve messed oly i days, Nov meray ey sccrt at ena Dats for oth nites pp lentyin Hes ch 2 round mumnber of days Before sae igs ofthe ar Arcuri sing oF Selig onthe horzo at dawn dsc dys before evening ing th fst day ii vile onthe carers harm ater sane) forthe wine sle (ps4 ‘rh an 50 dsr ss roeniog ing (hes day ive on he cater horizon before sunrise) for sume (66>). Its impossible to create ay of these dates with 3 moder calendar, snc we know nothing bot ter org, titer hen or whete any of the phenomena might have een abr. But seconding to sar dt rom the A a oth centri, the magn of or eos considerable (9 oF more das), the round gues anyway eugen”| ‘Nonetheless Hess dts ar instuctive. They confer tht Thales was ot he St ether "dover ort "pedic” the sos nthe ser of eng the fst ‘o sign them dts ina calndrcl scheme, What Eder tuted to Tks must rather be asgifeant atone i sci of precion.Anotber report in Diagn Lacie hi with boi sn connection with seus 4 and "ay sayhe bh discovered the esos ofthe yar and ded it into 365 dy" (2) hough Diogenes ames no Sure, elated evdence mapper the preuyrion (hat his report spun comer om Faden” Mote tothe pol, Tale! met sremet of they at nl ore atctate than sy oer erate tee or ‘Sh-entary Gree (3 days he net bt ord I ale move pei fect fran itera aumber fda Exablshingempoalinerols between ep rcusngevetsicetinly | {om of measurement ln provides ure ba for pedo, povided of cura that the event enn priodic aad he interes accurately ease Soi Tha did “scorer the ssn interes, as Thcon puts ttn he wat ‘deal able to “rei the sles” as Diogenes eps. Nether his covery nae his predictions presuppose ier an acute method of btevng the eu se ses or ay notion of eb! motion the elie, ay cli mechanic sa. [A Tales equ war a method ofeauting in sane an oughly aecrately fom yer to year, Ue dats of vets hat ar relly corr with he te sobtices ere if enly oslo tangential In pre, ven i he apparent bora for his observations fred dramatic fom the re hoszn, ding the "tain pont in the suns annual progres along the apptet borizn vould be suet provided tht his horizon tine rail constant year fer yest. nfact, ven fal his dates were by anya mat "predtone™ based ther would sl be rele ao Tong the ears were strate or ont. Liki recognition os alr noray od neqalty ofthe seasonal % Iimerals was late pamed) dd not equte acute determination of the tre solic ont onsen dierent intra eteen the coveted phenomens (nthe eter hand, sine Rader ceded Thales with "isovering” ht i quality is dates were presumably sccurte eco to enti corey which of ‘het cba itera was longer. In any ee ow dd Tals define i date, ther scart or not fo thee ad other artrononicl phenomena? "The tne report that cies Tals with determining the eoect amber of ayn ayer ite 3) lcs it wth "ces the sean the ya” (tem in DAL 337). The definite aries ar doubly signe. Tey ipl ta eves the fist to dstngus the fue sans ster coir andar, but no Mest before hin and sinc hase sevsons were defined asthe pesods between ‘helices aa equinoxe it als implies tha ews theft specify day or ‘hela swell Howe Thales did seat explained in any extant text and ve ‘cholishave found the dh bard to swallow But rte testineny about his Sar vatchingproide lee both othe methods he probably wo td tothe Uk ass for ude’ reports. A wget about a prominent ester of asm ‘he Roman enpelpedist Pin (6osor 7s x) isthe ruil ink items and [NH shay Ait: "Te morning sting ofthe Mid Hesiod revorde (nthe ‘Asronmyestnt une is pane) occuring onthe auturaaleuines, Tee fon the testy. ih day afer the equinny, Anaximander on the twenty, ‘acter onthe forty eighth” "The bass for there stl dates war anda horizontal strona: obur ion of sae on the horizon at om and dak. Whether the eqinoses were deca the ame way is unclear: peeps by he Hesse, perhaps alo by Thales, but protbly ns by Eocenen or Edens, Novelsisy the metiod af lig isthe samen every ese the elo is coreltd with aslo event and signed a seed expresed aban intel numberof das Befove a star Sting The Pade (tem 8) were the singe moet miporant prop of rs or ‘wadiooal Grek calendars, becuse the ing apd ting jolly ete the a for practi porpoe In that gad ates for slr phenomena were oes etal dite do ate peter exlnstory vale not 6 signal rit chores oe changes ia wether ot daylight, ett cove the gradual orl anger rik the eel body whose anal oe so obviously aft them The sg sifeance of euinotl dete (em 3) should not be expr. Dy itl the ‘onion of solr events with sear sightings doesnot premppore any cele nchnics. tony nk the progres ofthe sun sloog te bors othe length of {he day andthe eye ofthe sen Bat ha ink does dete ft or theses changes, abd sine the eorration eal tere way to mean ‘he sla or “opie” yar dey by counting the dys between oqulnoxn. OF 2th, it mould provide adie meas i tore could be determine! ndepes lay of the set. Bt that kyr fiat slel by means of horizontal a ‘eonony Should Plays por therefore beds? Pliny doe ot identify is roc rth information andar named nore in his work But whatever seamed sore, he guint date he 56 _ovnes aND wovewenrs sepovsfor Tales andthe others evident come ro clon of observational ‘at compiled in the four entry, ce Fade ete et story ced Pliny umes ove «done Grek stron at his surces oe Book lone (NT {a8} Many of ther produced eandareitgitng lira soar dee, odin Meto,Buctemon, and Demactarn the fh cent, and Eudonu and Clips inthe fourth. Those five ae appa in extn eps fon Edens who cary hal sind their work cosa.” Moreover, thee extant calenre From the lowing etre are naira collotions nd they fsorporae c from the same fv al suthriti,even when dates pent to cnc at ‘hey do this ee Hf any ofthe ener works ld he suo tes it may be the Source forthe emo esi dates. Or weet dates cord insane ‘imenbl oftheir on? "That ether Thales o Anaimander compl comprehensive etronomicl Calendar is only a cosjecture, but trate on song etcmtantal eden “Avaximander reported erected «"ehoman” i Spt tat inte the sos the eguinax andthe seasons (D1. 21 ef. Aa, Ag)” How exalt did oie owhereepaned. A gnomon simpy verte oo rer stated to a2 Shadow hat tacks the movement ofthe sun tas the dy and over they ‘Gromons were pil edn horizontal wre wa aed onde whee te sun's tadow falls varus tines of yer, Given the contin prominence of sla és it would be rage i Anmimander’ deve didnot Fndte sme of hoc a wel te by incting whee te sun's shadow would fill on thee dts, or by proving 2 way to rept he daye btn inetd ates suchas the rows of holes thet gave tr prepa ter ame Moreover, ny suc stem presippses tine oecvtion an nt onlin Spt I ‘therefore ery ily that prototype ad been presoulycomseuce in Miletus” But unlssAnsrimande outlived Thales by mote thn the yer ors epost by scent chronographers, or they woke completely depen, his elds aso incorporate intra establied (sag oxi) by be alder compar ‘oI ayes, the texters of Thaler sll endsla dates ould ‘wel go back toon esronamcl calender seb a tne or apme other durable tei though perhaps one widely asrbo rather to his younger “id” “dent.” and inlets he” Anasimande repay bbl” "idence that Toles aie tana orion aszouomy to tack ine Through the year Is realy abundant and ently consent, Aa itr preci bseration implied by «report te) the dieting two slate [nthe Hyader, one sorter and one southern (Sch Ara. 72 —Ba)” The cme stelaon was widely considered a important sonal wether sig, sd in line ‘wah ne pul interpetationofisameas "Rao Maes” (ee Se rst Cie [ND 23), moenng mating the ht day i vile above the west oo foe sans) wa suppl tiga he advent of he ny season in the Ash (ae Hesiod Op. 5), Bt athe cose mame ie, edn tse nl {ple ste to the Hpac, and some ae 2 apr ht hl ge ad sets ‘pan many dus ln fact the costo ie Bete own now a the ea of Tauro the rising and sting ofits sever stats ps toto thee weeks Th tins reason fr Thal Yo sng otto of ese Sars was co reine etic ‘uration Oy etabiching theft ewe slhtings of wo rea vis Uta inet sae Final dere seven reason to suppor that Edema ‘nade such clas binwal. The now standard mae of Taras st teed it ‘Geek for Bude in the mi- fort entry, and sstematc observations oft eves tt for Calippa39 But Bndoras contnoed o record data forth Fiyodes under thse atonal name, wheres Calippareiderly used only th ew mi and edison the cour of easing ow wsronamial aed bse one sacl yates hiscontenporsy Bada would haveconidro nitive ee esnable to asm that Eodemus discussed these imports ‘cmt innovation, a be id Calippu'reinents of Budo’ esta me ‘hans (is 4p). the iter ct, heb eounted the relevant cseraton. ‘Git andi ficentry background (49. e would thas be flyin Beepin ith hist prac ithe als ced Thales in connection with Capp ‘lenil eforms jr ae ached he Misi background in his account “Genopides sad af the clipe and toi 5 quoted ene) ‘Sime ve of briana stonory to mtarepreieable amma cele ndeties tw other reports, One igre non explanation for the anal flooin ‘ofthe Ne reported Hrodot en), perhape drawing on Mectes, Whee ‘reount he lo report According to Herodot, sme of thve “Frnovs isdn’ strued the fod to soe winds om the north inpeing Tres couse (0) sn though be fle oname Tale, te ures sce {planation othe renowaed age” (Di 237, AB. 4). The winds in questo tethe socalled Ean ors” orthere whose onset vas atonal te {othe same slice (Hesiod Op. 667) conerent with the onset ofthe Roc {it 299) They were so spose to last va dy (Ellwed by soemy south, Svinds Op. 53-7) which penalised to epi wey he Mood lasted 3 {hy ce i took og numberof day oaabide (et 2). Hence t ‘splat stbte to Thaler presapposs 2 periodic anna ina th otrdated and sal lr na provided amor ox him ocala the intra betwen regu eeu phenome —in short, the same art ‘stonomieal ends npc in oe Tepe fom Hades “The ther report wel-known seeders 2), des mot et ccpiy to soli or star date, and ts often dime as popula legen ‘oi mde, there ite dou ht er wa falar with the story. cco to Ast, who recounts to laste the pine of monepa ‘THalsalenrd ert fh "plosopa” pura by ring al theo ress inthe region one wits, then making handsome prt by charging higher a forth we when the bares sive (Pls 1259-18). So summarize, ¢ ry bali vous connection ith philosophy, a Ariote emphases “pposn to hie snonynows source or he legend a3, a8). But he troviacs th ory with posing dtl whih was lo par ofthe legend, Hema "by esronomy they sy Be rcognizd thet an lve harvest was comin ot_trouars ano mowanners (auo-). It hardly takes Thales, of cous, ot that lve wes beat ft, and ‘rasntor have long asuned ta it as specifi «bunt ero that be was “ppd to hive wae s-meteoolgy to forecast. After all live growers had Jong wet various sonal sigs, prs nldng stele oF Solr Intra to {esc cltation, One ote and Thar nda ore proce and eae ‘Suopomial timetable, be could outwit the owner the press onthe tems for ret by estimating heme to harvest mote pecely—Dence he spec sini- ‘eof arin he conc ih Witt, i ip nce witout the un Savory prospect of gouging the growers ‘Oncor sport ite 10) roves a exception tht ay prove there No longer Eudes, the lard poet Callas (writing 370 2c) ais ‘Thule with "batrng” the constelation "Whe hde Wagon” (fe n38-s) 38 ‘a Minor ac commoni call Since the cai apous chen inthe conte her chim mde by Eodenus (A) Calin probaly Rew i hough [adem wore on ety antanoeny rather than the wes of the Nari As nonomy asribed to Phoes™ Heads tat Phocicon mito ed om the onstlsion; andthe contemporary pot Ara, who drat Eds’ sae Se bearer, expats tha he salle ea sme relate fr na {on ta the re veal vile Uri Major Bose ta in anal ie (Pha, 36-44). n shor, # i + cream comtlan, alin Meeranean Indes, never ses. Oa the one hab that makes te striking exception “Thaler vient lance om horizontal rtronomy. On the ther had seats ow clsly most atenton wa Sete om stars tthe hoon A reson ide ange of estimony hte tht Tle compiled ome sort of timetticorteliting solr and tea phenomena. How he estaba dts or thesolstces and eqinoes remains nen The beat anyone cou doin he sith sot wat tosis them witina femeworkof tela date counting the dys teen tem and previously stable sli ngs o stings as Play report ‘snd applied atonomy continue to dof ces, But ow Tales deter inc the dy of any or een inthe fst pace we ean only cosjectute. ince interes in the sobtics predates hin, eight supose hate st red 0 = ‘bli hi ater ore precy Bat problem ead sone tie ter aks tha isto do curt th sin’ positon on he orizon change ver slowly sts potter and southern exteres ad for sera ays appear oremaih ‘tionary (Cleom 45 coast ts poston changes mest apidy—hense mest lia the equines, fhe ft eablhed date for hase, ot by bora "sonomy bit yang some sr of gromon he eaull he gh ati dates tothe sles by simply ding helt between the two ono, Buthat ‘method would prevmsbiy mint he salar noma, which Fades dae ‘Thaler covered rg) On ble, hen, appents more ey —or sit woul ve speared to Eder Thales gan by easing dates forthe so sen ad that he did by observing the zon. The spl eho ivelves ‘wo tp fit Stn pois on the orzo whee the suns observed trac northermos and otherness and then for ch sols, singingout one ofthe days the sum svar hers etre ast or pectaps more (ince ‘che tain” pot inthe a sannual conse) helt or pebaps mes lel ff tac equinanes were then deter the ame wap ne midway beeen the patent at and last Gye. The reload ineiabi be somewhat atic Ie alent cea inacurate forthe tee store Bat would be consent ‘tk orzotl astronomy, ad i would Be aacent to xablisha solr anomaly {Sella the mar of ap inthe ope yer (em 3) aod the interval that Tene th for conventional ass ie 4. “Pwo rennin concerning the eon bing sack to slr eps. twumediny afer seporing thet Tae covered the eral betwen sles, ‘iapees Ler edith wih 0 mone” astanomy (24, fr bath {ich Bade iat kl soo, The ast pies neato exc 110 Sho ining the snoon and en (et 7), though the tect C00 elit ot {ara to tl what the ratio ese sy, tances, cect, or pei.” The Second caine ht Thales wat "the esto al elas dy ofthe month a tities” (Gem the hiar le a he in wy of ekg tine io cha Gree, foe Civic and hovel aie, nd ts ran pete i ough 29% days. Al ‘hovgh est eimony ir nag itis resonable to asune that the essing oble interting months st aye was widely recognized, even i only ‘tics charged with eulatng the merous lo senda, The point of Thales propos wes presumably not fo sia 30 day to eery month whic woud {uy wreak vc uarclndars Muh mor ely, sine Diogenes imps {hat he propos! wet widely opted, Thales al was reularine the monthly {Sncepances by being telat ay of eer orth the "thieeth" no mates how nny dae puted been sce ightge of «new escent, which casom oul the stay ofthe mont The effet oF his propo was to etabish a poten ofatecating “lanl” roe the periods of 90 and 29 ys {ane to ec though the org of tht stem on its belie obscure” The ey pont, however, rasoubly wc thst Thales inodced s method for tdi the nar ple me ela by counting days ashe tan by watching ch month fr the new noon The ore in alin he lst day a "hit “pyc a n bis atl extension ofthe aba to cover the ast day of exery tron, land holly ie, That vied the Ice sense ofthe word, bu i Proved more reli way to mene me. The subtittion of «numerical fare fo aon lee Hee “aay before” "ld and new" was also more peopicna and argany more rei "The stem flan low months hile smplijing the tak of rachng the phase ofthe moon preapposs coe chsaton ofthe new mda a ar tl Tat in tare provides a secre Bok to horizontal astronomy, anda tam Tang cu to Thal insight ito slr epee Hath sol elipes and un hse pp typically and mast realy nthe sky vee The moe, too ost ts orth ey, pink vil nthe hy fer prone longer and Short portion of the ight day se senate yases and wanes. Only whe ‘ne eye els and epother gine aetion neces Focaed excusivy ‘he horizon. A theo moon wanes is resent econ too thin to cern at "et head of thesun at da apd sets before sunses he, two thee cy er, after the sun “puss” the int reappearance of it cecent onthe wet Isao afer sins marks the begining of ne ec, Accordingly, thet ay (of exch month war alle “new moon” the day when mo moon is isle 8 ‘estoy but the day when the ne cracent wi Stace. Since the te jain of ron and sn oct he interval ben stingy ofthe st and ins crescents, these observations prove an aos contest fr lh to ‘oly els The interes in precy this pri shown by Thal propos or naming theft ay ofeach month rae iui posi, Die hale “cove that or eclipses occur onl atthe new naan? Or ae, that wht Boderus eled be dacoveres? A reenty eevee papyrus writen inthe second century es preserves pata commentary the Ody that ont sage that rong sogpes he id (POs) so co 236-43 “Ta eis cc a ee oe Atha of Sas en wh he ies A nro (AS) hc igs wh he on some oak 5 AS] he ay on nh pods th eige which sen al fe "hay ete net mona" ‘Thecommmenator report eprom by mention of fest in Oey 2056, ‘which ancient schol edt bo ew moa (se 1937 wth Sh) nd ‘lp (ae 3036-5 with Sh). To esplain theconecion between thee ee the commentator quotes the mous monomer Arar Aen of Ste (42353) he war active shorty fer Eades and he ted nes every ssuononca olen Bama repo to have aden sla elses ( ays) and cotelations ofthe nar and solar les (7) a son ers servations date theses (fs. 4s) aso nex (Pl Ab the sine od Aitances of the su aed moon (46) in his ett work fea es and the in hie ootnious hele bye excelent pportmty abd mito sy Eudem’s werk on exer astronomy, and the etdence that be iso out sso swe could bop. The imminent Tle, ‘hen alot ean Bes But ently we inst Aistarchs flow Baden stbing to Ta? ‘The commentator purports quote Arise’ own words, I i, tat leave itl oom for disortion and warants taking hi word stil, Soca struc Wat Acisarcsimputs to Thales sno yeti eplanation ole els but oni wha peas to be an inference, based onthe cretion with ew enon, thatthe proximate cae Is the mon interposition ("coming in front”). Two points deserve emphasis, Fst the asc i AS deed ‘ery simp whoo any tsi eraiolgy a allo fo cles mes oval Adarchor ys ere, the sn nd ton could be csating boc Herel Al) or foting dic (ck AnsximenesA74, As) or ape oy ery rings (cf Anaximander Als, Aat-2). Morne the farther repro AS, ft ‘Takes reagan a regnlarcontin, ently edie Baden may head uly goo bdkevience for ascribing bh chirs to Thus, or he may ive conidered thecal hime sce and adduced the conrton ony ‘conjecture shouts obervitiona basis, But inthe content of horizon ‘ony th converses more likey tht Thnle>—or others—fit noticed at oe oF rot etpes cuted at new oon, al then nfs hat they ocueed on at ew moon. Moreater sth eeeaton ad ot the cabal lan tt us the repos of Thales “preictng” one or meeps. Knowiog only ha “the sn ‘lps wen the moon comes init oft” would be alr for telng when a ‘clipe might occurs uns could alo predic when the moon ight do 0. Only ifheconsered the corelaton ofa andl les el con elt the faye when an els souk or eal net cur, But fe sould do thatthe Be {ould ere peti than in he ited Sense that he could foes fray day Iethenottoo dit fate wheter or nat mci ws pole nthe nly lit on the range of forecasts would be the elalty of sar elena whic depended on the accrscy of his projetons ofthe una ec” “Acoring 1 Theo, Hem credted Thales with “i dieoverng sl cle" (4) Although “save” itt cms ce by Atari, the Singular "ec" pints #0 2 predzion, hence the creation. According to Dioges Lacie, Bader was the "in topic solar eclp” (44h and oth he ver and the plral ai favor he creation, Wee no anger be sare shat adem didasribto Thales Bat heevisence now avisblemakesa gener Coreation me ly tun ete fal esplanaion or spe predition. The ‘ost amon petitions ofthe et wee rts, nd thei gi form wae ‘spel conditions infamous ese neat hee of Tale ie, Deiph wares (Goesuof la hat ifheataced he Pesan grakingdam would bedesroyed (G84. 159) Theconebion of elt igs with the new moon bas a versa ‘then cipher herman it nero nre poche oon eam «solr eles posble Such «clam made eny i thes centy and vn lcte in 5 would ree inspire the story hat Tals “orto” an elise, ‘special one synchronized (aeurately or not) with famons bate Thales ould Inve Base his ci on observation of previous eles: a many anne were ‘isle Miletus over the prensa Aectivey tht cps yl ‘ve bee he deci evidence forbs can, Noticing that colaled wit new noon he coll snp ine acoeeatn, which oral repots would easily distor ‘stospreicion ad linktosfamour ne Ether sca mite Herat ry ht ert the year awh an epeecared (4) eter ese oa tmnsmison woul wanform the dat of hls predicting pe of een ino prion of + single ded event and he bai for the aman legend of his Prditig ta an elipe would axa in he yar oe di occur woul bes dee- lrason in tha yer that eases ecur only a he ene prdiablephae ofthe anal ‘My reconstruction of Ta dicovey fy neces conjectural Ba Is to diac mers, Pt, amonites the coating tstmony, since «gee slo colton combines ements ofboth predsio and exnstion, On one fad the cretion is wealy predic, sine it defies «neces coon "hat olts sited numberof dap>—eoughiy 1 30 or + doen arn yor— and conjois them in univer digunction. On te ether hand the colton ‘opens the door to an expansion by sting what tas ut be sri case fer. Buty propo des nen ssa sense fo ong ep easy ‘isan eerie dubious legend to the tadtonl methods of hoot. ‘romomy evident in ese testimony about Thales No new method of beaten, nin of deta fom frig courte 0 novel connaigcl model veneer (0 diem the conccrence of Sol elie ap new moon, only ai ae ‘ation ofthe horizon dev a ds "Thete of te poe that some arb to Thales iste, By the fourth entry when the te may have orate, "netic! logy” seared spec ely the tadtinal oe of lla ples and itera ons othe sy tematiccleial mechani cle "maternal aol” (vie AP 7835- 270) For Eudemae a well Thales exemple the kid of ohana tology” desc by Plt in Republi 7, Prima ato forging tne (and 10 alee enter ditection) wae coniered “wat oly fe fring sd saling but alo for liar command” bree i made one ter bl rece seasons, months nd year” gai ch une sued, Those temporal “Symes ited measure of “igh ed dsj of day and ‘months, of monts and yrs, snd of sar neh bh to thse and the sees” (59%-5}—eocasuate what Thales “nse” fam the Hyedes and lind to sulsies and clips. Cosmology sited the net son. I rebably no accident of ite that we have no Sr evidence ha Fakes proposed tury mod of thecastes. Atal epor that eclsimed tht heb (o et) as aot ike wood fai on water (Avan Cel cA Metph 1) at ‘minimal impications fo acl pester By ll able outs it at rather his en and “hee who fis envsoned the world a vast mechanical ‘sem cztered onthe ea an bode by he sun—in shot the protege of the clas sole gto, 2. ANAXIMANDER AND THE Dimensions oF Space ‘The impact of Thal strona tmeteling eee in Anaviaser'ssole surving pronouncement, thatthe word operses “according to the oder of time” (= Simp Ph 2405 ce Anauenenes A) The ering ay of ‘changes ccc al snd heated for he fist ine on eon, lo reper ptr, Tiles ad aloo found new ways to cleus le fea renin, sch a the disane of bots st se (A30) and the eight pyramid in nLEGLAN MUASURUS TIME SPACE AND WATTHR 105 ‘gp (Aan. Anaximander exadel his ng f the wor isle Building on the hen sealed ceil nde oft, he wate oat the psc farctre of the ze cosmos, complete wih liner dimensions fr ts most ‘prominent ibe pcs, ‘A systeatc model of the cosmo was evidently an innovation Barer a counts though vy tile at pons ae facamentalySncomplet. ple in Hone and Hesiod three ir modal consisting of tees parm thc by the reh ters of Ose sb tated between eran ovead ad “araro ticle How the thet ae conte ffdeed hey obscura arethe ape and sire ofcach, The pctare aay in prt becuse thao definite {lake or bounties The ext rena a Indeterminate ans, apd topo {Garhi reo, whether cl regina ae almost compete ignored Batanoe ave rate nd anesered oni in tne By contrast Anaximander pro- ows determinate boundaros for bath terete and cles eels, and he {ke wf lina scale mare Boh the whole ani par The elt ‘vs bo more systematic and mote eat and it yas ase on new aeration Nor onl die efite Tale” srtruomial timetable wines the Pleads (A) {dhe gnomon (A-3 Aa); hea posted distinc pysealstrctares foreach tthe thre cet steed Tha died. “Anais cues catas fur main bods. AC the center, aionary sd sbpet ike rumor segment of toe column (AL, A, 25) isthe enh [Enctlng tare thee succes pe ings fre shod inst te wrt fer the stam hen anes forthe mon, al the ateranat forthe sun (At, A ‘Thee ing elke "bit wel (Aa A), wth "vents “moths” on thst inner sme hgh whi the enclosed ire eit “pipe” or bem of ght (das, A)" The phates ofthe eon sol x the geal blocking and Hocking fs veel occ men the sole o aarvents te blocked sop (ho Aa, Aaa). spicy aed mundane imagery neithstanding the ‘tas momentous lication: Fst ad probly ot king tthe time, itiefincnely comprehen, encompasingall ie objects in they This all the mote singin ight of Anaad dsinctve emphasis onthe Tied” tate ofthe word andi contents, eve if he mesat not tka te intel extend bt ony nde Inge-ony thatthe eon beyond the tes wh) of the sn his no determine shape o he Tn any ease his sol ‘pain vey saint, nr oa nero ef sting (rough {ls of erporaton and stra) bat appre aln both se dtractve and sl Seeenenting whoa ay intervention by exter rea” “Arimaner ase ings asda nplcaton for astronomy. Wheel tne setae lino sper moving acre the ay, he postalbed ampere Du Fnvsle cal gs Theetionl or i postulate, dogh nowhece exlily {Bde in our nege sobre eel need: he ings provide 2 mechani ‘ae fr the observed mations by holng the fuminaes lf in otal cles eeping ther dance ftom enh contnt, and genenting thelr apparent moments by nevoving sound the er a he center, Pathe, these wheel recy pei the fom ofthe eet mations ad moe snpy tha cindrs ‘rape oalthelusinare appear to spn around the earth ie whe ound ‘common stationary hub But ihe eesti whe daarterize motion a el Shpe--not only eesbut eveutions—then the whese any be atow o brood tile tincingsor wide sme inde Or there ye bt aro hops ‘hesun and moon bat am longed pipe o tae forthe panoply of ns. "Teringsabo generate regula peiie motion, Clr area afm sand eg. Circular mation around a satonary centr Is teen spataly ‘nfm: every point ona ing maintains the sume dance not only om the ‘ante bata Goer ther point on the rig Tht in tusn pone phys ‘mis for temporal regularity. To observer stoned a he cet, my pot or segment on ing that rs constant anguevocy lao app fo move ith cons near velocity. Ansan’ hypothesis of geocentric ing har roids a physical bass forthe arid eles he nd Thales eid On the ‘eitioal hypo hat cich rng unin a constant ang vot the !pyrent motions ofthe sum noon, and as ae mei consequence of {he physi mowemens thigh ace la shor the model bd ey ato the very srotue of the exam and does 30 on the tsi of nome ‘quanti observational at-bat for the rt ine on rear losaly sete thse stra vgubitesi prinpe of equim, Ahough we cannot bese that Anaximander designed is ssn wit his incl in i,t mpact onfaterthoght wasting and profound Accoding to Arsotl, the ea semis” atthe enter "bea siny” (Cal 25 2opbu16= A) Theophrastus evidently seperate same (Hippl ss An), ‘td adeus probably dio aswel (45): Moving beyond Thal simple !malgy of wood fotingon water, Ansxinander verted Hold yp amiss ada ape to hotly images infra mato ripe of suit eason Whete ther, assuming tnt an obvi lare ad hey objet lle the earth woulé have tol, worded hat prevent fom plnging ovnvard, he efesvely erred the gurtion oni head Adopting» ese Perec, hese ted whet would make movein ny on eto ether a anos, fits uroundings ae in very dietion the sme Te a of it srpument not tat the ext (x anybing es) i mata oe inherent onary and inert, hee motes only ude the edunc of extra forces, Re, ‘without any asunpion about omobty or etl, he apes to ely onthe ‘ince that any change Ia motion at out in tection td pete a in Speed eqs an intting ace or case. Abe ich Fore, the oo Synamicequlsum, ad the eth remsins athe cee sen tote bas ome inherent tendency to Bll” So contd, Anatnunde's eae tune Imaiy on the eats poston, nt is shape oe weight on any be fst Moreover, texas only het te earth “sty nen) oie” ita ae emer of th solar syste at htt stan (hist) hee tl and inode is theory i thas compatible with ome tres matin, though presiably ting Ire ar sudden enough fr 0 noice—enept when ne Jo note ‘movement 5 in earthquakes, The equim hypothe, while daa as a brillant stoke of abet reasoning, in tha er alo eonsitent th obser ‘atom and env one empiri data ‘Auximander’scosios hs bth eulrity and iit bl ia Te abo ‘ats some sing spines, probably not eoieidental. Acording to Bae lena (6) he waste sto ope asesand dance forthe een bode (Sing. inact aut-9 Au) and ote sauces report pec igure The igus ‘wy slighty in one cae, and thee interprestion is controversial But ds- ‘epanie ude, the section of pal dimension fr the model wala tmorinovaion. alike fodoreand poetry, which messuedlayedisancesonyin ta, Anakimander proposed a uniform inert nc teenie common. Un. ‘ortunately, he owes donot male eatiely car What dimensions seni: 1B “Un shape he ath seine nt thas as mech depth a third would ew is ead [Ph rom. 2 (00). x "Thesun seq tothe cath Att 2.213 (Rate “pot mal: DiL 23 Es The sun har “ce 2 mes age han the earths Hipp. 3.63 (hi), Az ants (a); oF abies lage’ AB 2308 (Aa) ™ 24, The mow hs “ile 9 ies lager tan the earth Ae. 2353 (An), “Theft pat to noe tha sl maptds are spied in terms ofthe earth (hence the ibe) ptr, Batak the eth asa hasie model o ani of nese ot ule the mods us ofthe ents mean distance om the sun asa ‘ni sronoical wi” (AU) But Fate only age "the exh” withoat spcthing which izension wed od hat lever ner both a eve ‘Avoximanders AU and what esis What dimensions ofthe sola and a ‘ing ata ameter th dept rcunferece ae, oe what are lps ‘fat mension ofthe eat “Two ofthe earth's dimensions are given in Bone in ters ofthe athe: the leh ftir drum i exprene ua action fread 0 ce ee is breadth a ample a ks deh. Moreover, te Grek tem for “yen (ple) implies tht the dimension in queso s the “Hat dnmeter ofits Inder’ fie or sure (Hippo 1.63 A). Ifthe same dimenion Figures also {nthe other ports then Anaximander basi modal or AU nt on ies, se would anyway expect, but als ectline aod qpecicaly act In ft {oth mgs given in "dep as ells orendth—areclety ansese, asthe Greckterm ameter (teal ease ners”) woul imply. Fly the Seto af res for thesus in Bad would ao reer forthe oon in 4 39 rz sing 6528 js029 in, sch some sign that E> ako veer {o dameter? More pearly there ny ination that Anaximander’ Saree ad ay anata bas? Or ithe apparent smmeey pura airy? Only Ei species any mesons, Al thee oer reports expres ratios be meen pairs of abject the eth and thes ny the earth an the cet ‘ing of the sun and moon in and Fy, ine the can dimension af theeaie ice dame, ace the eer tes in each case ab dlaretrt En Ea, “the sn” presumably refs othe hing ick vibe in the dytine ly ot to the lvl rng or whee! that cis the die around ae i urs. Fi Ana ‘manda’ stn the uae spy the bit fe seen through eto the ict tim ofthe slr ig. But then tbe point of compari ia Es mst be the cult fae which isthe ni esr the tes of ert sae ann tht eae i scree assume tthe eguly spina dmc Ins, Ee lo thatthe dames the cath’ auetae and tess ible dike equa ence ‘och is AU aross OF course that implies lity loin rains, eames ned ares but asin swe he fos vdeo tenets Do Ey and Eg 2 apey tine of imc Both 8 and Es ae the ea?sdamete aD sl elas Ha ote Alamete of anater continous athe dik ofthe slr vat If Animander mesure the og th same way the and rete the earths mcf the ‘sun's and moon's diameters But Eudemos crite Anaximander with “fit covering the theory of ies rl tances” (eg Ag). Ie igus in and Ey are for dimes then the tance mst be ether ea seen of ‘hem. Tofnd the distances we ist have to specs teminus on ath frm which to mara Ifthe distances are measured tm the center of the eth hey ae simply te rads Kof ac gor al hi dicts Dk ifthe ances ee ested frm the eg ofthe eat, the potion ofthe eth’ ameter fo ‘oneal, measure along the orion (HD), 10 anesith, meas vetally (Vo) st be snbrcte. The sls are proba a ble 31 show ‘An obvious problem shat only inter areeorded, ndooptionpreees ‘aug values fra fur dimensions. The obvoar alton ie olin fe ional dimensions. Tn ny case the figures for vera diane have ie to ‘ommend them, Anatimander wn hog (whether igh or mt to kno it the daly paths ofthe sun and ion trough they “an (Az AS) hence err reach etal, which iste ar Gree and wou ol exeyhere ‘the eth weet ashesupposed ito he Moreover demining stances “able 3 Caleta Magri ime era seg ° : 6 as ciara Crmmmtatoa aces one on our teteeigre mae? ‘etl ee sectors oars ch ‘es hetunsane nasusns: rity SPace, AND MAAETIER 107 sy oer ange than orion wold pneat uvily Scions oration Hence the only lie ternative iditance lng the horizon. That ointton ao cds the ony pl fing values, Despte ie rcported we of the gromon, ‘Avatimandar's firs remain filly consisent with “horizontal astronomy Horiantl ditaneisae th natal dimension depen survey mapa an. ut hich pai of ters are suet? Dstances mesa fom the mil of the cath adie Reg 9, 3 Or dstanss manared orzo fom edge: [HD =, 9,40 Oni oe diameter inthe fst et atest, and nly once—the solr sng a6 the second st, wo dames ar tested, and one in 0 fret sources the oar ngs 27, athe Ina rng’. The ae is beter etd. Ie ao more in tine ith Borantalatrnomny, nce he outer ee of ‘he cart rts the oly re orion Anima’ cosmos ‘he bss for Anasinande’ gues is puri, Tere pene olay onsen tht they had no lant mpi bss aba vay of aerate cer ar been canvassed sana flor, chology, and mt incu ‘Nea Easter cosmgony It cerainiy pore thatthe Sure re eately seta, detcminel by strat consideration of smut. the context of ‘Tale atonony, ever, the possbily of an obmcrationl bass deserves other lak conceiving vo revoionsty + sem, Anaximander mast ve ‘oidered its hey components cary, and complete dard for accuracy Seems ocositent both wth hs ether ated flo a astronomy Gc ‘ngolg obseaton of aes an solar pins Ao wih Thales us, quoted ee) fe wth the Incesng fle of exact mearuremen in atc sot, fom = ‘hele to efor of wight and ther menses. The only pla rationale for adopting rbitrary furs wo be aly to do eter. Bt are thee ay pve gs of an empiri fais forthe tamed gare? Tins apparel though hee were Alle ing his report about Ana sanderssnt ad distances (6), Splice a that "theses tun tans of hen and moon have een determine wnt sow by sating fiom apap ofthc clipes and yk that Apa a wel csvered ‘hese pon” (in Cael apne), Simpiiscleay a the eter tori cin fon Bnd’ authority, not his own At the ery last, he erent hough ‘Anaimander sisted the moon's ig ise the sn’ because ofl in sob ‘clipe td he ve any reason to suppose there wa ny empl bas ot the specie gues Anssimanderpropsed An alee inerprettion ofthe {seat emony aes an atighing posblity, which crcametanal evidence ‘agus Baers might have ace i, dhugh whee igh or wrongly ‘sips os ‘Anmimarer envied the visible ares ofthe eat, sn, and oon byron sat Tat posal wy he measured hee sz” bythe Ginmeters of thx races. Bat ning have a vey dilfentsuctre. Whereas darters eaves the sae of «di they spon the ap between epost sa tion of gait wold he odo nckade the gp in hl ie Monee, they tne evel, Ont hi vee haeretarbl sie ot th only oer eleva’ dimension is thle ditance, specially the distance of tei ens In sort th figs fr Anssimande' ings re more neural fterpreed wal, ‘That woulda explain why the Fut were teamed i thes plc: Be emus included then in is ecount of Atianr she fit to spi i tances Tp tht ese, the Figs forthe oer ing would tae tigre bserationl tas i two plnsie contre be granted. One tit Arm. tmander wel «rao of te to 3 fr ce (hey the humferenr) and tet amet (ue pm 13)" Ihe dd hi gars ld he reals in able 3-2 ‘My other cojetreis that Ananzande ook the ratio of hes ameter toitsaverage dati ath through the ky tobe 90 oro ao rsvp total diy path Ley depres) nat ease, one of he oo atest ge fre solr ring isa consequence of i wo astmpins a sepent of AU acupis ‘nenintcth of sel, then the nie leo AU, edt 4 AU (hee af 8) and raise a7 AU. That would pve one bt ony on ‘he the tested gues diet empl as ut the eer ges an be Aerie from it into simple tps provided the outermost rng the ss ‘Anmimander had tre sets of poms to expan One healed the radia ofthe outermost ing woul be natal psy thes of the wo ‘tery dviding the gees raisin his: hence si AU forthe on ad 1nd AU for testa. Teresi ymmetsy woud ther be ation np of his dt: three equa interac a mle of , sngly to icorprate al thee ssf phenomena. The ole step which n pre wold sal ome fit vould be to aw fora magi of eror, ite by rounding ofthe oberaton «tao by setng upper a over bounds, bth in ort he othe wo Bg tested would be alleatv adi for hear ad na sng In pst the spparenty colicin fe of 37 apd a8 for the sole ving wos th be ma then for eampe the is esl of rounding down meacrenens ligly ‘over 0 AU forthe emi of he horgon, andthe sco inter Gge fo & ‘oresondng upper bound That he fire 90 AU sho yi aa that silt “able ya. Cael Distances are a * oe an ang = @ ” sas States > * ea woo et Somat ang = ae cee es 2 aA ie ant Gunter cel SoeeE1AN MEASURES! TIME SPACH, AND MATTER 109 ‘tiple of thes, asta rauie by the hee sets of phenomena wd it Farther weight, th apparent confirmation of andl a fart evidence for the impreslyintate “aver of ine” reeled by horgotl stony. Buti thee any reason o thin that Anaad ted to measure te sui ems the horizon in he Brat lc, o ve that Edens spose he dil ‘Onthiasceario, Anncnanderhaden eta wo ete vibes these of thesunathe ai ofits toi path How be bain er gee, or een he, ye do ot how. He could have spetd ether or both arity, {bund one by abseration of shadows. at horizontal astonomyoffersacrade but Simple way tome the second, by bearsng sons and sun tam gun. "Them and ony een dean sets damely opposite bare ities Its diel omnes ares inthe sy epeily “at” at iting nitions ranges the horizon (atte hp fa), withow netraments moe sophisticated thi thing attested for the sth enn, But om Aimanders tech the rt Irion tay» cle a any bl ft therefore exile he ae of th spt hein Tat makes relatively cay orate ewido the sur {or stmicce ofthe orzo by meng the spent width ofthe soma th Irion we aly ie a ter aie or er) and then ug th with ‘teu semis of horizon, or example the dikotecup or ptebeld« ‘mvs eth covers the sings, the the keane se to mesure te hot Upcountig ow many ameter cap or plate tapas. The ress areboune {0 be wily innate, not ft Decne the stopee make the sn per aly gr on the boiz than in th sky Bat ere ean benninized yng ‘ih ponter a the center ofan aii boron, suchas 2 whee! i to ‘nda col dn ssh tinge pone slong thc orto ke dia {any ese the sua eror in Ansaimander’s ges aes sich wore oot Al tht mts for he preset cena is whether sch a proestar ou {count for his ror or wher Eudes could resanaby suppose they di "Artech, ext tects on the same topes the isan lances othe ane wo funnier on the basis of ssl hypotheses Most the prsoppore piper af geometry oF sphere astronomy that Baden etd oer nit andthe it factual ci he srbed 6 Anssagor (Gus) Ba the sth hyp fas pure scholar as woefally outdated. ‘oats that “the mn sande owe Atenth of soll sig oF in mor Emir terms tba a angler diameter of» dees. Not onl the oughly four tes foo lege, a uch more acura gre i arb to ABs rcs by Achinedes (Ae 0) More inpotant here, the fran in em ‘of odie ag (defined weal ares othe clip) proba gos back ol {6 the ner fourth century, and Baden probably counted i mang recent ‘ie discovery Bat he ase es was probably ch oe, and be might we Inve had evden hat the pte fet had been dicoveret ch ener, ‘expe in rer terms the st piace, Asch’ second ype th “theenth hs the rato of pln ot center to the pee te moon that simp] formals asurpion plictin Ansuimsnder gues if stable 3.2 sngps ‘measured distances at fom th gf he ah het fon i cet ore cs Eade ceed Taka wh ning how fgets ‘ey some srt of nga (y= et in an ah his meio tenais ob cbvioalyinvaed sbseraton sn net smesrement ef mote objeto the hin. Farts the gre ht eo this nana proce ape yey a ttre he on of te ‘ans dik the wholes ng () aed seni uo) wea er fom te ei ofthe wo into ings 8 AU a AU by he sing ata of tT vente deny nthe gee sen bene ‘ina ef enor, rachael emperor el eu ot ‘Sat ene for exp he dna he ameter of sone beeen 2 od 3 ies ester tan be moon's In mich the ue my, Anan two iguresor thereof the sn ng (a8) pn ee ot theanon ans) pd sts (9 an) cule ewer an upper bonds forthe cals bast on ie pein oberon ‘Anatnende' me gig restr ning posi. The segues o his ings whe mitten, nox Matt icone ith ying Tey apuen tthe ake oe The ons eqn scakaton of at 8 Saray desi since th ny ps ca be sed by psig Goa Teh ia el bind!" Yr sieving tn eit ake sanz invert preportonal to ral pepe fetes nab ond le th a tet a devi fant staan ns rent the so ‘gs and hte Secae so nee" Di And cnr sine tation fo no reo Hiscoonoony. elegy Mares ‘Sse ara pl xeon ht theo gecesi Bot ‘eta re tony ier Inno poeple ft at a A spl conic tore and one we have aed enue i ance cmt, poids 3 !toal eon! with sane oii ft of kt ie. Obra al tee avo hex prey i ar ih trea ogi thee Fe the miso sgl ner doe “hanging paston reste othe sen nd show ta soto fie Jeeves dass yop open ey hile Nets deal moson sams he mld ee slow he ssa he dle Sisco over btn of mpl day ete mons vy dh tei than th tac nthe ss oth ger snd oe tun then Al On sah th ol sate fafa itn tig wa hence amination a emai coelted with hat (hugh rte er), Moree, both wee {pally genet by Fst Hf Aner ct hc eh he teil wie try wos peste het aba they ton y ating ‘int the ounlng ais Ten om the pts th het sd ht ‘oportonal ina wea (vitae ffs) it fle at ets ad isancs of he tg ier, sn tht te seuece he oppose of wt te ‘pps se andthe nario ight thi ges Ge tet ‘elyeqal anger soci te oot tant rg asthe pes erry the nearest the Kt nd the vg and hts Ienary must be the most ‘emote at Anand pst Th the auence of llr esimony, ony reasonable conecres posible, But canted no waret fords he le we hve. Though obcae in “fel sot pos consent plots the lage pte cleat. For the fist time on rod, Atatnnnde posted a model ofthe eit cstos—in pe tl esol system bounded nt ya try eave boty ring ofa ire He to wentored thes etate fs ine and alan in dol geocentric tems thecarthiecentlly stot ad it laracer ithe base module for measrig the ‘Those who iheried ir new perspcive soon corrected the sequence he [opossd alee Anatnenes tne the ars ootrmast (AX. 2a ce Hippo Thad evental th es and lstancs were acted more peciely and {curt But according to the tatinonyof Edens nd Thopbrastas, te fist System of cea medics was developed bythe Milian, end principal by Renee inl word about outsources, Only two eeprom Anaximander are ex ply atte to adeno and none he das tat Anaximander was the ft to dics oe and eines (146). Te extant fires are preserved only in ‘Att and Hippel, wow reports depend mainly on Theophrastus Bat some these report on astronomy probably came rom Bader, Tobe sure nether ‘er naes hi, Bat Hipplytue ner cte Thepbrat a souree ete, ad Ais doce nat mot ance A convergence of ports on wo ela questions the pois to Edens, Four sures rept that Anaximander’ nth was ce tally este: Avia De eo 213 (Aa8, Badermas fe 4s (An6), Diogenes erin 21 (Ay Side (43) Ati asribes the sae view to "the flowers of ‘haa (1: Simiay, oth Atlas 2.2 (Az) and Diogenes 2 (A) rer to By ‘Annimapder lai hat thes the ue sia tech tn Diogenes hat ‘he thd three astronomical css cach eloevhereasncatd with dems on {he et it Heaton a shape), the moon (igh) and the ss Gs sa and Sobotnce Ato vers the onder, ating om the sun and proceding n= Svar, Both en ong the yt (23562 AB) and when epoting on it Clunponentsepartely (230-9 th Aaica). Bot the meson all pons to Eo: ‘demos cine elle the din exemplied by Art's Decale) ofstarting te the eutrnest heaven. any ese, Ems’ esac Astronomy iby Bt Ube Ulett sons for atonal dally acting pete numerical aes, tren if hie eps each ter sores va Theophrastus More to de point ‘iter f them had aca to cond fis dt, se hase en eso to eve ‘hy hen every Kiely tthe ther did ar well Hence tho dias some {cholr baor forthe esimony of Arto ad his cobeges on docs ex ‘oneptl points and ite or doubting tc epee of smelt! ‘Sue conrry, th tess of sch data ite asin that they had acess to ten record ntstnding the Scape found in the velately eent Imanescrps of a mich ater soars In shot even If the gues in uvving fens ere eorypt-snme ol the proc of seal errors rama italy essa thatAnatimander proposed not only 3 comprehesie made ofthe cos ‘mos bt ho astonomial mesars of nin denon 3. ANAXIMENES AND THE MEAsuRrS or CHANGE Anncmande's cosmology embrasl not ony the soir stem dove but every ‘hing woder te sun aswell The oly suring except oan his writings nd roably the oldest remnant of Greek pilowpiel wrtng ss tanalising cin ‘at change throughout he cosmos flows nce are les thug time (= Simp. Ph. 36-3) esp [Mn (he mse ecg of vein inthe co hr ater er yar of wt aed net [ne ent ‘ure at dita owe bith cone ol the eens ol te ‘ro sa inthe wt Na tae poet ng tof hme Into wich desu ao cis acing wat mfr] ey unig etl ee ster er tht angering tthe ae (ft esate pote wae ‘The conten ofAnaimande’ words ist theres scope uncer, tir cove and seference obscure, spd interpretation thre hgh contoversa™ But their cetal thrust is cha, His bud amation of mtrl tga, wc ‘Theopiasas admited enough to quote (296 se noe 6 et) dkms the ‘erate worl of wadtinal bean posts ini place an ode stem of eange icin the neny delineated order of osm ine a specs unfortunate at ‘he excerpt ft to laity the governing tors of cet (ese), ight equi” (ikl and “order tin” en ou shoo wen) oo Mey ‘exacly what they govern, The ater quesson i epcaly problema The i lates, which are probly ot Aneimandr’s own wards bat a paraphrase by “Thcophrastas ora eve ter suzsmary fis acount pst the element lke water, then the heavens nd the worl her” physica Matha rete phys bjt o einen Mi Bat th sje they (aa) Jn ab could reer instead ote source or sures of heen peeation ad destruction: ether the pr “oe” In Man (yee tateal or he singe unlit mature” in Mia ( tiv digo). Many scholars lowing ‘Aristo (Ph. 14 :t7200-1 In A), vor el ano candidate that ot rer ‘one xpi here al shey make he abet of eye change “the opps ais of dyranic quits or powers ke het and ol orate mates or Droceses Ite ir and ice or sunsmer and wine” But father thon pure ese ‘gutons, which maybe insoluble | sal foes instead on Ansimeney howe "hear, hoogh arly eter atest iat Hat more cena In any «ass hither have snouphin common wih Anaimander tobi questionsof ‘rb and on. “rsa he eet exam author to name Anasimenes, and the fest surviving sports of hither derive frm Theoplrast whose doxogeaphic ‘enue summarised by Simp (3). Hippolyus (1H), abd pseado-Phtarch (0) nw be scl co have all thre accounts efor us. Stile) Anasimenes ow of Herts, and companion of onus ins i [Ande hte enering fae oe ad uns, hugh nt iedett, be dy ute tenes ht a lis in ings yor ad ‘pcs an [2 ig tec ee bona Hea wid, Thencow an computing mor, ten wate het cay then tones nd Uhre tae oat hse He oes [| tn retin, [eb of he ins toa 6 wel cs SI Ph. 4. Daycare Tipe fh) igs Anco fe Be Ani Nl «nd santas cone i mine athe pepo oh ‘Posted hn ane bo an le po ie {Ceca voto a tng fic cil ert Mien ete ha i ila by ing {ca sd moe a sg nov ing a oe {So dor ot nk ney opp let yom peng ng) bes nse ne bs fen hn opting ar to ‘Solty ing ad tne ne wa ad Be aco forint ey fl ho ea eng oes" Al foc {ees ned tng sa wea eo one {the ssa ys io ec tata ine 87) tr They im tat owen al ht the pine of thew woes] uli nae tetera oy he nts Tana ete nade sa erertng preted nnd oe nuts td ang a] he tn es om ey. ‘ay tpi ee sa heat es ete ey fh wy te ony, othe a ef hs he fae at ken he sts be he vg ter uae ote (eons 40) Some have argucd that this acoant of ange i ely a fbscation by “Theophrastinline with Artliner, But as Dil Gram bas recently ‘how lt see wry sir acrnt in Tmaete ape, ad ee of the {econ cn be foil in any exe hikers lhe ay bck to etal ad evophanes” In short, tee ate good gounds for tasting the nearegy of ‘Theopleasa’s report. What tenis his acount of Anaimene theory? the oor fit singe vt sir a somebw base "te undeling ature (1h upon phn) nS "the peli (ach) in Had PS and 1 he lat Kors that ale “bscomes” of “eit?” re by "ooening (arvoumenon) oF *aissng” (achat, and five others by “compacting” (julien or “ing” (at tpl), This xxount of change sing ‘novel and simplicity lke, rat on two Key Wen an ordre sequence af rane and the twin process of "erspacing” and thinning” The es theory. standard construc, can be tines oows.™ ‘Theo af Change (TC) 1 There a determinate ses of materi, bated on th vebive “com pacton” 2 The ete encompasses even isi teri, ai wind cloud, ets earth, and stone (in ater af nresing competion) 4 Mater change nto other materials ds to incre or decreed ‘competion Araxinenes ao widely taken to advance asatber thes, bath mare hae snd morsphistise: nt only theory of change but do acencepio of mater “The conception combines tw itn principles and pies shige mati o ley bth roe: iris both} «mater strc o pie of generation ad ‘ershing), and (2) mater sbette or people of matt Snstiaton (et ‘Ast Meth A) Mati Mois (6) 1. Theresa ingle basic mtv or pric (ae) outa which everhing {es} is yroerated and into which evething (le) pies 2 Bren (ele) isnade tof tht bse material pple 5 The basi mata or princi As Gram emphases, TC MM a in praia ndgedent ther nas the ether fac, 1 tata post ay ont HM Pls sven itn ome pink sa aly vbr in {note wow any peta Etro eee ei beeen Maid ‘Tee is pecily wats how thea tht Ts makes one of seven aon sutra thea tat MAY mast sige ae cos at sea mata lia? Pliny, ch der on 1 a a ist ata ons por wih the ter sx, then TC and MM ste ace, Bo a ‘omc mre as than dc tes then it des belerginTea Oy i at Ist edced othe ithe dts ca tis ena it Rs ‘Te compte wh MIM. Ar wld he es sodring bse ae uring te sc inet mate in T=" omen, tows won sinply Ye nae oF Pha ofa lbs st loro coal, Te ec gro thei war along inh ser sed nC. a one amon sen sora mae, acret cons arr ethers more ae ‘daing a he then™| “The ter aerate hae dint advantages. ‘Mheoetaly, i rears the problematic satus af al el Arno longer has to play the contig rks {enone by TCs and MDa, thereby minting «rail eqivocation ove o- Aint er iy TC> nd is theoretically basic aalgue in MM. For TC, though ‘itn withthe cosnogoni nd generale ols assigned oa in MA, inconsistent with ks ont vole in MIMI aly on x par wit the ‘ther mtr, then ican ply only epee vl but i plas 2 consiuive role then canoe bon a per with the others ad nest Be reroved fom TC2 Moni alo nla beter sense hiorialy as » mode reformation of Ar iniander’s ataling but frstratngly vogue conception of "the afte” Speci irae bse provide x wore determinate account ofthe exc pri ‘ile, abdone tat silty "rlmited” ina varesy of was. By cones the ‘plc plrtan of TC alone, wethout MDA, seems tobe a ter innovation by “npedoce in respon o lente aporens Fly, aed decely e-monists ar strongr sexta oppot a lt nthe ested seas that te what Theo hrs ribet Anaienes A close loka and sul mak that le. a implica armed onl one, nthe opening sentence he unary (50) Yetair ia he ipl gamma subj ofthe felling tov sentences, Including te eros of changes in Sy. Though ntl named in tat see ht fist “scone ity nmin” ad wht then somes winand tere "by oma by contts, Sy des oct that fire becomes. The implication ie signifcone. A the pana sbjec thoughout, ae dso portrayed as the legal abet of every ranfrtion i he vee In hort i ert ough ‘uh change and does oa x stert mera uaeformed into sx stint State or pase om fe to tne These anal i event in pple, ‘hough his pti psngobears the lat tages Hic suusary presets ae ‘the logical nbc in bot cyl. a 5, plainly he gratia sobjet forthe procs hing to fe, In Hs iia prediete ecutive fr the reductionist ci that winds “re really eine} compacting ait" and ge names, Sicetther than wind the srl soyoence would ave iin imal re ‘eto cht that eld is produced oof aie" The ere stacus p in the follwing egos siete expressed subject of an imped eb or par tiple inHg (em) an ac patie Hoe (8 tow mana), nd of citer upeitie adjective ora parle fn HS (macro oF 0 [wake [moat]. Convery, a gues nowhere a distinct state or ge In H and Ske it fist becomes re theo win, then the ret but nothing ‘rcv fe ino That comespnds Yo TC, not Ta, Granted aber Sy ‘or Hy say tte too dria wind Bat ithe cout dsebes any ‘hing uring to anything ele cepa ato ts x phases o form fr nto Freandthe into wind in bth Yer ae hen into ureter pas xp in hand sppurenty soon Hs though inet discourse and mail ips, eve he sax thee unetain ' lore eaing ofS and 1H seve that both depict air as the most base trate sta It isnot elnply ares ofc ther materia that ze aon 8 pa iit. Rater asthe uiguly ic ste “out of whic (acon #9 and so) eerhing is composed and format onlin th ax pases fos ‘hat occupy vtous prs ofthe word around In sha it tbl of MM mee ad bolutely perasv, iis the lint coment of ery bet snd ean in the word. The sane conception af at evidet alin Ps Steely monte account, which ls the sme sequence Sand HPs fir piesa ‘basi jn Stand HP notes thet its qantas sma Anata’ “unlimited” but diferest qualitative, at In Si And Py bry descbes he proces by which ars leet, asin Sand t4, Unlike yaad sven ‘zamples ofthis proces and thease ermal ili may let an albrevato’shand Nonethsen depicts ta matealsubaate st e bj of astinc “uaties” audi bt not ited othe dtntiv pop ‘is ofthe i hermosa) in a hen fn Py asthe persist oe sutra that undergoes cles af ompaction and thinning, ‘The theory of change sumiarzed nal te sauce oles ies of six iin satesox phases ofa sn Ca¥ Both Sn speci apa of “oppodne ‘treme, ire ae sooe abd four itemedite tty nat nding a Ofer reports show Anatimenes exypotng He same sre to explain utes materia invari smal in em eer of hse i of at Hal and sof ‘ample, he equated wth moe is compacted fr of water descending om loud (ipod .77, At. 349 the pheting or abe purging slither Intermediate states of compaction ot compounds of to sharply distin! sates Reports of his cosmogany eri the same scheme. The eth was forme ot of ogee si (by fing” in [P| = As), anthem, and ss com of | ‘por emit from the cath and tint “thinned noe iggy et |Ad2m0, 2399) According to MM, of oral of tee mate nd odes ‘st bottom til ain various states compton o thing. Bu the sence ‘ofsinfrom he ser in TCa nies ew qian. What Becomes th ednary slr we breathe, which sem to iso ach ofthe vat repon aove a aun 1s? Does the linination of from TCa cine oninny a om the wor tun Or docs Anmimenes equiva by assign two dain roles fetal? “The dem looks serous Ansssmenes either civ n TC or die sds obvious evidence asi TCs, But two related pots Ban the sad Tem. Br the te ihe ranted i” (nar als) hd tnt sense ine Gren terug, an mader Eg frst the dap snc sal around. Bt in archaea, eft ato fois ap nig mary Hke mis and fog hat are more ot les opaque Ain hose fms rosmbls cloud more than ae In Anaximander coun, fr example an ‘nec amount of sis opaque enough to conc ie rita the son's (A, At A) By content, thes we ete more wind than sch misty “ais The ssn ein i tht Ansaimenes “atin cotnal an eves motion (HP $3). That gan makes i more lie wind ad loud than the ‘ordinary sie we beth. In et, wind fers ondnay irony by being in motion; wind issimply moving sir But since "alae moving. iti singuly A id id i sb nd yr capo Moraes nm ol bey i ea ‘Sart anna msc ee Sn ge oe ris fe sn ct ‘Tr ance yl rer one teat ond nd tative ns pyre hc io tne i the minted yn ya weal ek wang ai My schoo Sn oT. py ek Dipopeen an this on we re tw Isl ap oe mn ca i el og flash in fy a0) ecm iho ‘Sapte ret pp opera Bae wh dr Seta ono. c ed ay on ee ed ‘Sony snag Terabe SSSI foal in rete at ‘remot hn nh ie noi op xcopy canto nage ‘sino pte nico er howee eb at SENT len et bond ae Aw et cet in n fcmptonet inicio ntl a i rope og or hye, “hs al dba ot Seite fier ony eed Cinta rho aa Seal whe mca cet ring Des pp ane ats oa waco hts pig a ae eg toi ay a yt Ni ery wen trast gon rl Gre eae ecg rls ney tral pcain ce sun on Pas py Tiere” ga cy gtr a imma ol fine Sa rch “lms: Pet ht we no aed er hen tampa a web, sever boring ts ex, [when mols and pratt Ie hi thing [ecg wid and sia Ret ites, Ise cog] essere cee ond gs ut eset) ‘log ack ta teem af ren apn i come peer ad om ts es sing hs sa oa of ta, they et Re rove veel eter Hn, al ptf wate eh done ay ‘Seth amiting appear epoca nraton ot 08 other Pho describes thre dnt sequen tansformation: fist water at two sod phases the wate nto ta sy pss ad then itis a finaly ll ‘je from fie downto stone Theft sequen, Ty atches Ancien scout enc, even in its means of compaction, The filling se ‘quences alo follow aed, th not without same dgepanies Ts omit ‘dod and asps sire phase of te on ana Ts oni wid bt inde to kinds ‘ofl. Tae together, the the segteces theeore yo ore series of ‘pt pss nding ait The sets ey rece t seven by taking "load uma a dvblt for a singe phase On the same ground, can be ther reduced to six by taking “wind anda a nether doubt Ts aa Teach st ‘actly sx tenns and the two dbl se not only syne ut bane in tum by the pig of eat and stnes nT, at, oot mo obligation to aot Antinenes eat wines the vst of ems be se to deere the ‘evel tnsformatons Waiting afer the pte ted of eleen’s besarte standard he understandably puta om he ue vl the ret. Likewise, Ts jointly encompass only four changes, each berwen «pa of Enpedocenn slements (oi Tigi, vapor, and fe) Geary, Pats sketch of mater transformations selec Nnethels,t chos of Annes point mis not of seven comparable materi but ether oi forme ov sale of ge Pho’ point heres vowed penile sketches the model of chang ony to pose an objection to sand to ay similar theory. The mal he charg provides no compeling reason to erage any tage oer the ter: ita ‘hort, ismateria mon why pick ot ai Das wate o feat tcl Far beter, he contends to wea al alike santo eins “in someting else, which he ere cl "espace" As a teil onl ‘Anaxnens issn able to Hat's abjecton, But ow wel de ite? ide have any cede enon fr seetng "ae" the as cto and not some ote mail? Or eather ister any ination tht Thophestuethoaght he di? “Alough the evidence too meager to draw any ir condones 8 ‘atonal ci be dicerned. One pss coudenton sat wich woul Driviege ther the extemes (ne or sone) ora intrastate The mid of ‘he seven tems in TCs would be cod, na a. On TC by conta the misty ‘apo tdtianay called "a" woul aay fll basen the two imide toms ‘loud and wate Mette pong he vers forms of rape oun ony ‘apricnce eit a numberof fetures impotent frit oe rol tae {ores ists her indeterminacy oak of career quali: nse forme of vapor ae pereepttle ony inde via the eft of thet movenen ‘emperture, or other features (42 Convery vapors ly» wide range ‘of ether peepee ete: oto od (seam wie i) o anything Ute (1) ai or ui a ent wes rf) wel as epert (2 tnd Hippol 173, Ar) and imbued with ive odor. Complementing ths ‘ute vay ran exceptional Meili or ela vend lng Yo Dodiesin any of the six phases om tone Breil ling acted pce ee pereainglange opening and tay pres ke" Not nly vapor pervs inthe Sense of surrounding everthing ei als fr and away the predominate ‘ater Anximeneensmos occupying moch of theatmospheeabove us, and ‘re he immense hones wher the eat and celal bode leon i" 6, 10) In ft a magne fs "unlblted™ (1, Hi, Pa), as in Anaximander’ ‘ss and in two respecte? Cocstensve withthe ence waives, ie mo Perret ormpermeate bound eiter extemal sincenothig ese bounds orintral since ts contents ae in continual Tux asthe diese meals it ‘nstute—i atiousstatesofcompction change locaton, shape, quality. pa ‘to tte Final the rdary ai around the ste for man large ad ne resiveuansformatons, most nobly the compaction und disipstion of doads ‘and "run- dows" (Hippo 1.77. Ay, the precipitation of rin sow, and ail (Gippay7An).snd einen of elit many fon ome aun ad sar (4, Au) fo Tighting and wnbows (ppl 78, Ar) and even the Imada fies of hear fe, tech ad amp ‘On the perceptible ete that make" stale ors ole as atria subst ave pec oa to seme of its more vate tates, only whats stir ‘ale “wind orld" Bat that othr awkward implication caer nor frblem the ordinary aie round uf all oreo et mobile "wind then ‘Anuienes has rad hai fr is dim that i ase ale aay mo ‘notion then what a Aiatoelan would alan ext property of buat ‘Yet no the converse prbim loom if basic air isa inmotion and every ‘hing eel” bse ae wy do ome ings peat s0 marie emoble! Why ‘do rocks ad logs Feds nd montane ot dit and lant or imply parent thin a A simple and cious rejoinder, hough nowhere ated tat they renal immobe because ofthe reat: compacion 2 et ele of centcpetal fares in theirown ito of presse exetted by ober si around ther. Bu ater than purse thse neces conetrl questions ee may fa oa ge ques tim nerying them thee any eidencs tht Anasmene proposed scaring ‘Theophratyaent—the ind of reductionist explartions tat mates ‘apa front “The eres nd mos ramtc evidence of rdctio i the way Ansaimenee plaid theilferentiaton ois sinle bic meri. How dos base aiechange nto sx gener foe or state? Hi soho, specie in TCs, mag old poe inoration: py by neem or dcresing compaction” ee ‘nly seins niall compaced tae stone is maxi compacted tate, {ad the rst more ols compacted in tur. In adton ta pin of materia Telstion, Atusimenes deplope rated principle of property recto toe ‘notes el percep difeencen Ae Muted by his eapl of beth ‘(ose speaking") fromthe sae sore els cool when compacted, ‘cn wen tf). Lkewse the ast compacted tat aii i plainly the ott nd the morecompcted sates (om water sone)noumally coe cle nso, temperature evidently als a funtion of compaction. How wily Aximenes pied thers prince wehavetoolile evidence oa) thay confidence. A number f other corrdtions ar ity bis ot tay ight (or eaves, Ariotln ters) imailiy, ardor gy and opel, of which ate dry cored with real high compaction, oo eras the contrary ails ae corre with decompacion ef fat. PB by). Other fete ates stsghtfrvaed ut arly les vious a Inns and tranepareney, ke He, ae nveely cored: mores if es compacts Mobture or mete ix peeia fo te two lr tea

    You might also like