(In partial fulfillment of Bachelor in Art’s (BA)

Political Science – 423)

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
KATHMANDU, NEPAL

2023/2080

Submitted by Submitted to
Name: Roji Bidari Ishwor Joshi
BA 2nd year Department of Political Sciences
TU Regd no: 6-2-37-309-2020 Trichandra Multiple Campus
Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
1. What are the differences between federalism and federacy?

Answer: Federalism and federacy are two distinct systems of governance that involve the
sharing of powers and responsibilities between central and regional authorities. While they may
appear similar, there are key differences between the two concepts. In this essay, we will explore
the nuances of federalism and federacy.

a. Federalism: Federalism is a system of government in which a country is divided into two or

more levels of government. The central or federal government coexists with state or regional
governments, each possessing its own set of powers and responsibilities. This system is
typically found in large and diverse countries where different regions have unique needs and
interests.
b. Distribution of Powers: In federalism, the powers are constitutionally divided between the
central and state governments. Certain powers are assigned exclusively to the central
government (e.g., defense, foreign affairs, currency), while other powers are reserved for the
states (e.g., education, healthcare, transportation). The division of powers is typically
outlined in the country's constitution.
c. Sovereignty: Both the central and state governments in a federal system derive their authority
from the constitution and the people they represent. They are sovereign within their spheres
of competence, and neither can unilaterally abolish the other.
d. Equality of States: In a federal system, all states or regions are considered equal in terms of
representation in the upper house of the legislature. For example, in the United States, each
state has an equal number of Senators, irrespective of population size.
e. Constitutionally Protected: Federalism is entrenched in the constitution of the country. It
requires a more elaborate and detailed constitutional structure to safeguard the distribution of
powers between the levels of government.
f. Judicial Review: The judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting the distribution of powers
and ensuring that neither the central nor the state governments overstep their boundaries. The
courts act as arbiters in disputes between the two levels of government.
g. Federacy: Federacy, on the other hand, is a system of governance that combines elements of
federalism with a greater degree of autonomy for the regional entities. It is often referred to
as a "loose federation" or "confederation."
h. Autonomy of States/Regions: In a federacy, the regional entities (states, provinces, or
regions) retain a significant degree of autonomy and sovereignty. They exercise more
authority over their internal affairs compared to the central authority.
i. Voluntary Participation: Federacies are usually formed through voluntary agreements
between the participating regions. These regions retain the right to secede from the federacy
if they wish to do so. Weak
j. Central Authority: Unlike federalism, where the central government possesses substantial
authority, the central authority in a federacy is relatively weaker. It typically handles only a
limited number of common interests, such as defense or foreign affairs.
k. Limited Powers: The central government in a federacy has only those powers that have been
explicitly granted to it by the participating regions. It does not have the authority to legislate
on matters outside its jurisdiction.
l. Lack of Constitutional Entrenchment: Federacies may lack a detailed constitution like those
found in federal systems. Instead, they often rely on a more flexible and dynamic framework
that can be adjusted as per the changing needs and interests of the participating regions.
m. Conclusion: In conclusion, federalism and federacy are two distinctive systems of
governance that involve the sharing of powers between central and regional authorities.
Federalism features a constitutional division of powers, equal representation of states, and a
strong central authority, while federacy emphasizes regional autonomy, voluntary
participation, and a weaker central authority. Both systems have their merits and demerits
and can be adapted to suit the unique circumstances and requirements of a country.
Understanding these differences is crucial for effectively analyzing and comparing different
systems of government.
2. Explain the role of Prime minister in the Nepal

Answer: The role of the Prime Minister of Nepal is central to the country's governance and
administration. As the head of government, the Prime Minister wields significant authority and is
responsible for various aspects of the nation's affairs. Here are some key points that explain the
role of the Prime Minister of Nepal:

a. Head of the Executive: The Prime Minister is the chief executive of Nepal and leads the
executive branch of the government. They are appointed by the President and are usually the
leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the lower house of parliament, the House of
Representatives.
b. Policy Formulation: The Prime Minister plays a crucial role in the formulation and
implementation of national policies. They set the government's agenda, priorities, and long-
term plans for the country's development.
c. Government Administration: The Prime Minister oversees the entire government machinery,
ensuring that various ministries and departments function efficiently and effectively.
d. Legislative Proposals: The Prime Minister can propose legislation and present bills to the
parliament for approval. They work with lawmakers to gain support for their policies and
bills.
e. International Relations: As the country's representative, the Prime Minister engages in
diplomatic activities, maintains relations with other countries, and represents Nepal in
international forums and conferences.
f. Crisis Management: During times of crises, such as natural disasters or security threats, the
Prime Minister takes charge of coordinating relief efforts and ensuring the safety and well-
being of citizens. Budget and
g. Finance: The Prime Minister plays a vital role in the budget-making process, working with
the Finance Ministry to allocate funds for various projects and initiatives.
h. National Security: The Prime Minister is the head of the security forces and is responsible for
safeguarding Nepal's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
i. Appointment of Ministers: The Prime Minister appoints ministers to various cabinet
positions and can reshuffle the cabinet as necessary.
j. Foreign Policy: The Prime Minister formulates and implements foreign policy decisions in
consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other relevant stakeholders.
k. Addressing Parliament: The Prime Minister addresses the parliament on significant national
issues, provides updates on government activities, and responds to questions from
lawmakers.
l. Crisis Decisions: In critical situations, the Prime Minister may declare a state of emergency
and take decisions in the best interest of the nation.
m. National Development: The Prime Minister plays a key role in promoting economic growth,
social development, and infrastructure projects to improve the quality of life for citizens.
n. Mediation and Negotiation: The Prime Minister can act as a mediator between conflicting
parties, attempting to resolve political disputes and promote national unity.
o. Public Welfare: The Prime Minister ensures that government policies and programs are
focused on addressing the needs and concerns of the public, especially the marginalized and
disadvantaged sections of society. In conclusion, the Prime Minister of Nepal holds a
position of immense responsibility and influence in the country's governance. They are
tasked with leading the government, shaping policies, managing national affairs, and
representing Nepal on the international stage. By carrying out these roles effectively, the
Prime Minister plays a vital part in shaping the future and development of the nation.
3. Describe the role of Local Government of Nepal.

Answer: The Role of Local Government in Nepal Local government in Nepal plays a crucial
role in the country's governance structure, promoting decentralization, and ensuring effective
service delivery at the grassroots level. Following the historic adoption of the federal system in
2015, local governments have been empowered with greater responsibilities, authority, and
resources. Here are some points explaining the role of local government in Nepal:

a. Decentralization and Devolution: Local government in Nepal is a manifestation of the

country's commitment to decentralization and devolution of power. It empowers local
communities to manage their own affairs and make decisions that directly impact their lives.
b. Constitutional Provisions: The Constitution of Nepal (2015) has established a three-tier
federal structure, consisting of federal, provincial, and local levels. Local governments are
the most basic and critical units of this structure.
c. Autonomy: Local governments enjoy a degree of autonomy in managing local affairs,
including governance, service delivery, and revenue collection.
d. Service Delivery: They are responsible for providing essential public services such as
primary education, health care, water supply, sanitation, waste management, local
infrastructure, and more.
e. Planning and Budgeting: Local governments formulate their development plans and budgets
in alignment with national and provincial policies to address local needs and priorities.
f. Economic Development: They promote economic development in their areas by creating a
conducive environment for business, investment, and entrepreneurship.
g. Resource Mobilization: Local governments have the authority to mobilize local resources
and collect taxes, fees, and other revenues to fund their projects and activities.
h. Representation and Inclusivity: They ensure representation and participation of diverse
groups, including women, marginalized communities, and indigenous people, in decision-
making processes.
i. Social Justice: Local governments work towards achieving social justice by addressing social
disparities and promoting inclusive development.
j. Conflict Resolution: They play a pivotal role in resolving local conflicts and maintaining
peace and harmony within communities.
k. Disaster Management: Given Nepal's vulnerability to natural disasters, local governments are
involved in disaster preparedness, response, and rehabilitation efforts.
l. Environmental Conservation: They are responsible for protecting and preserving the
environment within their jurisdictions, implementing sustainable practices, and promoting
eco-friendly initiatives.
m. Cultural and Heritage Preservation: Local governments work to safeguard and promote
cultural heritage and traditions specific to their regions.
n. Local Infrastructure Development: They focus on building and maintaining local
infrastructure such as roads, bridges, schools, health centers, and community halls.
o. Coordination with Federal and Provincial Governments: Local governments collaborate with
federal and provincial levels to ensure effective implementation of policies, avoid duplication
of efforts, and create synergy in development projects. In conclusion, the local government in
Nepal is an integral part of the federal system, serving as a key facilitator for community-
driven development, social inclusion, and effective governance. Through its decentralization
efforts, the country aims to strengthen democracy, improve service delivery, and empower
citizens at the grassroots level, contributing to Nepal's overall socio-economic progress.