HCIA-5G Learning Guide

1 5G + New Technology Innovative

Application

We learned in the previous chapter about 5G networking modes and key

technologies. We explored why non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA)
modes are needed and how they are implemented. We looked at 5G's key
technologies from three aspects: radio access, transport, and core networks.
We also understood that 5G boasts a flexible architecture, lending itself to
meeting the requirements of different industries. Alongside rapidly
developing 5G, we have seen quite a number of emerging and trending
technologies, such as big data, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things
(IoT), and cloud computing. What dynamics will occur when 5G is integrated
with these technologies? In this chapter, we will focus on how the
convergence of 5G with these technologies will help grow various vertical
industries.

1.1 Convergence with ICT Promotes the Digital

Economy
1.1.1 What Is the Digital Economy?
Throughout the history of mankind — from the agricultural and industrial
ages to the information age — every technological or industrial revolution
promotes a great progress in productivity, driving human civilization to the
next level. As is in the agricultural age where hunting, planting, and livestock
farming were the primary productive forces, the industrial age was
characterized by relying on steam engines and electricity to boost
productivity. In the information age represented by the Internet, information
has evolved into the prime factor of production and constitutes the essential
technical and material basis of the information-driven society.

In the information age, the Internet has profoundly revolutionized the way
people work and live and injected strong impetus to global economic
development. The world is now stepping into the age of the digital economy
— a new form of economic and social development that uses digital
knowledge and information as a primary production element. Driven by
digital technology innovation, it relies on modern information networks,
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

enabling the deep integration of digital technologies and the real economy to
improve the level of digitization and intelligence in traditional industries and
accelerate the reconstruction of economic development and governance
models.

The power of technology promotes mankind to discover new frontiers. The

Internet, big data, cloud computing, and 5G are leading the world to a higher
level of productivity, digitalization, and intelligence. The world is undergoing
a new development phase of the digital economy, and we are on the edge of
the new era. As a new form of social and economic progress in the
information age, the digital economy facilities achieving both economics of
scope and economics of scale, becoming a new driving force for global
economic growth.

1.1.2 ICT Reshapes the Digital Economy

ICT is reshaping economic growth patterns and social governance models. As
the digital economy further develops into a new era, the digital economy has
pivoted from the consumer Internet to the industrial Internet. The industrial
Internet connects new digital technologies, such as 5G, AI, cloud computing,
big data, and IoT, with industrial development and social governance,
enabling them to improve internal efficiency and external services and
achieve leapfrogging development. Its essence is to allow enterprises to
maximize the potential of digital technologies for improving efficiency and
optimizing configuration, while coupling enterprises with data throughout
industry chains1 to improve internal efficiency and external services. For
example, by encouraging the development of smart manufacturing and
smart city, governments aim to improve industry competitiveness and
administrative efficiency through new ICT technologies.

China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT)

predicts that, between 2020 and 2025, 5G will directly drive a total economic
output of CNY10.6 trillion and generate an additional CNY3.3 trillion in
economic value in China. Indirectly, these value will increase to about
CNY24.8 trillion and CNY8.4 trillion, respectively. By 2025, 5G is expected to
directly create more than 3 million jobs. This shows that 5G will be a major
contributor to economic growth. 5G will change people's lives and
production methods, and will even bring fundamental changes in society. 5G
will become a key infrastructure for comprehensive economic and social
digital transformation.

Over the next two to three decades, an intelligent society will become
reality, where all things are aware, connected, and intelligent.

1
"5G + Cloud + AI": Engine for the New Era of Digital Economy, CAICT
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

1. Everything in the physical world will be sensed and converted into

digital signals. Multi-sensory channels (such as temperature, space,
touch, hearing, and vision) will enable situational awareness and
interaction to deliver an immersive user experience.
2. The full connectivity will bring all data online, providing wide-ranging
connectivity across cities, mountains, and even outer space to enable
intelligence.
3. Everything will become intelligent thanks to big data and AI, and
individuals, families, industries, and cities will gradually embrace digital
twins to enhance the physical world. A second world — a digital one —
will emerge to augment the physical world, enriching life.

All of this will be made possible as ICT technologies continue to advance. ICT
infrastructure will be the foundation of an intelligent world and based on the
device-network-cloud IT architecture.

Devices include mobile phones, cameras, and sensors, and they sense the
physical world. Networks can be mobile (such as NB-IoT, 4G, and 5G) or fixed
(such as broadband and private lines). Cloud refers to cloud computing. In
the future, all device-sensed data will be transmitted to and pooled on the
cloud through the networks to form big data, based on which AI analytics will
be reality. For example, cameras and sensors in cities will collect various data
and send the data to cloud to form big data that can enhance smart security
while improving urban management efficiency.
This means that 5G enables smart city to usher in a new opportunity of
development by providing connectivity to everything anytime and anywhere.
With such connectivity, each person, thing, and organization in digital-twin
cities will be connected in real time, making them seamlessly integrated and
interactive with the physical cities and enabling all intelligent connections to
act as distributed super brains. The cities will become more intelligent to
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

fulfill various personalized needs 2. None of these will be possible without the
high bandwidth, low latency, solid reliability, and massive capacity enabled
by 5G.
In the future, 5G, cloud, AI, and IoT technologies will enable vertical
industries. 5G and cloud will become the foundation for information-driven
development. The device-network-cloud architecture will further enable top-
level applications required to improve overall efficiency. 5G capabilities will
play a significant role in achieving these goals.

1.2 Characteristics and Current Developments of New

Technologies
1.2.1 Internet of Things
1.2.1.1 What Is the Internet of Things?
The term "Internet of Things (IoT)" was first coined by Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999. The original concept of IoT refers to
the radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled technologies and devices,
which interoperate within the Internet based on agreed communications
protocols to intelligently identify and manage objects as well as
interconnect, exchange, and share information. IoT is envisaged as a
network of things all connected to the Internet with the support from
sensors, such as QR code readers, RFID devices, infrared sensors, global
positioning systems, and laser scanners, to realize information exchange and
communication, thereby enabling smart tagging, positioning, tracking,
monitoring, and management3.

IoT is an Internet for thing-to-thing connection. This means that its core and
foundation are still the Internet, with the connections extended and
expanded to things for communication and information exchange between
them4.

The concept of IoT dates back to Bill Gate's 1995 book titled The Road Ahead,
in which he mentions the idea about the Internet of Things. It attracted little
attention due to the development of wireless networks, hardware, and
sensors. In 1998, MIT creatively proposed an IoT-like concept, which was
then called the EPC system. In 1999, the Auto-ID Center in the US first
proposed the concept of IoT based on item coding, RFID technology, and the
Internet.

China launched the Made in China 2025 initiative in 2015, vowing to promote
the deep integration of digital and smart manufacturing with information
technologies such as IoT, cloud computing, AI, and smart manufacturing as
the main path for future development required to upgrade China from a

2
Source: 5G + Smart City White Paper
3
Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
4
Source: baike.baidu.com
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

workshop of the world to a world manufacturing power. At the end of 2018,

China prioritized IoT as a new infrastructure, marking that IoT is moving
toward the fourth phase as the infrastructure of the digital economy. The
development of IoT will continue to be driven by the digital and intelligent
transformation across industries and growing consumption demand, as well
as internal drivers such as maturing technologies and ecosystem
developments.

1.2.1.2 IoT Technology Architecture

IoT was originated to provide connectivity and transmission functions. As its
architecture matures, data processing becomes increasingly complex and
burdensome, and this leaves IoT increasingly interlinked with edge
computing, cloud-edge synergy, and other technologies. As its development
continues, the industry introduces a logical architecture that divides an IoT
network into three parts: cloud, networks, and devices, with the cloud
processing data, networks performing transmission, and devices functioning
to connect things and people and provide data presentation and interaction.
Based on this logical architecture, an IoT network is divided into four layers.

Layer Function

Application layer It provides data presentation and customer interaction.

It is generally a cloud technology platform that provides

Platform layer device communication management, data storage, and
service planning.

It is also called the transport layer, and its function is to

Network layer
provide terminal access and transmit data.

It consists of sensors and video surveillance devices, and its

Sensing layer
functions include data collection and signal processing.

The device side belongs to the sensing layer, where sensors collect data and
are connected to the access and transport networks, such as the 2G, 3G, 4G,
NB-IoT, and 5G networks, over edge IoT gateways. Data is transmitted to the
cloud to form a big data cloud platform, and the platform uses the data to
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

create benefits to industry applications. On the network side, 5G has more

advantages compared with other networks in terms of high bandwidth, high
rate, low latency, solid reliability, and massive connectivity. Therefore, 5G
can greatly improve user experience.

1.2.1.3 Technologies Powering IoT Networks

IoT networks use both wired and wireless communication technologies. This
chapter will focus on wireless IoT communication technologies, which can be
divided into long-distance and short-range technologies. The short-range
wireless technologies include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Z-Wave.

1. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless digital communication standard that

features a large capacity. It supports a maximum data rate of 1 Mbps
over a maximum distance of 10 cm to 10 m. With a higher transmit
power, the transmission distance can reach 100 m. It features a high
speed, high security, and low power consumption. Supporting only
limited nodes, it is not suitable for multi-point deployment.
2. Wi-Fi allows electronic devices to connect to a wireless local area
network (WLAN) on the 2.4 GHz UHF or 5 GHz SHF ISM band. It features
a wide coverage and high data transmission speed, but cannot
guarantee adequate security and stability performance or maintain a
low power consumption.
3. ZigBee is a short-range wireless technology that features a low power
consumption and data speed. It boasts a low complexity and supports
self-organization, and is widely used in industry and smart homes.
4. Z-Wave is an emerging RF-based short-range wireless technology that is
cost-effective and highly reliable while consuming a low power. It is
advantageous in its simple architecture and is suitable for low-rate
application scenarios.
The long-distance wireless technologies include Sigfox, LoRa, NB-IoT, and
eMTC.

1. Sigfox uses the Ultra Narrow Band (UNB) technology to maintain stable
data connectivity at a low power consumption. It supports a maximum
distance of 1,000 km and a capacity of up to 1 million IoT devices per
base station.
2. LoRa, short for Long Range, is maintained and managed by the LoRa
Alliance. It supports two-way data communications over a long distance
based on the physical layer, and features a high capacity and long
battery life. LoRa is best suited for automatic metering, smart home,
building automation, wireless warning and security protection,
industrial monitoring and control, and remote irrigation.
3. NB-IoT is a cellular narrowband IoT. Built on cellular networks, it
requires a cell bandwidth of only around 180 kHz and can be deployed
on top of legacy GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks, which is favorable to
reduce costs and ensure smooth upgrades. NB-IoT is an emerging
technology that focuses on global use cases requiring low power
consumption and wide coverage. It is built for low-speed services and
features wide coverage, huge connectivity, cost effectiveness, low
power consumption, and excellent architecture. NB-IoT has been
incorporated into 5G standards.
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

4. eMTC is a wireless IoT solution proposed by Ericsson. Based on LTE, it

designs the soft features of wireless IoT networks. It is mainly used in
low-rate IoT use cases where in-depth coverage and low power
consumption with massive connectivity are required.

With NB-IoT incorporated into 5G standards, let's take a further look at the
four features of NB-IoT.
● Low costs
Huawei SingleRAN solution facilitates the upgrade and
reconstruction of legacy devices, helping cut construction and
maintenance costs. NB-IoT chips are specifically designed for IoT
narrowband and low-speed demand, supporting only single-
antenna transmission, half duplex mode, and simplified signaling.
As a result, NB-IoT chips cost only a few dollars.
● Low power consumption
NB-IoT uses the power saving mode (PSM) and extended
discontinuous reception (eDRX) for IoT services where small
packets are occasionally transmitted. With these features, IoT
devices enter the dormant state immediately after sending data
packets and wake up only when data transmission is required
again. As a result, IoT devices can be kept dormant for up to 99%
of their service time, achieving ultra-low power consumption.

The eDRX behavior in idle mode can be customized based on

3GPP to extend the paging cycle from 2.56s to a maximum of
2.92 hours. This reduces the number of times UEs in idle mode
periodically listen to paging channels, enabling UEs to stay in the
low-power deep sleep state over a long time to reduce power
consumption.
● Wide coverage
NB-IoT is specially purposed for IoT, especially for Low Power
Wide Area (LPWA) applications. It uses retransmission over the air
interface and ultra-narrow bandwidths to provide gains of over 20
dB over GSM. This means that a wider coverage can be possible
even with fewer sites while ensuring strong signal penetration
(down to basements). Devices such as electricity and water
meters in hard-to-reach areas can be covered, and pet tracking
and other services that require broad coverage can be provided.
● Massive connectivity
NB-IoT devices are cost effective and are widely deployed across
industries, especially in industries where various instruments are
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

necessary. NB-IoT provides 50 to 100 more times connections per

base station compared with other wireless technologies. This
means that one sector can host 100,000 connections at most.
By comparing different wireless IoT access technologies, NB-IoT has
noticeable advantages over proprietary short-range technologies, with
support for low delay sensitivity, ultra-low device costs, low power
consumption, and optimized network architecture.

1.2.1.4 5G+IoT
Based on market statistics by IDC, the global IoT connections had
approximated 30 billion by 2020, with the IoT market size expected to grow
by 16.9% per year to reach USD1.7 trillion by 2020. The breakthrough of 5G
provides a new opportunity to the IoT industry. Compared with 4G, 5G has
more powerful communication and bandwidth capabilities, meeting the
requirements of IoT use cases for high speed, stability, and wide coverage.
With 5G, many IoT applications that are still in the theoretical or
experimental stage may see brand-new opportunities to be quickly
implemented and exploited.

With all things connected, massive machine-type, and mission-critical

communications will impose higher requirements on network speeds,
stability, and latency. People will have stronger demands for heavy-traffic
applications and connectivity of things over the mobile Internet. New
applications, including autonomous driving, AR, VR, and tactile Internet,
urgently need 5G.

5G helps clear away the hurdles to the transmission speed and massive
connectivity of IoT. mMTC, as a 5G use case, will support one million
connections per square kilometer, achieving connectivity of everything. As
such, 5G IoT will enable a massive number of devices to access networks,
supporting smart cities, smart metering, and smart parking among many
other applications.
5G supports 1 ms of end-to-end latency required for remote control in
autonomous driving and industrial production. With 3G for remote control,
the braking distance is 3.3 m, given that a car travels at a speed of 120 km/h.
With 4G, the braking distance is 1.67 m, which is still not short enough to
ensure safety. By contrast, 5G reduces the braking distance to 0.033 m,
markedly improving safety.
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

This means that 5G will bring enormous business opportunities to IoT

applications.

1.2.2 Cloud Computing

1.2.2.1 What Is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing applications are everywhere. Cloud albums, cloud videos,
and cloud music are all based on cloud. Cloud computing as a service is a
business model where network, computing, and storage resources are
purchased from cloud servers based on customer needs. The resources can
be quickly provisioned and freed up with minimized management workload
and interaction with the service providers.
According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
cloud computing is defined as a model that supports convenient, on-
demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (like
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.

By its definition, cloud computing has the following key features:

1. On-demand self-service: Computing, storage, and network resources

are purchased as required for services.
2. Ubiquitous network access: Cloud services can be accessed through
wired or wireless networks at any time.
3. Location-irrelevant resource pooling: Computing resources of service
providers are centralized for customers to rent. Both physical and
virtual resources can be dynamically allocated to customers as required
without having their exact locations controlled by or known to the
customers.
4. Rapid elasticity: Computing, storage, and network resources can be
quickly deployed and elastically scaled up or down based on service
requirements.
5. Pay per use: Charging is based on the usage or usage duration (normally
by month or year).
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

Cloud computing consists of three layers: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),

Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The IaaS
layer provides basic computing, storage, and network services, with typical
IaaS services including Elastic Cloud Server (ECS) and cloud storage. The PaaS
layer provides an environment for running and developing applications, in
addition to the components for R&D, with database services being a typical
PaaS service. The SaaS layer provides software-related functions through
web pages, and typical SaaS services include portal websites and enterprise
office application (OA).

In the context of cloud computing, it is worth mentioning virtualization — a

technology considered as the foundation of cloud computing. With
virtualization, multiple virtual machines (VMs) run on a physical server,
sharing the physical server's CPU, memory, and I/O resources while being
logically independent of each other. In computer science, virtualization
refers to the abstraction of physical resources of computers to provide one
or more operating environments. Therefore, virtualization implements
simulation, isolation, and sharing of resources.

Prior to virtualization, servers are independent resource pools, with the

operating systems strongly coupled with the hardware resources. After
virtualization, the hardware resources are abstracted into shared pools and
decoupled from the operating systems, with the pooled resources flexibly
allocated to applications.
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

Virtualization is a process with which a lower-layer software module

abstracts a virtual software or hardware interface for an upper-layer
software module by providing interfaces that are completely consistent with
the exact operating environments expected by the upper-layer software
module. In this way, the upper-layer software module can directly run in the
virtual environment. Virtualization abstracts a resource into one or more
parts by means of space and time division and simulation as well. Common
virtualization includes memory virtualization (page file), disk virtualization
(RAID and volume), and network virtualization (VLAN).

Virtualization has noticeable advantages.

● Partitioning: Large, scalable hardware resources are partitioned into

multiple independent servers, enabling multiple operating systems and
applications to run on a single physical system in parallel and computing
resources to be pooled and effectively managed.
● Isolation: Virtualization provides idealized physical machines, with each
isolated from the other to prevent data from leaking, ensuring that
applications communicate only over configured connections.
● Encapsulation: All the environments of a virtual unit are stored in a
separate file and are presented to applications as standardized virtual
hardware to ensure compatibility, and each disk partition is stored as a
file to facilitate backup, transfer, and copy operations.
● Independence: Virtual machines can be migrated to other servers
without any modification. While ensuring high availability and dynamic
adjustment of resources, virtualization greatly improves system
sustainability.

1.2.2.2 5G+Cloud Computing

Cloud computing ensures flexible, on-demand, and ubiquitous resource
utilization for applications. 5G brings new opportunities for cloud computing
development.

Cloud services will be fully upgraded. Though 4G has brought cloud

computing to enterprise users on a large scale, the access to cloud services is
still limited for individual users. This will be changed with 5G. 5G will improve
cloud computing and cloud services, enabling them to have a direct impact
on daily lives. For example, by being deeply integrated with 5G, smart
services, including IoT, IoV, smart city, industrial Internet, and smart
healthcare, will be greatly improved, enabling people from all over the world
to embrace an era of smart life.
5G will promote a comprehensive upgrade of cloud vendors. With 5G to
rapidly improve networks, cloud service providers will be provided with
better opportunities to upgrade and reconstruct cloud infrastructure,
architecture, service models, and business systems, so as to accelerate the
adoption of cloud solutions across vertical industries as they look to keep
pace with the development of cloud computing.

5G will shift cloud computing from network centers to network edges. As

networks improve, more and more devices will be networked and users need
to exchange more and more data. Persistent data exchange with data
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

centers will put 5G application experience at a considerable risk. With edge

computing, users can exchange data with edge data centers, and this will
further reduce latency to enable service responsiveness. In addition, edge
computing will accelerate the integration of industry ecosystems, explore
new services, and develop cloud service models for verticals.

At Huawei, we believe that applications in the 5G era will be mostly based on

the synergy of mobile networks, devices, and clouds, and we call this Cloud X.
5G brings new eMBB networks and also brings edge computing closer to
users, hopefully to reshape the entire service chain. Ubiquitous 5G
connectivity and edge cloud access will help move computing, storage, and
rendering from clients to the cloud, driving clients to become "thinner",
more cost effective, and more mobile while making it easier for the industry
to deploy and promote services. Moreover, with services centralized on
cloud, networks, edge computing, and network slicing capabilities will
become more indispensable to cloud sustainability. This further highlights
the importance of networks, further enhancing the leading role of operators
in the ecosystem.
According to Huawei's Wireless X Labs, cloud VR that features rendering on
the cloud will be a new trend of VR. Unlike in local VR mode where terminals
must be cabled to local servers — a major cause for poor experience and
high cost, terminals in cloud VR mode are wireless and rendering is
completed on cloud. As such, terminal costs can be reduced and user
experience can be improved.

Cloud VR requires higher mobility, larger bandwidth, and lower latency. For
example, entry-level VR needs a bandwidth of 100 Mbps and a latency of 10
ms, while to ensure ultimate VR experience, the bandwidth will be increased
to 9.4 Gbps but the latency reduced to 2 ms. Only 5G networks are able to
meet the requirements of ultimate VR experience.

5G+Cloud VR is only one application, and more will be explored in the future.

1.2.3 Big Data

1.2.3.1 What Is Big Data?
To date, there is no universally agreed definition of big data. The mainstream
definition interprets big data from the following four characteristics:
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

● Variety: This reflects both diversified data sources and various

structures, with the former reflecting that data can be collected from
different channels and platforms and the latter showing that data can be
structured and non-structured.
● Volume: This reflects the massive amount of data generated on the
Internet. As the Internet progresses with each passing day, the volume
of data increases continuously. The data generated now in one year
equals the total of the data generated in the past.
● Velocity: This involves the entire process of big data, such as the growth
rate and processing speed of data. For many types of data, real-time
feedback is already possible, enabling the data to have an impact on our
life as soon as it is collected.
● Value: This expresses the low value density of big data — with the tiny
amount of useful data being completely overwhelmed by the massive
amount of useless data, thus posing a serious technological challenge
for exploring the value of big data. In other words, a larger amount of
big data does not necessarily ensure a better effect. The key is to
perform in-depth analysis of the massive amount of useless and
complex data to mine data that is of value.

These are the basic features of big data.

What is the size of big data? 2.9 million e-mails are sent worldwide in one
second, which would take one person 5.5 years to finish reading them day
and night, assuming that one email consumes one minute. 28,800 hours of
videos are uploaded to YouTube every day, which would take one person 3.3
years to watch them day in and out. On the Internet, a large amount of data
is generated every day. So, what is the use of such a large amount of data?
Let's look at big data technologies first.

Big data technologies are an umbrella name for technologies involving the
collection, storage, analysis, and application of big data, as well as those
related to dealing with the massive amount of structured, semi-structured,
and non-structured data through various tools to produce analysis and
prediction results. For example, GE uses a large amount of aircraft engine
running data for analysis to predict when the engine will be likely to
encounter faults. In the financial industry, Citibank uses IBM Watson to
recommend products to wealth management customers, and Bank of
America uses customer clicking data to recommend featured services.
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

1.2.3.2 5G+Big Data

So how is 5G related to big data? 5G enables the scale and diversity of data
to grow continuously. Providing high bandwidth and wide connectivity, 5G
will create a tremendous amount of data. With both people and things in
cities connected to cloud servers through 5G, big data can be generated and
utilized to help governments better make decisions. In factories, people,
machines, materials, processes, and environments will also be connected to
cloud servers over 5G to create industrial big data. 5G facilitates the use of
big data for intelligent decision-making and stimulates IoT expansion, which
in turn fuels the progress of big data. Big data is analyzed and processed
through dedicated technologies to facilitate decisions that are aimed at
improving efficiency. In smart transportation, data generated by people-to-
vehicle, vehicle-to-road, people-to-people, and vehicle-to-vehicle
connections can be sent to the cloud through 5G for further calculation. This
will help optimize driving routes to lessen traffic congestion and improve
overall efficiency.

1.2.4 Artificial Intelligence

1.2.4.1 What Is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a hot technology topic. First proposed by John
McCarthy in 1956, with the meaning of allowing machines to behave like
human beings, AI is defined as the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines. It aims to enable machines to work intelligently, similar
to the way that the human mind works. Currently, AI has become an
interdisciplinary that overlaps with various fields, including cognitive science,
psychology, and linguistics.

The industry has not reached consensus on the definition of AI. Intelligent
machines are generally classified as four categories: "think like a human",
falling into the field of weak AI, with examples including Watson and
AlphaGo; "act like a human", falling into the field of weak AI, with examples
including humanoid robots, iRobot, and Atlas (by Boston Dynamics); "think
rationally", belonging to the field of strong AI, which is still not yet available
due to the bottleneck in brain science; and "act rationally", which also falls
into the field of strong AI.

When it comes to AI, one can never ignore machine learning and deep
learning. AI is a new science that studies and develops the theories,
methods, techniques, and application systems to simulate and extend human
intelligence. Machine learning studies how computers acquire new
knowledge or skills by simulating or performing the learning behavior of
human beings, and how they reorganize the existing knowledge structure to
improve its performance. It is one of the core research fields of AI. Derived
from the research of artificial neural networks, deep learning is a new field in
machine learning that simulates human beings to interpret various data,
such as images, sounds, and texts. For example, multilayer perception is a
type of deep learning structure.
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

Deep learning is a specific branch of machine learning. To understand deep

learning, it is necessary to fully understand the basic principles of machine
learning.

Task T: How a machine learning system processes examples. A sample is a

collection of quantized features that are collected from objects or events
processed by the machine learning system, such as classification, regression,
and machine translation.
Performance measure P: How the abilities of a machine learning algorithm,
such as accuracy and error rate, are evaluated.

Experience E: While most of machine learning algorithms can be perceived

as for gaining experience on an entire data set, some are not trained on a
fixed data set. Reinforcement learning algorithms that need interacting with
an environment are typical examples. In such cases, feedback loops will be
created between their learning system and training process. Depending on
the learning process, machine learning algorithms can be categorized as
unsupervised or supervised.

The overall process of machine learning starts from data collection. There is
a famous saying in the industry: "Data determines the upper limit of machine
learning, and models and algorithms are just used to approach this upper
limit." Therefore, data is critical for the entire machine learning project as AI
modeling requires a large amount of data cleansing.
Data loss, uneven distribution, exception, and irrelevant impurities occur
more or less in data sets. This requires the collected data to be cleansed
through processing of missing and deviated values, data normalization, and
data conversion among other methods.
Data cleansing aims to ensure data normalized for subsequent feature
extraction — a process of extracting features of data sets and reducing data
dimensions.

After data processing, a proper machine learning model is selected for data
training. During model selection, different models are used to train the data
and the output results are compared to choose the best model for
evaluation and testing.

After the best model is selected from a model class, model evaluation is
performed to determine whether the model is over-fitting or under-fitting. If
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

the data fitting is not proper, parameters are adjusted to optimize model
deployment and integration.

Then, the trained machine learning model is deployed to the production

environment.

Deep learning is a learning model based on unsupervised feature learning

and feature hierarchy. It has great advantages in speech recognition, natural
language processing, and computer vision.
Currently, AI is heavily applied in the following technical fields:

1. Computer vision: It studies how to make computers "see" objects. Its

applications include target detection, image segmentation, target
tracking, text recognition, and facial recognition.
2. Speech processing: It is a general term for speech processing
technologies, including vocalization, statistical features of speech
signals, speech recognition, machine synthesis, and speech perception.
Its applications include smart speakers, spoken language assessment,
voiceprint recognition, and consultation robots.
3. Natural language processing: Its research topics include machine
translation, text mining, emotion analysis, and public opinion analysis.

1.2.4.2 5G+AI
AI is undergoing a third wave of development triggered by deep learning,
with remarkable progress achieved in data, computing power, algorithms,
and platforms. 5G and AI are growing into strategic technologies driving new
technological and industrial revolution, emerging as a high priority of new
infrastructure. The two emerging technologies enable and benefit each
other, accelerating the digital transformation together in both economic and
social areas.
Rapidly developing 5G networks and maturing synergy of 5G with cloud,
edge, and devices will help achieve full connectivity and data convergence
and reduce barriers to AI applications while boosting AI integration into
social and economic development. According to the forecast of an
authoritative organization, the AI market will be worth more than USD6
trillion by 2025, confirming that AI will become ubiquitous. Turning into a
core application on 5G networks, AI will accelerate the intelligent
transformation of 5G networks as well as cloud, edge, devices, and other
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

infrastructure, maximizing the comprehensive potential of cloud and

networks. Ultimately, AI will make 5G become even more intelligent 5.

5G will be a key infrastructure for various industries to achieve digital

transformation. Featuring high bandwidth, massive connectivity, and low
latency, 5G will facilitate AI development in terms of data, computing power,
and applications. 5G's massive connectivity facilitates data collection.
According to the IMT-2020 White Paper on 5G Vision and Requirements,
more than 100 billion devices will be connected to mobile networks
worldwide by 2030. 5G's full connectivity will lead to an explosive growth in
data volume, types, and forms, providing high-quality data sources for both
AI training and modeling. 5G's high bandwidth will also ensure the smooth
data transmission required to maximize the potential of AI in data analysis
and mining, providing better support for upper-layer applications.
Conceivably, the convergence of 5G and AI will trigger a chain of
transformation to accelerate full connectivity, sensing, and intelligence,
creating a far-reaching impact on the digital transformation socially and
economically.

5G AR glasses facilitate AI facial recognition to improve security efficiency.

AR glasses will enable security staff to upload videos through 5G networks to
the background database for personnel matching. This will help check
whether a person is suspicious, helping security staff determine the actions
that need to be taken correspondingly. 5G provides huge bandwidth,
ensuring that data is sent back to the cloud in real time for AI analysis.

1.3 5G+New Technologies Empower Vertical

Applications
At the 2019 HUAWEI CLOUD Summit, Edward Deng, President of HUAWEI
CLOUD Global Marketing & Sales, commented on the huge effect of the
convergence of new technologies. "The convergence of cloud, AI, 5G, and IoT
will provoke a chain of positive effects on everything, from lives to work and
society at large, featuring all-new applications and experience and creating
new industries. This will enable industries to improve under-performing
elements and deliver what was once impossible and unimaginable, creating
revolutionary new values for society." 5G, cloud, AI, and IoT are already
changing society.

This will be a multi-phase process. Considering the advantages of 5G in

bandwidth, connectivity, and latency, the joint applications of 5G and other
new technologies in vertical industries are divided into three phases.

5
Excerpt from the speech by Dong Xin, the general manager of China Mobile, at the
WAIC Cloud Summit 2020
 HCIA-5G Learning Guide

In phase one, video services are focused. At the early stage of 5G

development, NSA networking dominates to provide adequate support for
only eMBB services, such as HD broadcasting, UAV HD video upload, and
video surveillance.
In phase two, 5G networks are more mature to support certain low-latency
applications, such as remote crane control in ports and smart unmanned
mining operations to improve efficiency.

In phase three, 5G networks are matured, supporting a minimal latency of 1

ms and a speed of up to 10 Gbps. With this level of performance, remote
surgery, autonomous driving, and accurate remote control will be possible. A
massive number of devices will be connected to networks, helping make
cities more intelligent.

5G, cloud, AI, and IoT are the basic elements of future infrastructure. The
convergence of 5G and other new technologies is already changing society,
providing the basis for the digital economy.