APPLICATION OF PROCESS CHEMICALS IN SUBSEA HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION Shell U.K. Exploration and ProductionAPPLICATION OF PROCESS CHEMICALS IN SUBSEA HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION CONTENTS, CONTENTS (THIS PAGE) AUTHORITY FOR ISSUE AUTHORITY FOR AMENDMENTS. AMENDMENT RECORD GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS. AMENDMENT HISTORY SECTION 1 APPLICATION OF PROCESS CHEMICALS IN SUBSEA HC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 SUMMARY OF UMBILICAL GHEMICAL INJECTION FAILURES AND BLOCKAGES APPENDIX 2 PROCESS CHEMICAL INJECTION PARAMETERS Original 07103 0Table SECTION 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION RESPONSIBILITIES PROCESS CHEMICALS Storage APPLICATION RATES INJECTION AND APPLICATION POINTS Dispersion Injection valve calibration Filtration specification Pumps Chemical distribution FLOW METERS AND FLOW ALARMS. COMPATIBILITY UMBILICAL PREFILL OPERATION SYSTEM SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM MAINTENANCE FUTURE AND CURRENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GENERAL STRATEGY TABLES Main Subsea Chemical Requirements, APPENDICES: ‘Summary Of Umbilical Chemical Injection Failures And Blackages Process Chomical Injection Parameters ‘Original 07103, 8004-001 Page ee ett dome eee eee Page Page 10 OotSECTION 1 APPLICATION OF PROCESS CHEMICALS IN SUBSEA HC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: INTRODUCTION This document prosents the guidalines for the application of process chemicals in subsea cil and gas developments. The objective of these guidelines is to provide generic process chemical information ‘and data that can be used for the design and operation of subsea systems, whare chemicals are delivered via umbilical cores, ‘Tha quidalines address: + Types.of process chemical and associated parameters that must be considered. + Typical process chemical application strategy for all, gas-condensale and gas developments, 2g. typical minimum requirements. and contingency for processing uncertainties. + Genenc process chemical data and considerations for each functional type, + Potentially significant interfaces between subsea engineering and process chemical application, ‘The guidelines do not obviate the need for the early involvement of procass engineers, production chemists, materials and corosion engineers, and other disciplines in project planning, but helps to familiarize the subsea engineer with the impact of delivering praductian chemicals on the design requirements of the subsea system, Note that HPHT developments can require deviations from the applicalion strategy outlined in this ‘document, and hence production chemists and other disciplines should be consulted about such developments very earty in development planning. ‘The justification for developing guidelines for the application of process chemicals in subsea systems is based on the experiances of soveral operators, as summarised in Appendix 1. It should be noted that it is notoriously difficult to establish the roat cause af subsea chemical injection system failures, ‘and consequently dificult to justty preventative measures involving significant cost or percatved risk. Hydraulic fluits have not been addressed in this document. RESPONSIBILITIES ‘A materials and corrosion engineer. production chemist, process engineer and subsea enginear should agree or canfirm the foliewing + Procaes chemicals to be applied and phasing ot application. + Ciriticality of application i. consequences of loss of injection and associated uptime requirement, + Application rate and dosage basis over field life taking into account project type €.g. pressure maintenance versus pressure depletion. + ‘Theimpact of reservoir, wall and flowline uncertainties on process chemical requirements 8.9, maximum and minimum process chemical dosage rates. + Process chemical physical properties, far example viscosity and density + Chemicalichemical and chemical'matertal compatibility + Point{s) of injection + Constraints an chemical application & contingency + Profil fluid and change out procedure + Process chemical fit procedure: + Change-but precedure + Process chemical QAIQC esiteria Original 07103 1-038004-001 at st toe + System operation PROCESS CHEMICALS: ‘There are numerous process chemicas thal can tbe or have been applied in subsea developmen Subsea application of process chemicals must consider parameters that are presented in Appendix 2 for the different generic functional types of process chemical. Subsea Applied Process Chemicals ~ Scale inhibitor = Corrosion inhibiter . Steady state and start-up Methanol — hydrate control, peassura testing and pressure equalization Giycol — hydrate control, pressure testing and pressure equalization Wax inhibitoripour point depressant Low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LOH!) Asphaitene inhibitor / dispersant ~ Drag reducer ~ — Biocide ~ HS scavenger Demuisifier Hydraulic fluid ‘Spacers - chemicals tor separation of process chemicals during change out Storage ‘Tha host installation should be evaluated for adequate and appropriate (safe or hazardous area) slorage before final selection of process chemicals. In adgition, the cost impact of products modified for subsea application on host installation production shoud be considered, for example changing solvent base to a hydrate inhibited formulation. ‘Storage and injection facies should be thoroughly cleaned and appropriately commissioned to avoid umbilical care contamination APPLICATION RATES Process chemical volumetric application rate can vary widely due to saveral reasons: + Functional efficiency e.g. scale inhibitors can be effective in the 2— 30 ppm wiv concentration, range whereas low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LOHIs) can be elfective in the 5000 ~ 10000 pam viv range, + Both of the above concentrations are based upon volumetric rates of produced water, whereas. other chemicals (inhitiiors against corraskon, Wax. asphaltenes etc.) may be based upon oi rates of total liquids. Therefore, it is important to ensure that this is clearly defined, + Field production characteristics, @.g. (1) a waterflood project will have increasing water production that may initially be very law. but eventually constitutes the vast majority of Bquids Production oF {2}.a depletion project may have high inital peak rates that reduce to a small proportion of the initial rate. + Process chemical dilution to restuce product viscosity. INJECTION AND APPLICATION POINTS Dispersion Most pracess chemicals need fo be dispersed in the produced flukts before becoming effective, The distance required to achieve dispersion should be estimated and adverse consequences assessad, 2.9. a CRA pipe section should be instaled downstream of a corrosion inhibitor injection point to avoid Unintibited corrosion of a carbon steel flowing, Original 0710352 $3. sa 55 8004-001 I should be noled that some process chemicals, for example drag reducers, should not be highly sheared due to the detrimental impact on performance. For some corrosion inhibitors, stabie ‘emulsions may be formed if highly sheared, Possible process chemical application points are as follows: + Tree application: Upstream of choke, + Tree application: Downstream of choke + Flowbase + Manifold Each application point has different properties in terms of chemical dispersion and shearing of Produced fluids, Attaining adequate chemical dispersion can be achieved by + Flow regime + Alomiser or quil + Orifice sizing + Chake turbulence: + Pipework geometry acting as static mixers e.g. bends, toes, manifolds, ats Injection valve calibration Process chemicals can have a wide range of physical properties that impact on dosage rate ‘achievable with a given valve. Calibration with the process chemical to be deployed or close analogue is recommended. Filtration specification Currently, peocess chemical vendors do not supply products thal meet specific ftration standards ‘even though process equipment may be sensitive ta solids. SkaFlo valves are sensitive to sods size ‘and notionally require liquids to be fitered to NAS class 6. Solids will damage pump seals. The viability and practicality of achieving a filtration spacification should be considered whan specifying [process chamicats, Filters should be fitted {0 all injection pumps used for subsea application of process chemicals. If the tate of fiter replacement is excessively high, the fiter must not be by-passed. An altemative process chernical should be applied, In addition, the “cold stability” of process chemical must be assessed. Tha risk of phase separation at prolonged low temperature, both subsea and during topsides storage, should be assessed for representative durations e.g, 3-6 months It should be noted that many process chemicals are relatively high concentration solutions, which can contain relatively reactive constituents. Consequently the process chemicals may generale sofdis due to.being intrinsically unstable. Diluted pracess chemicals may alleviate soldis precipitation. ‘The particle size of process chemicals can be assessed using conventional particle size analyzers used for hydraulic fluids, ifthe instrument has appropriate “wetted” parts Pumps. Injection pumps should be sized to provide continuous dosing with relalively high stoka frequency to. avoid pulse treatment. Twin hesd pumps could be considered where a wide range of application rates ‘may be required during field lifetime. Chemical distribution Chemical distribution devices such ax IRCDs (Injection Rata Control Deview a.g. Palladon system marketed by Haskal) and SkoFlo valves can be used to reduce injection pump and umbilical core requizements. The performance of chemical distributon devices in the oil industry for bath platform and subsea systems has been poor. Application of process chemicals via chemical distribution devices should be caratully evaluated in terms of operational requirements, for example process chemical solids content and process chemical temperature Rustuations, and produsticn erticality of Original 07103 1-058004-001 1068 the process chomical. It is recommended that chemical distribution system vendors be closely involved in system design and operation FLOW METERS AND FLOW ALARMS: ‘Tha system of measuring process chemical flow and monitoring continuity of flow should consider the consequences of peor application control and interruption of application. Alsa, the system should be Feconeded with the applicable HSRE policies, Factors to consider a + Integrity 2.9, potential for loss of integrity due to initiation of irreversible corrosion reaction + Environmental impact e.g. exeeeding legistative limits + Process stabaity ¢.9. loss of ar sub-optimal stabaity + Exceeding operational conditions ¢.9. operating without corrosion inhibiter for a specified time + Production deferment + Remedial costs @.g. materials and intervention casts Flow alarms or flow meters connected to the facility control room should be considered where the consequence af loss of injection is considered unacceptable. COMPATIBILITY Compatibility issues include chemical-chemical and chemical-material, In the worst case “gunking” may occur, which involves phase separation and generation of solids, Also. process chemicals may be rendered inellective without any physical changes being observed. Loss of containment can occur if inappropriate chernical-matenal combinabans ate adopted 6.g. acid phasphonate scale inhibitars and aluminium. In general, umbiical chemical injection flow paths ean contain numerous types of materials eg. valve seals and bodies, cores, connectors, atc. Documenting the materials in the flow path can provide a Useful chocklst for chemical vandors and engineers when assessing compatiblity, General rules are: . Avoid mixing process chemical concentrates, Consul a production chemist or chemical vendor to establish the range of mixing that is acceptable + Standard equiament designs should avoid mixing process chemical concentrates, + Consider the consequences and likelihood of component failure e.g. NRVs may “pass”. which allows process fluids or chemical concentrates to mix + Confirm campatibilty of process chemical concentrates with those parts of the umbilical and ree that are wetted, ¢.9, thermoplastics, elastomers, seals and metals. + Confirm compatibility of process chemical concentrates wilh non-wotted parts of the umbilical if permeation through thermoplastic umbilical cores can occur, @.g. compatibility with Keviar reinforcement. + Confirm.campatibilty of process chemical concentrates if permeation through thermoplastic Umbilical cores can occur, €.g. bringing nominally Separated chemicals inte contact with one another oF causing corrosion of the umbilical components. + Test process chemical efficiency in the presence of ether process chemicals at recommended dosage rates. + Estabilsh compatibility of chemical concentrates with liquid hydrocarbon and produced water. in the event of solids and/or phase separation, allemative process chemicals should be select oF a remedial solvent system identified. Reliable materiats compatibility testing can také several months, Consequently, material compatibility testing should be initiated te allow adequate time ta confirm acceptability e.g, the duraton of an accelerated aging test is. 3 months. Many materials tests involve accelerated aging based on the Arrhenius equation, which relates rate of reaction to temperature. Original 0710310 8004-001 Development of pre-qualified process chemicals would be advantageous. (Chemicalmatertal compatiblity testing demonstrating acceptability may ba a condition of the umblical vendor's warrantee. In general, thermoplastics limit the range of process chemicals that can be considered for an application. UMBILICAL PREFILL Common practice is to prefil umbilical cares with waleriglyeal mixtures. before installation. However, some Umbeicals have boon prefilled wilh mineral oils and especially designed umbilical storage Buds ‘Tha cares ara filled with process chemicals in tha field. Tho following should be considered before: ‘adopting the conventional approach: + Displacement procedure e.g. emulsion potential, spacer requirement and chemical-material compatibility af spacer 6.9, mutual solvent + retiling with process chemical that assists commissioning and/ar field start-up ¢.g. 60/20 glycolWater mixture dosed with corrosion inhibitor which provides bath hydrate inhibition and a mathod of pre-treatment of a flowline with orresion inhibitor. + Preflling with process chemical before installation if not constrained by HSAE issues © 9. cores cannot be prefilled with methanol due te onshore HS8E considerations. Prefiling with process chemical onshore may avoid deferment during start-up and temporary injection Faciitios offshore. OPERATION Based on experience the following operational practice is racommanded. (1) Establish field startup procedure that considers chemical-chemical incompaliblities ¢.g. da not Siar corrosion and scale inhibitor addition unl methanol injection has been terminated. Interlocking should be considered to avold co-injaction of incompatible chemicals. (2) __ In the event of changing the applied process chemical, rigorously evaluate change-out procedures. This should include assessments of emulsion formation tendency, compatibility over the entire mixing range with special attention to extremes (2.9. 1:99 and 99:1) where process chemical solvent debydration causing solids or phase precipitation may occur, and mixing with adsorbed or absorbed process chemical residues that leach fram thermoplastic Umbilical cores, The requirement for a “spacer”, for example mutual solvent, should be assessed and compaiibilty established, (3) Minimise the number of shutdawns.and depressurizations of umbilical chemical injection cores. Injection system valves, such as NRVS and gate valves, typically do nat completely seal against gas and liquids. The passing of gas, liquids and solids has been implicated in blockages of subisea injection systems. It has been demonstrated that when a process. chemical is not required during normal operation, continuaus pumping at maximum tumdown prevents: blockage and represents a small cost relative to intervention for remediating blockages Alternatively, maintaining the umbilical core pressure by use af a pam an the host instalation, could be considered ‘SYSTEM SURVEILLANCE ‘The provision of techniques for monitaring process chemical performance: in the field, including ‘assessment of distribution system performance. must carefully consider poor performance in terms of remediation and consequences, for exarnple: + Ineteased chemical OPEX due to poor application + Intervention costs 0.9, blackage remaval or process replacement + Loss of integrity and hydrocarbon release + Loss of reserves + Production deferment A system surveillance scheme should be established and should consider the following: Original 07103 1-078004-001 " 42 +08 + Operational philosophy e.g. uptime requirement and shutdown erteria + Chemical storage facility cleanliness + Injection pump uptime and benefits of automated alarm systerns + Frequency of system chacks 0.9. confirmatian af Row a¢ rate measurement * Injection pump discharge rate measurement + Reconciliation of rate measurement with chemical usage & 9. sales or tank level mensurement + Umbilical care pressure drop retative to reference condition #.g. pressure drop when Commissioned or theorelical hydraulic calculation + ‘Trending of umbilical core pressure drop ‘SYSTEM MAINTENANCE Maintenance routines that are consistent with the performance requirements of the systery must be established. This should consider all parts of the injection system. + Chemical supply wassels (6.9. IBCs - intermedista bulk containers) due to being a potential source of selids thal can cause pump seal damage or blockages + Chemical bunkering tines + Chemical storage tanks dve te being potential source of olds that can couse pump seat damage or blockages + Filters . Pumps + Fer air driven pumps - air supply system + Umbilical cores Development of an integrated maintenance scheme that considers all elements of the system and their respective inieractions should be considered o.g. ensuring consequence of lack of fiter maintenance of pump seal longevity. FUTURE AND CURRENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Chemical manufacturers and vendors are constantly developing and improving process chemical functionality and efficiency. As a consequence, the physical properties. and application requirements. can change. Whitst this may require a degree of crystal ball waiching, il is recommended thal any injection system should be designed to be sutficiently flexible to utilize such technology. Exampies include the following: + Increased viscosities of single function products, ¢.q. hydrate-inhibited products wilh viscosities as high a8 180 cP, + High viscasity multifunctional products based on emulsion technalagy, e.g. up to 200 cP. + New multifunctional product combinations e.g. LDHI/ Cl, Cl demulsifier, ete. + High-dosage-rate multiphase flow drag reducer, @.9. 200 - 500 ppm viv. + Ingreased tie-back distance where end of field Ile may require high dosage process chemicals, ‘wax inhabitor oF LOH, + Application of process chemicals via lift gas. Process chemicals can be successfully applied to process streams if applied to individual wells via the gas-lif supply fine from the host installation + Downhole chemica! injection involves meving the process chemical injection point further Upstream of the tree injection point, + Electric trees that eliminate the need for hydraulic Mui. Original 07103a GENERAL STRATEGY Tha process-chemical requirement of subsea developments will Vary 88 a function of the type of fluids: being produced: oil, gas'condensale or gas, The majority of subsea developments wil have the following requitements; Table 1 Main Subsea Chemical Requirements ‘Scale inhibiter Later feldslfe contingency in gas and gas/condensate davelopments ‘Gorrasion inhibitor | Vinually all developments where the Rowline and risers are not CRA Methanol or glycol | Restart and valve testinglopening operations; option for continuous application to prevent hydrates in gas and gas-condensate developments “Hydraulic ft Nt should be noted that mullfunctional products do exist but are nal curently considered to be: sufficiently robust for application in the majoniy of subsea developments, A significant propartion of projects Could use multifunctional products, but this would require confirmation testing of product efficiency, Contingant provision for high dosage rate addition is recommended where indicated + LORI + Wax inhibitor + Drag reitucer ‘Original 07103 10-8APPENDIX 4: SUMMARY OF UMBILICAL CHEMICAL INJECTION FAILURES AND BLOCKAGES. [ Tre cerawune Se | ea mebunet Craron Tena (Gatey Gi) EXPLANATION OF MECHANISM Froumey uf common eet and methane! nyesen poem ore gee eihiton ot ced an aggrecan ct rake | State intnar routed down menanct ine lorry | St a fey! noi eta read Mee irda) [te s é[ “TYPE OF FAILURE | tiem eit ed ema pd | Seton no aap wena th | Scares copesenaensiy oes ore[ ‘Pe OF Fane | wrunanow oFwecnac won | Pr a cent chap ved] Cal Rd i el Dm — | Sicetoed moar surat) | sosmenu | fon | fcanpe eonca rp mer ‘Suspected hackiiow of mecmpaitie protean | Presdurine core ibancrense OP acroan Mackige ‘Samak urguren tombo ennd | ema pom bate RC kh Sc ner Tom at ‘ocage of renal ness cone eran | Sagas tion werent pcan _ | OSV ax orm vg Lag man ‘arte serpy Kancesssernang "| sokcan'e posmahaae jc tas | Sota pang” Saree eet me ane er | ‘Sterna eo eae one lena sone a oy ‘Sonera cam pete are ert + Hrcaies doing of wae hed proce chars mith HE gam. ie fo onan or aeancm ct NAV + Hien due bach ow uf etc car BHC) ts erica pecoon cote net deed om proces Fat and mot pescens chevscalspe due tao suing or aban of + Pracptates sods cue omiungoftncompacbl process chemicals wg. meBanot ming wih sale AEN Gus snansasing cr absence ot nave + earcptie operons eto pe paren, a rr Oa oti + axenic nico ceria ane ating + adoguniacheicat spety GANG and procedures ‘Sauget prcution bore ag. suets.non-saing or absence cf MVE 1 Sokte tm chee rage (no nae golet rst) + Solitedue oti ofpracens chericalin ubial a prlonged ow erin + Unlrosaan ncompatiy of prccmes chemale ang change os eran ming atiso 1+ Selidaauched fom ermeplatte cere and pers + Mechanical dgradeon of terran ret by process chemical ‘Thar may ta nome syrargy Betanen some ota above hathan nctben apprectes ‘Summary ot a8 possible remediation mesods + Dncressutcn bat core and pocaton fn + Cortrue t pump proces chemical af maximum imdown tao 0 wud bchfiow when mpc ne rege + Crengrout tm conpatin comic roca chenicls ae prchoed faa HG: wane operon + Manian presre of chemscas iecion core reve ecko cet scene hens + Gate ngarcun crema! charge cu proeme.tes:lchncal rearing ane pani procaes + Suzzannamae retreats ming et exe poche an pede ath ge acta Ne poten + heen heretic cates by anion, lari gel roe + Moted ctamial ryan ayer opanaion oo cosrecton ef ncorpaioe proces chemical. owe gate hes emer ie the come whe sect ania erat + Prevent sl am chen singh Bey fete ci nti ont + Eatintan agproprate specication cera fot process Chesca sods conte in, ong tam ok tabs. lhe RRB te igi OES Cs By GN Li, CHCA ASC vd CAAA, MA A lermagto compose pear aes = Separate escese chancel eycton pots #incerssenie + tenn n of rated aa eetataben 9; replace wa emyene pyeetS APPENDIX 2 PROCESS CHEMICAL INJECTION PARAMETERS ‘SCALE INHIBITOR Parameter Value range ‘Comments ‘Viscosity 20-160 cP @4°C A hydrate inhibited formulation typically with a viscosity of 80-160 cP is recommended. Density 1.0-1.2 g/cm? Dosage rate 5-50 ppm wiv Determined by a combination of static and ‘dynamic laboratory tests ~ field optimization not L possible, Dosage basis Water rate Dosage rate per | 0,795-7,95 lires/1000 | Multiply by relevant production rate to calculate production volume | bbls volumetric: rater Overdose tolerance: Some inhibitors are precipitated as a calcium ‘salt by high salinity produced waters at ‘werdose concentrations, 6.9. >1000 ppm_ ‘Overdosing ean be detrimental to oil-in-water quality. ‘Chernicavimaterial ‘Gonerally compatible wth all elastomers and compatibility rpolymerics. Low pH products can ba corosive ‘with respect fo aluminium and steel Chemicalichemical ‘Most scale inhibitors. show severe incompatibility somipetioliy simehenl a Injection point Upstream of choke to achieve mixing! location & design dispersion, distribution to wellheads for multiple well developments Flash point ‘None, Majority of products are water or glyeol constraints based. RISK i.e. loss of ‘Severity of scale deposition should be estimated injecton ‘by simulation to establish risk. Loss of protection consequences: for days to weeks is normally tolerable for scale. deposition in flawiines, Localized scale deposition in for example valwes can cause problems within days — mechanical andor chemical intervention may be required for scale removal. Nole: resumption of injection does not remove deposited scale. Original 07103 410-158004-001 Shell martien.taze CORROSION INHIBITOR i [_vetunrenae Sexmeets __] Wiseosity 20-160 P @4'C A hydrate inhibited formulation typically with a | ‘viscosity of 80-160 eP is recommended. Density 0.815-1.10 giml Dosage rate 30-200 ppm viv ‘Determines by laboratory testing and fiekd oer | Dosage basis Water rate or total Low water-cut applications tend to be based on liquids rate ‘otal liquids rate to take into account rata measurement uncertainiies and chemical Dosage rate per | 4.77-31.8 litres! 1000 bbl | Multiply by relevant production rate to-calculate | production volume volumetric rate | Overdose tolerance ‘Corrosion inhibitors can adversely effect O1W quality Chemicatimaterial Product dependent. There can be compatibility incompatitlity with some elastomers and polymerics e.g, amines can be incompatible ‘with certain types of Viton, Chemicalfchemical Product dependent, Incompatibility can occur Compatibility ‘with scale inhibitors Injection point Evaluate tendency to form stable emulsions location & design ‘when sheared - injection upstream of a choke ‘could cause stable emulsion formation Mixing distance should be considered i. ‘Sestance requited for product to disperse and become effective, CRA pipe runs should be considered. Location that promotes dispersion and mixing. for example upsiream of pipe bends or valves. ‘An allowance for mixing distance required €.9. ‘CRA pipe run downstream of injection point. Flash point Moajonily of products are water or glyeol based. constraints ‘Some products are methanoValeahol based, RISK Le, loss of ‘Dependent en corrosion management injection philosophy and corrosion allowance. (1) Total Consequences: uss of injection — rapid flowline failure (2). Intermediate duration (a.g. 6 months) — reduced field life and higher inhitsted corrasion rate ‘when injection is re-established, 1-0-46 Original 07103S METHANOL — HYDRATE CONTROL, PRESSURE TESTING AND PRESSURE EQUALIZATION Parameter Value range Comments. Viscosity 10681 @4°C Waterfothylone giyool (0.g, 82/20) is a possible altemative, Application may be constrainad by viscosity of wateriglyco! mixture. Density 0.790-0.800 gimi Dosage rate ~0.4 kgikg water Simulations should be performed to assess (hydrate contro!) adequate dosage rate for hydrate contro! Dosage basis Water rate Dosage rate par 0.5-2.0 mime ‘Typical rate for single subsea well start-up production volume Overdose tolerance Gan impact product value due to refinery processing problems, Chemicalimaterial Can be incompatible with some: polymors and compatibility ‘elastomers. Methanol can permeate seme Polymers (Chemicatichamical ‘Can adversely affect parformance of other compatibility chemicals and promate severe solids precipitation from process chemical ‘concentrates that can cause injection system blockages. Upstream of choke and other pressure reduction Serer we Blockage or restriction due (a hydrates & unable to perform mandatory pressure tests, Intervention requirement far rernediation or epressurisation. Original 07103 40-47S 8004-001 shell martien.taze GLYCOL (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) — HYDRATE CONTROL, PRESSURE TESTING AND PRESSURE EQUALIZATION Parameter | Value range: Comments ‘Viscosity 1000 48cP@4°C | Viscosities for glycoliwaier mixtures anr20 120P@4°C Density | 1120 gin? ‘Dosage rate | -0.4 kgtkeg water ‘Simulations should be performed to assess | (tydrate contrat) adequate dosage rate for hydrate control Dosage basis | Water rate Dosage rato per | 0.5-2.0m'the ‘Mottiply by relevant production rate to calculate production volume volumetric rate ‘Ovardose tolerance | Nota problem ‘Chemical/material ‘Good compatibility with majority of materials -compatibity ‘Chamical/chemical | ‘Compatible with mast process chemicals -camnpatibiity Injection location ‘Upstream of choke and other pressure reduction sevices Flash point | Nene constraints RISK i.e. loss of Blockage or restriction due to hydrates & unable injection to perform mandatory pressure tests. ‘consequences Imervantion requirement for remediation or | depressurisation. Original 07103 O18Shell martien.tazelaar(@shell.com 0 WAX INHIBITOR/POUR POINT DEPRESSANT [Value range <10 - 200 cSt@ 3a°C _ Comments Some products can have extremely high viscosities and are therefore unsuitable for subsea application #.g. >1000-¢SL. Diluted versions can be used. 0.82-0.95 g/cm” at 16°C 200-1009 ppm wiv Determined by laboratory testing and fiat ‘optimization ‘Multiply by relevant peoduction rate to calculate volumetric rae Gan enhance wax deposition Potential elastomer and polymer incampatibaity ‘Compatible with most pracess chemicals. ‘At temperature above wax appearance temperatura ar pour point as appropriate Products eommonty contain organic solvents eg. xylene Increased rate of wax deposition and consequently increased pigging frequency oF ‘iher remediation mathod. Total flowline blockage unlikely. Production deferment. Risk of flowline blockage if remediating large amount of depositicn. Original 07103 10-19Shell martien.tazelaar(@shel 8004-001 BIOCIDE Parameter ‘Value range Comments ‘Viscosity <15- 100 cP. @ 25°C Density 0.98-1.2.glem3 @ 25°C ‘Dosage rate 100-5000 ppm wiv ‘Dosage basis Water rate or total Batch treatment only liquids rate. ‘Dosage rate per | 15.9-795 itres!1000 bbl | Multiply by relevant production rate to calculate production volume ‘volumetric rate Overdose tolerance Environmental concems if discharged ‘Chemical’material Generally good compatibility — check specific compatibility products. Oxidizing biocides most likely to be incompalibie: Chemical chemical ‘Some incampatibilily ~ testing required: compatibility Injection location Generally no issue Flash point Nene constraints: RISK Le. loss of Product song. paging 8 ong of process injection sopra aa rh ae consequences (Mc) 1-0-20 Original 07103Shell martien.tazelaar(@shell.com 0 LOW DOSAGE HYDRATE INHIBITORS (LDHI) [Value range Comments <10- 80 cP @ 20°C 0.98-1 2 glern3. @ 20°C 2000-10000 ppm viv ‘Water rate Dosage rate per Multiply by relevant production rate to calculate production volume volumetric rate Overdose tolerance Polential adverse impact on oil-in-water quality Chemicatimaterial Generally good compatibility. compatibility (Chemicavicnemical ‘Generally good compatibiay. Potential compaviity incompanbilty with some anionic process chernicals such as scale inhibitors Injection location Manifold or flonbase. High shear to be avoided ‘due te potential ernutsion forming tendancy. Flash point Nane constraints RISK Le. loss of Hydrate blockage with potential far major injection production deferment and potential toss of consequences Rerwine Original 07103 40-21Shell martien.tazelaar(shell.con 004-001 ASPHALTENE DISPERSANT Parameter Valve range ‘Comments Viscosity <10c81 @ 16°C Density 0.83 - 0.98 gimi @ 16°C Dosage rate 100-500 ppm vi Dosage basis Oil rate ‘Dosage rate par ‘Multiply by televant production ete to calculate: produstion volume volumetric rate ‘Overdose tolerance No informaiion available ‘Chemicatinateral Potential elastomer and polymey incompatibily compatibility with ararsatic based products. Terpene based products may have betiee compatibilly ‘Chemical/chemical Generally good compatibility. Injaetion location Location that promotes dispersion Flash point Products ean contain organic salvenis ag. constraints sylene RISK ie. loss of Remedial dissotver treatment with risk of injection fowline blockage during removal ‘consequences 40:22 Original 07103 2016Shell martien.tazelaar(@shell.com ( DRAG REDUCER (MULTIPHASE FLOW) Parameter Value range Comments, Viscosity 1000-1560 cP at 26°C | Products can be high viscosity due te high molecular weight components. Lower viscosity products are available — consult vendors Bensity 0.87 e084 Dosage rate 10-200 ppm wiv, typically 20-100 ppm wiv Dosage basis Total iquids rate. Dosage rate per | 9.18-15.9 litres!1000 boi | Multioly by rolevant production rate to calculate production volume volumetric rate Overdose tolerance Can promote wax deposition Chemicatimaterial ‘Generaly good compatibisty. compatibility (Chemicatichamical ‘Water drag reducers sensitive to water — sticky compabbilty residue (probably partial hydrolysis) can be forrned if injection lines. contain water. Injection lacation Molecular degradation causing product afficiency reduction due to-high turbulence e.9. valve pressure drop or pump shear Flash point constraints RISK Le. loss af Produstion deferment injection consequences Original 07103 460-23Shell martien.tazelaar(@s 8004-001 H.S SCAVENGER Comments scavenger'H.S wtint (1:42-1:24 typical) RISK ie. loss af Dosage basis Mass HS Dependence on application method. fluid type. Fesigance time, flow regime & concentration af other species @.9. CO; Dosage rate per | Dependent on produced | Multiply by relevant preduction rate to calculate: production volume | flak HS content ‘volumotric rate ‘Overdose tolerance Product specific ‘Chemicalmaterial ‘Some products may have Incompatibility ‘compatibility ‘Chamical/chemical Testing required for muliphase flow applications -compatibilty Injection location Upstream of high shear conditions Flash point Products ean contain organic solvents 9. methanol, formaldehyde ‘Out of specification export gas 1024 Original 07103 ell.com 04/10/2Shell martien.tazelaar(shell.con DEMULSIFIER [Parameter Value range ‘Comments Viscosity 20 - 180 cSt at 20°C; typically < 100 eSt Density 0.94 - 1.06 gimi @ 16°C [Dosage rate 5-30 ppm wiv [Dosage basis Total liquids rate Dosage rate par | 0.795-4.77 litvas/1000 bbI | Multiply by relevant production rate to peaduction volume calculate volumetric rato Overdose tolerance ‘Adverse impact on oilin-water Chemicalimaterial Generally good compatiblity. Potential Sompattity incarspatibiity with some elastomers (Chemical/ehamnical Generally good compatitiity compatibility Injection location| Potential emulsion formation if sheared therofore either injact downstream of chokes oF confirm no emulsion forming tendency. Flash point Products commonly contain arganic solvents constesants, RISK Le. loss of Potential for exported oil or condensate water injection cantent specificalion to be exceeded Consequences ‘Original 07103 160-25