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The Influence of Sharing Fake News, Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying on Social

Media Fatigue During COVID-19 Work Technology Conflict as Mediator Role

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12382-5_7

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The Influence of Sharing Fake News,
Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying on Social
Media Fatigue During COVID-19 Work
Technology Conflict as Mediator Role

Mohammed T. Nuseir , Ghaleb A. El Refae, Muhammad Alshurideh ,

Sarah Urabi, and Barween Al Kurdi

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of Sharing Fake news,
self-regulation, Cyber Bullying on social media fatigue during COVID-19 work
technology conflict as mediator role. The current study uses quantitative with cross
sectional design to examine the effect of Sharing Fake news, self-regulation, Cyber
Bullying on social media fatigue during COVID-19 and suing work technology
conflict as mediator role. The respondents were situation from different top sites,
such as twitter, Facebook and Instagram sample of 132, and population of this study
is 200 users were selected for this study, sample size is calculated through ROA soft.
The dissemination of unverified information has been showcased as a significant
challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of social media in this process
is exemplified by its increased use during COVID-19, as, for example, a recent report

M. T. Nuseir (B)
Department of Business Administration, College of Business, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi
Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE
e-mail: mohammed.nuseir@aau.ac.ae
G. A. E. Refae
Department of Business Administration, College of Business, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus,
Abu Dhabi, UAE
e-mail: ghalebelrefae@aau.ac.ae
M. Alshurideh
Department of Management, College of Business Administration, University of Sharjah, Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates
e-mail: m.alshurideh@ju.edu.jo; malshurideh@sharjah.ac.ae
Department of Marketing, School of Business, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
S. Urabi
Abu Dhabi Vocational Education & Training Institute (ADVETI), Abu Dhabi, UAE
e-mail: sarah.urabi@adveti.ac.ae
B. A. Kurdi
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, The Hashemite
University, Zarqa, Jordan
e-mail: barween@hu.edu.jo

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 131
M. Alshurideh et al. (eds.), The Effect of Information Technology on Business
and Marketing Intelligence Systems, Studies in Computational Intelligence 1056,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12382-5_7
132 M. T. Nuseir et al.

shows that the use of Facebook hit record levels during the pandemic. This study
revealed that potential mechanisms for counteracting fake news creating Facebook
pages of real news and using this advertising to disseminate accurate information
this paper will enhanced the understanding the effects of SMA, cyberbullying and
self-regulation on mental health of individual through the use of social cognitive
perspectives. To enhance efficacy in the role of social media in this process to reduce
the gap between theory and practice, social marketers should include messages that
empower recipients. Campaigns should show recommended behaviors and highlight
their usefulness and effectiveness. This paper has been methodological as well as
theoretical limitations, first using CLT might be regarded limiting even through it has
been adopted in past studies that are based on social media. The primary concern is
the cognitive load theory is still essential an instructional science theory even through
it has been adopted, use widely in HCI & also shown to explain not only learning
but also acquiring knowledge from new theories, articles might be more useful for
conceptualizing fake news sharing.

Keywords Sharing fake news · Self-regulation · Cyber bullying · Social media ·

Social media fatigue · COVID-19

1 Introduction

Internet has powerful changed the type of news that customers receive (Alshurideh
et al., 2016; Obeidat et al., 2012). In past times, consumers were basically relied on
traditional type of media such as television and radio, which cover comparatively
more and fever established sources of news (Alshurideh et al., 2019a; Obeidat et al.,
2019; Zayyad et al., 2021), but currently consumers are reveal to online information
sources through social networking sites, which allow any person to share content
without “fact-checking or editorial judgement (Al-Dmour et al., 2014; Liu et al.,
2021). Whereas social media enables firms to introduce creative and useful practices
of management by introducing new models of business, communication reshaping,
collaboration enhancing and seeking improve and shared knowledge (Almazrouei
et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2021; Kurdi et al., 2021). The circulation of fake news
sharing was significantly posing challenge for organization and brands fake news
promote a specific option about brand, product or firm which may not be true can be
intentionally designed to mislead customers. Social media is the term that enables
users to connect with others (Hamadneh et al., 2021; Khasawneh et al., 2021a, 2021b).
Past studies revealed that it can provide platforms to individuals that overcome the
obstacles of time and distance to connect and reconnect with others and thereby
increase the strength their offline networks and exchanges (Alshurideh et al., 2019b;
Bekalu et al., 2019).
Social media platforms such as Facebook describe as several driven motivators
such as wish for entertainments, stay informed and the desire to know the social
activities of mutual users (friends) (Abuhashesh et al., 2021; Al Kurdi et al., 2021;
The Influence of Sharing Fake News, Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying … 133

Laato et al., 2020). Social media basically plays a significant role during COVID as it
enables individuals to share news as well as personal viewpoints and experiences with
one another globally and in real-time (Aljumah et al., 2021a, 2021b; Al-Maroof et al.,
2021). The issue of social media regulation platform has always been a controversial
one for many in large society. The traditional method of media regulation is that
there are relatively small number of users who produce the media coupled with a
large number of those who consume it and powerless to directly influence the content
(Zabedah & Kosmin, 2012). Regulatory actions is a social media is often focused
upon disclosure of interest, children protection, code practices and offensive material
prohibition (Ranchordás & Goanta, 2019). Almost every country in the world facing
the COVID-19 situation during this time social media become the main information
sources about pandemic (Akour et al., 2021; Al-Dmour et al., 2021a; Alshurideh
et al., 2021; Leo et al., 2021).

2 Problem Statement

The abundance of uncertain, inaccurate information during existing situation led to

overload information and accelerated health cyberchondria as well as misinformation
sharing as social media intensity the spread of news and people read that news through
shared link on social websites (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017). The specific concern of
fake news effects 2016 US election and about 62% US adults get news on social media
and mostly fake news were widely shared on Facebook and become most popular
mainstream of fake stories fortunately many people who see those fake news reported
that they believe fake news arises because it is cheaper to provide precise signals as
the consumer cannot causelessly infer accuracy and also because consumers enjoy
partisan news (Chiou, 2018). However, internet has significant modification type of
news that consumer acquired. Nowadays, consumers are revealing to online informa-
tion sources for example social media sites which allow any person to share content
without “fact-checking or editorial judgement” (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017).
About two third adult’s use Facebook, 16% adult’s uses twitter and 20% users
uses Instagram critics allege that most of fake new traffic were originates from these
websites and that referrals account for a huge fraction of fake news sites than real news
sites (Meinert et al., 2018) on the other hand cyberbullying is characterized as online
communication it has negative effect on mental health with 32% victims reporting
symptoms of stress and 38% were experiencing emotional distress (Das, 2020). This
study examines the impact of fake news, self-regulation and cyberbullying factors on
social media during the current situation of pandemic particularly people driven by
entertainment and do not seem equally concerned about the information reliability
they share on social media and investigate strategies with aim to reduce these factors
on social media.
134 M. T. Nuseir et al.

3 Literature Review

For the existing study, we adopt the affordance lens for understanding how users
of social media connects with different platforms during pandemic situation. In this
section, the author will present both theoretical & empirical approaches in order to
connect them to the topic of this study.

3.1 Cognitive Load Theory

Cognitive load theory was developed in the late 1980s, it refers to use the amount
of work memory resources in which information is stored in long-term after being
attended to the experience of cognitive load is not same in everyone this theory differ-
entiates three types of cognitive load i.e. germane, extraneous and intrinsic (Chong,
2005). The extraneous load has been investigated more often and in the boarder
approach of human-capital interaction HCI, indicate to the environmental stimuli
in which human brain reacts. Intrinsic cognitive load on the other hand is the load
resulting from processing this information and is affected by individual’s psycho-
logical state of mind as well as their prior knowledge (Sweller, 2010). Accordingly,
well-structured information and earlier expertise of the learner can both decreases
intrinsic cognitive load. The evolutionary still affects the behavior of human and it
play especially acquiring new knowledge also referred as the human comfort zone.
Vygotsky proximal zone development and CLT overload information can be concep-
tualized to occur when individual are overcome with further novel information or
are taken too far away from their comfort zone. Consequently, overload informa-
tion leads to impulses to step from new knowledge, back to the zone of proximal
establishment.

4 Conceptual Framework

The proposed conceptual framework of this particular research study based on

three independent variables which include sharing of fake news, cyberbullying, self-
regulation. On the other hand, this study contains one dependent variable which is
social media fatigue (SMF) COVID-19. The given below Fig. 1 shows the conceptual
framework of this research study:
The Influence of Sharing Fake News, Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying … 135

Sharing of Fake News

(Jari Salo, Dilraj Singh, 2020)
H1
Social media fatigue during
COVID-19
Cyberbullying H2
(Victoria-Sophie ,Hongfei Liu,
(Ghada M. Abaido, 2019) 2021)

H3
Self-regulation
(farrrukh Moin,Naseer Abbas ,
2021)

Fig. 1 Conceptual framework

5 Hypothesis Development

5.1 Sharing of Fake News and Social Media Fatigue During

COVID-19

According to Nuseir et al. (2021), Social media fatigue (SMF) refers the tendency of
users to pull back from social media when they become overwhelmed with too many
social media sites. The term fatigue relates to overload cognitive however it reduces
the concept of fatigue to the two components information and communication over-
load scholars argues that social media fatigue has significant negative implications for
both service operators and the businesses (Yoo & Zhang, 2020). Social media fatigue
can be detrimental for both business and service operator because fatigue results in
withdrawal from service use, which translates into lower profits for companies and
service operators (Aljumah et al., 2021a, 2021b, 2021c) (Dhir et al., 2018).
SMF is described as “social media users” aptitude to slow down social media
usage when they feel overwhelmed with too many content pieces, friends and so
much time consumed keeping these contacts (Cao, 2018).The supporting theory has
been used to look how social media characteristics give rises to stressors, such as
privacy invasion and life invasion, which then lead to SMF (Adhikari & Panda, 2020).
H1: Sharing of fake news is positively related to social media fatigue during
COVID-19.

5.2 Cyberbullying and Social Media Fatigue During

COVID-19

Cyber bullying take place over digital devices such as computers, cell phones and
tablets it includes sharing, posting or sending negative or false mean content about
someone else. The concept of cyber bullying that separate it from traditional bullying.
136 M. T. Nuseir et al.

Conventionally, the consequences of cyberbullying about half of the teenagers have

reporting being the victims of cyberbullying It take places in cyberspace through
several medium including comments on someone post, online chats and others and
it is one of the big problems on social media websites like Instagram, Facebook
(Al-Dmour et al., 2021b; Elsaadani, 2020a, 2020b; Sweiss et al., 2021; Vartak et al.,
2000).
H2: Cyberbullying is positively related to social media fatigue during COVID-19.

5.3 Self-regulation and Social Media Fatigue During

COVID-19

Self-regulation is referred to as the process of turning goals into actions it defined

the process of self-generated thoughts, feelings and behaviors are periodically and
planned. Individuals suffer from DS-R trouble regulating their actions such as they
are more susceptible to acting based on impulses rather than planned cognition
and behavior it is connected to sub-optimal and irresponsible behavior and reduced
psychological well-being and internet addiction (Al-Khayyal et al., 2021; Matzat &
Vrieling, 2016; Sultan et al., 2021).
H3: Self-regulation is positively related to social media fatigue during COVID-19.
The knowledge gap of this study is that these variables are not study in this
sequence with social media fatigue during COVID-19 with mediating variable of
work technology conflict, in future authors can also examine mediating variable
like fear of mission out (FOMO). However, the variables are adopted from different
papers furthermore, this study is not previous done in Pakistani context thus this
paper fill the gap to study these variables in Pakistan using different social media
websites to examine how these variables effects human behaviors and social media.

6 Methodology

This paper is quantitive in nature, and data is collected from a survey questionnaire.
The questionnaire is divided into two parts one part is demographics such as income,
age, gender, monthly income, and next part include variables questions as seen in the
appendix Table 1. The research design will used in study is cross-sectional & deduc-
tive approach will be used as the following study is based on preexisting theories and
hypothesis in order to identify the association between independent and dependent
variable. We used different website such as twitter, Instagram, Facebook to deter-
mine how fake news, cyberbullying and regulating predicator’s effects social media
during COVID-19 Non-Probability will be used in further chapters and examine the
regression, descriptive through SMARTPLS.
The Influence of Sharing Fake News, Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying … 137

Table 1 Cronbach Alpha

Constructs Sources Items Cronbach Alpha
values for the study factors
Sharing of fake Jari et al. 4 0.857
news
Self-regulation Moin and Abbas 4 0.785
Cyberbullying Abaido (2019) 4 0.866
Social Media Victoria-Sophie 4 0.879
Fatigue and Liu

6.1 Respondents Profile

The survey method helped to determine the impact of social media fatigue during
current situation from different top sites, such as twitter, Facebook and Instagram
sample of 132, and population of this study is 200 users were selected for this
study, sample size is calculated through ROA soft. Convenient sampling technique
was selected for the respondents. Survey questionnaire was randomly conducted
among Instagram, Facebook, and twitter by sending online questionnaire to collect
the individual opinion from respondents.

6.2 Measurement and Scales

The survey questionnaire divided into two sections. Section one has demographic-
related questions i.e. (age, gender) and section two has questions on 4 constructs and
16 indicators adopted from literature as seen in the appendix Table 1. These indicators
were measured on the 5-point likert scale where 1 represents strongly agree and 5
represents strongly disagree. Moreover, the measurement scale summary is presented
in Table 1.
In the following table it demonstrates the outcomes of pilot testing which show
variables reliability, that are calculated through selected software SPSS. Subse-
quently, Chiou (2018) illustrates that the acceptable reliability value is 0.70 or greater
than 0.70. Thus, this test was applied on the data collected from 15 respondents which
was 5% of actual sample size of this research study.

7 Results

7.1 Descriptive Analysis

As seen the above table 2, the Skewness of all variables ranged between −0.446 and
−1.614 that means the distribution is moderately to highly Skewed. The Kurtosis data
138 M. T. Nuseir et al.

Table 2 Means, Std. Dev., Variance, Skewness and Kurtosis for the study factors
Mean Std. Dev Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Sharing of fake news 3.95 0.605 0.366 −1.614 5.077
Cyberbullying 3.61 0.766 0.587 −1.116 1.716
Self-regulation 3.41 0.720 0.519 −0.446 0.249
Social media fatigue 3.64 0.723 0.522 −1.252 −0.775

Table 3 Mean, Std. deviation, composite reliability and AVE for the study factors
Constructs Mean Std. deviation Composite reliability (AVE)
Sharing of fake news 3.56 0.72 0.821 0.606
Cyberbullying 3.42 0.62 0.834 0.569
Self-regulation 3.67 0.88 0.902 0.650
Work technology conflict 3.88 0.89 0.798 0.774
Social media fatigue 3.88 0.89 0.798 0.774

range between 5.077 and −0.775 which means most variables shows the population
very likely has positive excess kurtosis and only one variable shows the population
very likely has negative excess kurtosis. The value with positive kurtosis value follows
t-distribution whereas negative values follow the beta distribution (Barret & Morgan,
2015).

7.2 Convergent Validity

The results in Table 3 show that all composite reliability values are at least 0.70;
and the values of AVE are at least 0.60 which confirm that the respective variables
indicators have adequately convergent validity.

7.3 Discriminant Validity

The results in Table 4 show that the square of each pair of the correlation is lesser
that the square of the explained variance. These results confirmed that all constructs
are distinct and unique.
The Influence of Sharing Fake News, Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying … 139

Table 4 The study factors correlations

Sharing of fake Cyberbullying Self-regulation Social media
news fatigue
Sharing of fake 0.754
news
Cyberbullying 0.638 0.755
Self-regulation 0.706 0.641 0.778
Social media 0.561 0.623 0.867 0.812
fatigue

Table 5 The study hypotheses testing

Beta T-stats P-val Results
Sharing of fake news − > Social Media Fatigue (H1) −0.174 3.092 0.0021 Accepted
Cyberbullying − > Social Media Fatigue (H2) 0.144 2.448 0.0147 Accepted
Self-regulation − > Social Media Fatigue (H3) 0.863 20.322 0.000 Accepted

7.4 Path Coefficients

The results in Table 5 and Figs. 2 and 3 show that all four direct hypotheses were
accepted, and three independent hypotheses are also accepted.

-0.174
Sharing of fake news

0.144

Cyberbullying

0.863

Social media fatigue during

Self-regulation COVID-19

Fig. 2 Measurement model

140 M. T. Nuseir et al.

3.092
Sharing of fake news

2.448

Cyberbullying

Social media fatigue during

20.322 COVID-19

Self-regulation

Fig. 3 Structural model

8 Conclusion

Technology is an integral part of our lives an important aspect which effects youth this
research explored the dark side of social media during the first pandemic lockdown
in the UK and adds to empirical evidence of the devastating effect of the COVID-19
pandemic on young people’s mental health. The dissemination of unverified informa-
tion has been showcased as a significant challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The role of social media in this process is exemplified by its increased use during
COVID-19, as, for example, a recent report shows that the use of Facebook hit
record levels during the pandemic. Further p-coefficients suggested that t-value of
H1 3.092 the above table suggested that the following hypothesis is accepted and has
significant effect of social media while H2 t-stats is 2.448 p value determine that this
hypothesis is also accepted lastly H3 p-value is 0.000 and t-stats is 20.322. This study
revealed that potential mechanisms for counteracting fake news creating Facebook
pages of real news and using this advertising to disseminate accurate information
this paper will enhanced the understanding the effects of SMA, cyberbullying and
self-regulation on mental health of individual through the use of social cognitive
perspectives.
The Influence of Sharing Fake News, Self-Regulation, Cyber Bullying … 141

9 Limitations

This paper has been methodological as well as theoretical limitations, first using
CLT might be regarded limiting even through it has been adopted in past studies
that are based on social media. The primary concern is the cognitive load theory
is still essential an instructional science theory even through it has been adopted,
use widely in HCI & also shown to explain not only learning but also acquiring
knowledge from new theories, articles might be more useful for conceptualizing
fake news sharing. Additionally, we chose factors with the help of previous studies
and noticing gaps in prior literature. With regards to data collection, we collected
cross-sectional responses from Pakistani social media users during the COVID-19
pandemic while the author also ensured the reliability and validity of our data, cultural
and contextual specifically may be introduced in the outcome. Due to collecting data
among adults our results may contain some bias. Furthermore, our sample consisted
of younger adults and calculated through ROA soft, while in future other researchers
may use different sample size technique such as rule of 5 and 10.

10 Recommendations

This research proposed sharing of fake news, cyberbullying and self-regulation on

social media fatigue during COVID-19. Based on the findings of the study following
are recommendations:
• Results demonstrates that there are several purposes of social media have an
impact on sharing fake news, cyberbullying particularly people driven by enter-
tainment, for example do not seem to be equally concerned about the information
reliability they share on social media.
• We encourage future research into different purpose of social media (entertain-
ment, sharing information and self-promotion) and their impact on the sharing
misinformation.
• Future study needs to characterize the factors associated with the mechanisms
through which emotional connection to social media and health-related outcomes
are associated.

Appendix A

See Table A.1.

142 M. T. Nuseir et al.

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Sharing of fake News
Based on your experience which social media platforms offers a more fertile environment for the
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