EE ORTHODONTICS BESO ORTHODONTICS |. REFERENCE BOOKS TAKEN: 1. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ORTHODONTICS by GRABER ~ 3rd & Sth editions, PP Pe 8) Body ¢) Coronoid 1b) Condylar catitage ) Ramus (MAN 26) Maxilla develops by 8). Endocnonsral bone formation ) Intra membranous bane formation ©) Cartilage replacement and intra membranous bone formation 4) Mostly cartilage replacement anda litte byintramembranous| (MAN -96) Which of the organ/system increases to 200% the adult size before puberty age 9-10 years 2) Lymphoid ) Somatic ) Genitals dd) Neural (NAN -00) Serve system theory of growth was given by a) Scott b) Petrovic ©) Umborgh 1) Van derklaauw (MAN -01) Greatest amount of cranial growth occurs by 2) Birth to five years b) 5-6 years, ) 67 years ) 7 10 years (MAN-97) At birth which of the following structures is nearest the size it will eventually attain in adulthood 8) Ganium ‘b) Mandible ¢) Niddte Face dd) Nasal capsule (WAN -97,98) ‘THE ART AND SCIENCE OF ORTHODONTICS by BHALAJI ‘TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS by MS.RANI ~ 3rd edition rd, 4th & Sth editions ‘TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS by GURKEERAT SINGH ~ 1st & 2nd editions ‘TEXTBOOK OF PEDODONTICS by SHOBHA TANDON ~ 1st edition CONTEMPORARY ORTHODONTICS BY WILLIAM R. PROFFIT ~ 4th & Sth editions OPM “Epigenetic factors! controlling the growth of skeleton are? 2) Genetic factors present within the skeleton ) Genetic factors present outside the skeleton €) Local non genetic factors ©) General non genetic factors (wan -97) 8. Scammon’s growth curve. False is 8) Neural tissues Mostof the growth i completed by6 years 1b) Lymphotd tissues — growth reaches 200% by age 13 and regress afterwards ©) Genital tissues - most ofthe growth is completed by the age of puberty ) None ofthe atove (MAN -97, ATIMS -34) 9. Age of dosure of sphenooccipital synchondrosis, a) 6 yeare b) 12 years ©) 18 years ) 25 years (MAN -2k) 10, Persistent part of the envelope of eckels cartilage is 8) Stylomandibular ligament bb) Tempero madibular ligament «) Spheno mandibular tigament «)Stylehyoid ligament (MAN 26) 11, Meckat’s cartilage gives rise to: 8) Condylar process») Coroneid process ©). Rest of ramus 1) None of the above (NAN-98) a 8 SA) 8 SAS) A a 4) ¢ Poe mc po—(""A Dental Pubse 12, Growth of oral structures is mainly influenced by factors: a) Hereditary b) Environmental ¢}_ Hereditary-influenced by environmental Ses ) Intramembranous growth ©) Appositional growth d) Periosteal growth (AIPS ~96) 4) None of the above 24, The pharyngeal muscle which forms a part of buccinator (man -2001) ‘mechanism is: 13, Duration of adolescent stage in boys is 2) Inferior constrictor b) Middle constrictor a) Byears b) 35 years ©) Superior constrictor) Palatophryngeus ) 4 years 8) 5 years (KAR -02) (PS1-2011) 25. Premaxilt is derived from 14, An early prepubertal growth spurt indicates: 2) Maxillary protuberance b) Palatine bones 28) Longer treatment time ) Fast maturing child «) Fiontonasal process d) Median process «) Slow maturing child d) An endocrine dysfunction {AtMs 94) (NAN-2001) 26. Differential growth means: 15, Sphenoocdipital synchondrosis closes at the age of 2) Difference between growth and development. a) 6 yearsof age b) Early puberty age ) Difference between individual growth ) Early adult age 4) Te never closes 6) Acceleration in growth. (ar -99) 4) Different tissues grow at different times rte and amount. 16. At birth, the palate is relatively flat: in adults; it is, (KAR -02) vault-shaped. By which of the following does this change 27. In a newborn child we generally see: occur: 2) Maxillary protrusion) Madllary retuston a) Bone resorption in the palatal vault ©) Mandibular protrusion d) Mandibular retrusion ) Growth of the maxillary sinuses (Pot -95) ©) Deposition of the alveolar crestal bone 28, The implant method of studying arowth was proposed by: 4d) Bone deposition on the posterior wall of the maxillary 3) Scammon b) Bor. tuberosity ©) Belchiee 8) Bjork. (AIPG -97) (AIPG -04) 17, Ifa child's teeth donot form, this would primarily affect 29, Earlier closure of a sutere is called ‘the growth of the: 2) Synchondrosis b) Ankylosis a) Maxila b) Mandible «) Synostosis 4) Epiphysis ©) Whole face «) Alveotar bone (KAR -98) (AIPG -03) 30. The '’ principle of growth is best illastrted by the 18, After the age of six the increase in the size of mandible 2) Body of Mandible b) Mandibular ramus occurs att 6) Mandibular symphysis a) Symphysis b) Between canines 4) ‘Spheno-occipital synchondrosis ©) Along the lower border d) Distal to 1* molars (KAR -98, AP -04, 14) (AIPG-01, KAR-04) 31. The first sification center of the mandible in a 6 weeks 19, Vital staining was introduced by ‘old human embryos found in which one of the following a) Eniow bb) Wott locations? ¢) John Hanter ) Petrovic 2) Fature corenoid process (aP-2012) ) Fature condylar process 20. Growth of the maxilla in the vertical direction is due to: 6) Fature mental foramen a) Growth of the alveolus b) Growth at sutures 4) Fature mandibular foramen 6) Growth of the cranial base (apse -99) 4) Growth of the synchondrosis 32. Functional matrix theory is hypethesized by (AIINS -99) 2) Scott by) Sicher 21. Growth of cranium continues upto 6) Patrovie 4) Moss a) ays b) 10 ys {COMEDK -03) ©) Sys 3) Grows equally 33. Bjork used the implants for predicting facial growth (ap -14) ‘changes. This approach is called as: 22, Absence of sesmoid bone in git of age about nermal 4) Longitudinal approach, b) Metric approach. ‘ange of puberty ts satd to have ©) Structural epproach, b) Computerized predication, 4) Completed the growth b) Over growth : (AIPG -04) 6) Delay in reaching puberty 34. The functional Matrix concept as revised by Moss does 4) AlLof the above not include: (AP -03) 2) Connected cellular network 23. In sutures there is proliferation of connective tissue ) Mechano transduction followed by replacement of bone this is called: ©) Epigenetic Epithesis. d) Genomic thesis a) Endochandrl bone growth (AIPG -08) Mew >) We uc Me 0 wo mc MA ae we ae me 2) C2) 0 27) O28) 0 29) C30) 8 3) C32) 0 BY A 34) C 3nnn f ORTHODONTICS 25. Negative growth ts a charactarttie of 6) sutuat 4). Steno > testis Bain, (raR-o4) 2) Nandible d) Thymus: 47. More than 90% of growth of the brain or brain vault has: (atrs -04) cated Wn 2. Tas bay tame tat Grows tapldy tat ome ental «= a) Lz years ete) Syeav te froth afte the ope of 6-7 yeu i ) Teyeasotlite 4) alyeas of tie 2) tawal Sssee Bb) Lympbid tue (coMeDK-06) ©) Seletal tissue: d) Genta iste 48, Mechanism of bone growth is by: (aire-06) a) Bone cepeition ar resorpcon 37. Combinations of deposition and resorption occurring in 'b) Cortical drift the different bones of the skull which resutt in a growth ©) Displacement 4) Allof the above Goats rian in acpatiny actees Roman (ian-o4) 2) emodetng 1) Displacement 69. A hanya ta the intensity and diction of fouctonal 2} Prysilogtcreserpton ) Orit forees would produce demonstrable cheng tthe internal (261-97) architec and extemal form of bane was stated by: 38 Enlows V principle of growth i found in 3) Meten mass DEM, angle 0) anil base 3) Masia ony 6) Zadison @) dates wt ) axilla and mandible d) None of the above {COMEDK-06) (PGI -03) 50. Development of face occurs in the following planes: 0: Od nda npn futile sad 0 Oy arenes ayia veel 2) Perosteat matic by Sutra mati 1) Tanoverse vical sogtat ¢) Capsular matrix’ 4) Hone of te above 6) Saga, vert, barserse (PGI -03) d) Vertical, transverse, sagittal i, tht ny cane at or) 2) tas tdependent growth pte 51, Read the folowing carefully: 'b) Dependent on cranial base 1) Spheno-occipital synchondrosis: 2) Used or goth adjustment 2) Mandibular condyle d) None of above 3) Frontomaxillary suture (ect-03) 4) Nasa septum 42. Temovement of bone’ response tts oom growth is 5) Alveolar yrocens o— 2) fotation by Sten depacement Which f the following are sites of carlaginous grovth 2) Primary displacement. d)Diferertation (AIPG -04) b) L284 42, The “Sitare doinancs theory of canisecah growth sas st sews by (airs-06) a) Noss: ‘b) Sicher 52. Father of modern orthodontics is: 5) Po 3) Perovic *) Dewey 0) ate (KaR-93)—) Andew 6) ark 43, Catia wt votome at 7 years i (ap-o7) DB wie 53, Alo the following ar consider micrckalotal units of je aah the mandible as per the matrix theory EXCEPT: (rot-asy 4) enim 0) Glenot fssa 44, Skul at beth conta 1) Coroeid process! 4} Angle f the mandible 2) ze bows 0) 360m ((CET-07) 3 bows 4) Sebomes £4, Growth estimation is done bye (COMEDK-08) a) Frontal bene Wy ceva vetebae 45. Spheno accpital epnchonéroses caries the growth of ¢) Caplate 4) Cavicle cnr epee appl nae 6-07) part the fce in 55. Functional mati theory suggests that the determinant 2 format and coweward dections grovth of shale roves esis bs D) Forward and lateral diection 2) Seleal Dy setures ©) Upword an formar dietons @) Cartages @) Nansleetaltisues 8) Only fnwad (icer-07) (COMEDK-05) 56. The three main vertical pillars of trajectories of force 46, AL tthe ftiowiog ave examples ot toro Joint except arting Yom the atmaarprcent and ening tnt Dare 2) Somplysis 1 Gonphoss oe stall oe ah ene 8) Canine pillar ) Zygomatic pillar 0%) A Sh D 3) c SHG @) A Aye) 2) B MD) «Cc MPO) 6) A Me 48) 049) D 50) A 51) 8 52) 8 53) B 54) 8 55) D 56) 0 mz” ==== (( 222A Dental Pubse ) Pterygoid pillar) Conéylarpiltar (KCET-07) Ses ©) Vander Linden ) Latham (COMEDK-09, 11) 57. The Condylar Cartilage in the mandible is held to be a 69. The groove separating the gum pad from the palate is 9) Primary cartilage) Secondary cartilage called ©) Tertiary cartilage) Non-growing cartilage 2) Gingival groove —_b)- Dental groove (KCET-08) 6) Lateral sulcus ) Transverse groove 58. Growth activity at which of these synchondroses (kcer-2011) ‘completes first? 70. Who proposedtthe “trajectory theory of bone formation”? a) Spheno-occipital _b)_Intersphenotdat 2) Av anatomist Meyer b) a mathematician, Cullman €) Intra-occipital |) Sphenoethmoidal «) Both @ and b 1) None of the above (COMEDK-08) (AIP6-2011) 59, Arch space for eruption of 2nd & 3rd molar created by: 71. Anthropometry is 2), Apposition of Hamular processes 2) Measurement of skeletal dimensions on human skeletal b)_ Resorption of anterior borer of ramus remains «) Resorption of posterior border of ramus ), Measurement of skeletal dimensions on living individuals 4) Apposition of lower border of mandible «) Measurement of skeletal dimensions on radiographs {ATIMS-07) 4) Measurement of skeletal dimensions on photographs 60, First growth spurt takes place at what age (aP-2012) a) Ast year 1) 3rd year 72, The mandible grows longer by apposition of new bene on ©) 6th year 14) 9th year the posterior surface of (AP-08) 2) Coronoid process b) Condyle 61, Growth sites in masilia is / ©) Ramus a) symphysis 43) maxilay tuberosity b) sutures (BHU-2012) ) nasal septum 4) all ofthe above 73, The initial sign of sexual maturity in boys is usually (90-08) 2) Fat spurt b) Development of Adams apple 62, Growth trends show that in most patients 6) Change in voiced) Appearance of facial hair 4) maxilla and mandible grow in unison (aP-2012) b)_ maxilla grows more rapidly 74. Which one of the following undergoes predominantly, )_ mandible grows at faster rate than the middle third of the face ‘endochondral ossification? ), no such conclusion could be made 2) Maxie b) Palate (4?-09) 6) Cana base 4) Cranial vautt The first evidence of cartilage getting converted to bone (a-2012) craniofacial skeleton occur during 75. More than 90% of growth of brain or brain vault has 2) Fourth Postratal week b) Eighth Prenatal week achieved by? ©) Fourth Prenatal week «) Eighth Postnatal week 4) Syean, b) t2years (COMEDK-10} ©) 38 years d) 21 Weeks 64, In child development, the embryo period i? (weer-2o13) 13) 0-2 weeks 1) 2-3 weeks 76. Remodelling theory of craniofacial growth was given by ) 2-8 weeks 8) 9 weeks to birth 2) Brash b) don hunter (Pst-08) 6) Vander Klauuw a) Sicher & Weinmann 65. Growth is generally completed (atts.2012) 2) First im head and last in depth of face 77, Normal growth of maxilla occurs by b) Fist fm head and last in width of face 2) Displacement and drift b) Drift oniy ©) First in head and last in height of face ©) Apposition «Replacement resorption 4) First in depth and last in width of face {ATIAS MAY-13) {COMEDK-10) 78. Lip thickness reaches maxioum at what age it males? 66, Growth of Condyle is by 8) 18 years b) 18 years 4) Membranous growth b) Interstitial growth 6) 2 years @) 13 years ©) Cattilaginous proiferation (a76-14) 4) Bony Apposition 79, Cartilage differs from bone in that, the cartilage can (4-10) increase in size by 67. The gonial angle at birth is? 2) Apposition b) Interstitial growth a) 10° b) 115° 6) Selective resorption d)_Endosteal remodelling 6) 175 a) use (COMED-14) (AP-10) 80. Ina preadolescent child the maximum midline diastema 168, Who proposed the nasal septum “thoery of craniofacial that will be closed spontaneously after canine eruption ‘rowth”? 2) mm 8) 2mm a) Mass b) Sicher HB %) 6 GB 60) A Gi) D 62) c @) B 6) C Ye 6) Cc 6D 68) 0 6a) A 7) C7) 6 72) C73) AC_74) C75) A_76) A 77) A_78) B 79) B80) BLJ Coontovontics Ses )— ©) 4mm 4) 5mm (coMeD-14) 81, Anterior arch width of the dental arches increases upto the age of 3) to Byears b) 10to 12 years ©) 12 to 16 years 4) 1éto 15 years (GceT-14) 2, Which ofthe following iste? 2) Upper tip apples more preiure on upper teeth and tongue on oer teeth 'b) Tongue apply more pressure on upper teeth and lower lpson tone teeth ©) Up pressure is more 6) Tongue pressure is more (P61 JUNE-2016) 13, inassessment of saletal ape based on cervical vetebroe ar seen in lateml cephalometric radiograph, stage 3 indlates 2) Nore than one year beyond pesk growth 8) Ne growth (as then ape yer plo pk gw 4) Peak growth stil year or so ahead (aPP0-15) 184, Corpus rotatien in relation to cranium is known as 3) Matrix ‘b) Intramatrix «) Interral rotation). Apparent rotation (PGI JUNE-2013) 85. The pharyngeal structure established in early age and remain constant throughout tife is? a) Depth of oropharynx i) Depth of nasopharynx ©) Width of nasopharynx) Width of oropharynx (PGI JUNE-2011) 85. Peried of adolescent growth in boys is? 3) 3yeare b) 3.5 years ©) years ) 5 years (P61 veC-2011) 87. Hemifacial microsomia occurs during? 8), formation of germ layer 0) Migration of neural crest cells ) At the time of organ formation 44) Final differentiation of tissue (PGI SUNE-2022) By A 82) A 83) C84) C85) Bs) De)Se = 1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT - ANSWERS [Bhalajhi 31d ed 36] Usually bore grows by apposition and cartilage by interstitial ‘growth. Mandibular condyle és the only bone that shows both apposition and interstitial growth. [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 27) In endochondral type, the bone formation is preceded by formation of cartilaginous model, which is replaced by bone. Eg: Ethmoid bone, Hyoid, Incus, Stapes. In intramembranous type, the fomation of bone is not preceded by formation of cartilaginous model, Instead bone is laid directly in a flbrous membrane. Eg: Maxilla, nasal bones, garetals, zygoma, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, Both intramembrancus and endochondrial ossification is seen in ~ occipital, temporal, sphenoid bones K [Bhalajhi 31d e6 10] ‘Scammon's growth curve classifies body Hsues into 4 types Each of these tissues grow at diferent times and rates. = Prolierates rapidly in late childhood and reaches 200% adult size. This is ‘an adaptation to protect children from infections += By the age of 18 year, lymphoid tissue undergoes involution to reach adult size, "Grows very rapidly and reaches maximum size by 6-7 years (AMS- 2012) of ace. * Very little growth of neural tissue occurs after 6-7 years. (AIPG-14) © Exhibit an °S* shaped cune with rapid growth up to 2.3 years followed by a slow phase of growth between 3-10 years. (CONED-09), © After 10th years, a rapid phase of growth occu's terminating by the 18-20th yeas, © Shows negligile growth untit puberty. + Grows rapidly at pubertal age and reaches adult size after which growth cases. For which of the following tissue systems Scammon’s curve shows an'S' shaped curve? {COMED-2012], 2) Lymphoid tissue b), Neural tissues ) Muscle & Bone tissues 6) Genital tissues °8 [MS.RANI 3rd ed 77) Suturl theory Cartilaginous theory 10. n. Functional metrix theory Melvin Moss ‘Servo system theory of growth, | Petrovie and Chartier {Cybernaties) Mult-factorial theary Van Linborgh. Genetic theory Brodie Newrotropism Behrents Bhalajhi 3rd ed 31) WW [GRABER ard 0d 51) AM birth, cranium is about 55-60% of adult size, By the age of 6-7 years, almost 95% of adult size fs attained. AX birth ‘infant skull is composed of 45 bones which are reduced to 22 in adults, ‘B [GRABER 3rd e¢ 41) According to “Yan Limborgh’s” multifactorial theory, growth ‘under cantrl of genetic and environmental factors. Intrinsle genetic factors are the factors present within the skeleton. Epigenetic factors present outside the skull and manifests their influence in indirect way by intermediary action on associated structures Egi- Eyes, brain etc. °C [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 10) Genital tissues show negligible giowth untit puberty, They grow rapidly after puberty reaching adult size after which ‘growth ceases. ‘© [GRABER 3rd ed 39) ‘C [halajhi 3rd ed 28) The sphenomandibular ligament extends from the lingula of mandible to the spine of sphenoid bone and forms a remnant of meckel’s cartilage. ‘Varch (mectel’s | Sphenomandibular ligament, cartilage) [Anterior ligament of alles. 2% ach cartilage _| Stes stvlchyold pracess, (Qc Carne | re nd str pat ImceT-14] ou a ‘Greater-cormua of hyoid, Bt ach ertilage | interior part of body of hid eo Cantilages of larynx ‘D [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 28) Mandible develops as intramembrancus tone, lateral to mecha’: cartilage. The proximal end oF mackals cartilage gives rise to malleus and incus and later disappears without ‘ontibuting tothe formation of mandible,2 9. He SSS ‘© [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 18,19) [Proffit 4th ed 109), e “© [Bhalajhi 3rd od 31] © [S.RANE 3d ed 73) 'D'[Bhalajhi 3 rd 35] ‘D’ [GRABER 3rd ed 67] The mandible grows in length by resorption at the anterior border and bone deposition at the posterior border of ramus. This provides the required space for the developing and ‘erupting permanent teeth. ‘C [Proffit 4th + Tetragyctine + Technicium isotope (99m) (W [Bhalajhi 3 rd ed 33) ‘© [GRABER 3rd e¢ 51] (€ [Bhalajhi 3rd od 268) ‘The secanoid is a small nodular bone most often present embedded in tendons in the region of the thumb. Calcification of sesamoid bone is one of important features of pubertal growth spurt, which is earler in females than in males, Absence of sesamoid bone indicates delay in reaching puberty. ‘B [Bhalajhi Sed od 16] “© [Balan rt 33] ‘© [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 26) ‘D'[Bhalajhi 3 rd ed 10) ‘D’ [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 40) ‘D" [Bhatajhi 3rd ed 13] Tantalum implants are embedded in certain areas of the ‘maxilla and mandible to study the growth of skull. Implants and vital staining techniques are used to study the ynanic changes occurring during bone deposition and resorption where as radiographs show static changes. (© [MS.RAME 3rd od 56] Fusion of two adjacent bones by a cartilage Egz spheno-occipital ORTHODONTICS |syadesnoss | sion of bo adjacent bonesby a fibrous & ligament —__| Karly closure ofa suture or early fusion of | Synostosis | two adjacent bones by a bone. it ge Symphysis ment [GRABER 3rd ed 65, 66) According to Enlow's expanding 'V' principle mary facial bones will have a ‘V shaped pattern of growth. Bone deposition occurs on inner side of wide end of Vand bone resorption occurs on the outer surface. This results in growth ‘movement towards the ends. Eg: Ramus of manditle, palate, coroncid and Condylar process ete, ‘© [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 28] A single ossification center for each half of mandible arses in the area of future mental foramen lateral to mecket's cartilage where the inferior alveolar nerve bifurcates into ‘mental and incisive neive branches, Masilla hae 3 ossification centers. One primary ossification center is for maxilla proper (which arises at infraorbital foramen above the canine fossa) and the remaining two ossification centets are for pre-reaxilla ‘D’ [Bhalajhi ded ed 47) The function matix concept of Melvin moss is based on the original concept of functional cranial component by vander klaaus (PGI June- 13). According to moss. the growth and maintenance of all skeletal tissues is always secondaty to certain responses that occur in non-skeletal tissues. -'R [Profit 2ad ed 28) [American Journal OF Orthodontics} Functional matrix theory revisited by Moss includes 4 concepts 2) The rale of mechanctransduction 2) The role of an osseous connected cellular network 3) The genomic thesis 4) The enigenetic antithesis and the resolving synthesis ‘D" [Bhalajhi 31d ed 10) Thymus is a lymphoid tissue which proliferates rapidly in late childhood ard reaches 200% of adult size. After 18 years, itundergoes involution to reach adult size. “K [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 10) ‘D’ [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 15] ‘Combinations of deposition and resorption ‘occuring in different bones of skull resulting in growth movement. towards depositary surface Ge) =38, 30. 40. 4. 4. 43 ) AA \ Dental Pulse ‘It is the movement of whole bone as unit ‘+ In primary displacement, the bone is displaced as a result ofits own gronth, ‘+ In secondary displacement, the bone gets displaced as a result of growth and enlargement of adjacent bone, Displacement "© (Bhs hi 3rd ed 19,20) [Bhatajni 3ed od 18] fo) PERIOSTEAL MATRICES: Eg: Blond vessels, nerves, glands etc. These act actively upon thelr related skeletal units and produce transformation of size or shape. This transfomation is brought about by deposition and resorption. b) CAPSULAR MATRICES: Eg: Nevro-cranial capsule, oro facial capsule, Capsular matrices act passively and produce secondary translation. This trarslation is not brought about by deposition and resorption. {Bhalah 3d 0 36) ra En Peau atten. genic Senet influence and is preplanned. Sicher’s sutural | © Growth in the sutures is responsible tea fo eae grove +A tected they, ich combines all the three existing Yan tinbarg’s | thes theoyy [States that growth is under contol of intrinsic genetic, epigenetic and envionment factors, > cestainis ato sell ae prey centers o roth with stu beng oe ‘only secondary in nature (atone | cacng to Sot the mas spt cartilage is the pacemaker for growth cas ose teary coi toss __| ©The grown of stset components functional is largely depends on functional Gene | atices ono silt acs ‘coke Hypotheses emphasized on (KAR-2013) Ans: Nasal septum °C [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 15) Refer 0. No. 37 °® [Bhalajni 3rd ed 16) "0 [Gray's Anatomy 39th ed 684] «. 46, a, 48. 49, es The sizeof cranial vauttis almost af adut size by the end of 7 year. 1 (MS. Ray The stll at birth contains 45 separate bones; many of these bones are fused together and are reduced to 22 bones in adult. “© [Bhalajht Sed 6 31) The important. synchondroses found in cranial base are spheno-eccipitalsychondrosis,_spheno-ethmoid synchondrosis, inter-sphenoid synchandrosis and occipital synckondros ‘| Frincipalgionth cartilage of the cranial base duting childhood. Spheno-occpitat | * Iis cartilaginous junction between synchondrosis | sphenofd and the occipital bone (Last syachon- | the irection of growth of the drosis tofuse | sphera-occipital _synchondosis 4P-10) upwards and forwards Tt loses at an average age of 18 years. It is @ cartilaginous band between areee iene’ | the sphencid and ethmoid bones. Suncondiosis | « reossities by 5-25 years of age. + Tis cartilaginous band between Inter-sptenoidal | tye 2 pats ofthe sphencid bone, sunchondrosis | s tossiies at bith Tntre-occipital | Casfied by 3-5 years of age. | symchondrosis WW [Gray's Anatomy 39th ed 103} Consists mainly of collagenous Junctions between bores. Fibrous pints |'tg, Sutures, gumphoses and syndesmoses: Eg: Synchondroses (primary (Secondary cartilaginoss joints) ‘Al symphyses are median and almost als confined to axial skeleton ‘B [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 31) Timing of cranial base growth + By birth, 55 - 60% of adult size is achieved. # By the age of 4 7 years, 94% of adult size is attained. + By 8-13 years of age, 96% of adut sie is reached. 1 [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 14-15] 1 [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 54] In the late 1800s, Wolf, a German physiologist, observed ‘that the intereal architecture of bones reflects the strete patterns on them (KERALA -2015). According to Wolf's law of transformation of bore, unlike other connective tissues, bone responds to mild deorees of pressure and tension. Those changes are accomplished by mears of resorption of existing—_________} bone and deposition of new bone and these changes takes place on the surface of bone under the periesteum, or in the case of cancellous bone on the surface of the trabeculae or on the walls of marrow spaces, ” ‘B (M.S. Rani 3rd ed 70, 74] ‘B [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 5] ‘W [Dhalajhi 3rd ed 17/8) The functional matrix hypothesis suggests that the origin, fotm, position, growth and maintenance of skeletal tissues are always secondary to specifically related non-skeletal tissues, Functional Crantal component Lis vided into Functional mates Seletal units const of Perioteal Capsular matrix acroskeletal matrix ‘Eg.: Neuro~ ssinits Eq Muscles, cranial capeule, 2 mandible, Blood vessels, Ore-facal nails nerves, capsule Glan, ete. 4 Microskaetal EY pctintirecty vinits tke Act directly & — & parively on ech actively upon macroleletal, ‘nate micrlatet units Condyle units: + Gonial 4 Binge abost Mental Brings about passive Coronoid active and translation Onital compensatory Maxi { Freunatic tronsfemation Palatal ‘B" (Bhalajhi 3rd ed 172) The shapes of the cervical vertebrae difer at each level of skeletal development, and this help to determine the skeletal ‘maturity ofa person, Ths isthe basis of Hassel and Farman system of evaluating skolatal maturity using cervical vertebrs. The use of cervical vertebrae as skeletal maturity Indicators was frst done by (KAR-2023) ‘Ans: Hassel and Farman ‘D' [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 17) ‘D'[M.S. Rant 3rd ed 101, 102] Benninghoft studied the natural lines of stress in the skull by piercing small holes into fresh shull. Later, when the skulls were dried, he observed that the holes assumed a linear form in the direction of bony trabeculae. These lines were called Benninghoff's lines or trajectories. ORTHODONTICS 57. Trajectories of the mayillae run from the maxitary alvectar process to the base ofthe skull. The thiee vertical traiectories include: ‘= Frontonasal or canine buttress ‘© Malar-zygomatic buttress © Ptengoid buttress In mandible, Benninghoffs trajectories are essentially panel. & lire of stress extends from condyle to synphysis and from ramus that run though spongiosa The tower border of mandible and the myalohysid ridges are the other prominent buttresses of the mandible, B [Profite 4th e¢ 50, 51) Meckle's cartilage is the primary cartilage of mandible. The cartilages at the condyle, comoid and symphysis are the secondary cartilages. The condylar cartilage is. considered as the pacemaker for growth of that bone. Nasal septum is considered «s the pacemaker for growth of maxille, 8 [Bhalaji 3rd ed 31] ‘+ Intersphenofdal synchondrosis is believed to ossify at birth, ‘© Intra-occipital synchondrosis ossifies by 3 ~5 years of age. ‘+ Spheno-ethmofdal synchondroses ossifies by 5 ~ 25 years of age. ‘© Spheno-occipital synchrdoses ossifies by 17 ~ 20 years of age. “8 [Bhalajt 3rd ed 34, 35] Resorption occurs on the anterior part of ramus while deposition occurs at the posterior region. This facilitates the lengthening of the mandibular bod, which in turn accommodates the erupting molar. “W [Bhalaji 3ed ed 9} "D' [Bhalajhi th ed 28, 33, 34] °C [Proffit 4th ed 29] The concept of “Caphalo-caudal gradient of growth” cays that there is an axis of increased growth extending from the hhead towards the feet f.e., structures, wich are far from brain grow more compared to other parts, When the facial Growth pattem is viewed against the perspective of cephalo- caudal gradient, itis not surprising that the mandible, being farther away from the brain tends to grow more and later than the maxilla, which is dose to bai " [Bhalajhi 4th ed 25) ‘The cranial base wil bein cartilaginous form till 7" week of prenatal form. After that, the bones of cranial base undergo both endochondral as well as intramembrane ossification. ‘The first bone to show both endochondral and. intra ‘membranous ossification is occipital bone. The supranuchal squamous part of occipital bone ossifes intramembranously during the 8" week of intra-uterine life, Ges) =66. 67. 70. m1 Dental Pubse R. ‘The prenatal life is arbitrarily divided into three periods. They are ‘Period of ovum - extends for a period of approximately 2 weeks from the time of fertilization. + Period of embryo ~ 2° week-to-8" week Period of foetus - 9" week-to-birth n °C [Poffit au 113) [Bhalajhi 4th ed 39] [chek Explanation Below] The mandibular or gonial angle during perinatal period ranges from 135° to 150°; however, soon after birth, it decreases to 130° to 140°, In adult mandible, the gonial ‘angle measures between 110° to 120°. Studies have also indicated that the angle value of females ts 3-5" greater ‘than that of males. Note: Everthough we could not find any direct reference in suport of 175 degrees, If the same question is asked for AIPG or ALIMS exams, the answer shall be marked as 175 as it isa direct pick from Ritu Duggal "' (M.S. Rant 3% nm “ [Bhataji 4 od 44] Gum pads are developed in 2 parts. They are the labio buceal. portion and lingual portion. The two portions are separated by a groove called dental groove. The dental groove correspond to the formation of dental lamina. (PGI June- 413). The gingival groove separates the gun pad fron the palate and lor of the mouth. 7a 5. °C [Bones and cartilage: developmental and evolutionary tal biology By Brian Keith Hall Py 409] ‘© 1857 Meyer (aratomist) & Culman (mathematician) propourded the Trajectoriel theory of bone formation, Which says that the architecture of hone ic determined by both pressure and tension. Trabeculae develop along lines of stresses calculated mathematically that enable itt best resist stresses to which it is subjected during function ‘© 1870's Julius Wollf: tabecular arrangement can change with a change in intensity & direction of forces. ‘© 1925 Beninghoff: Studied architacture of cranial & facial, skeleton & so called stress trajectories. The trajectories ‘obeyed no bone Limits but rather the demands of the functional forces. 76. “©! [Profit 4th ed 33] Anthropometry i the measurement of skeletal cimersions on living individuals Various land marks established on dry (dead) skulls are measured in living individuals simply by Using soft tissue points overlying these bony land Measuring skeletal dimensions direcly o8 living individuals ie known ae (KERALL-2015) 2) Cranionetry 3) Anthropometry 6) Cephalometry 4) Fonoaraphy ™ es ‘© [Bhalajt Sth ed 66) Resorption occurs on the anterior part of the ramus while bone deposition occurs on the posterior region. This results| in a crift of the ramus ina posterior direction. This Facilitates lengthening of the manibular body. W and ‘C [Proffit 4th ed 109] The initial sign of sexual maturation in boys is usually the “fat spurt’, “Adolescence in Gris and Boys '* Breast buds | Fat spurt Stes 2 | pubic hae Breast ‘© Pubic he Stage 2 | development |» spur ty height begins ‘Onset of © Facial hair ‘Stage 3 | maturation | 6 Peak velocity in height | % '* Height spurt ends seen: _ # Increase in muscular strength The key given for this question is both A and C. Puberty in boys begins later and extends over a longer period than girl. Duration of adolescence is 5 years in boys and 3¥% years in gis °C [Proffit 4th ed 42] Intramemdranous ossification occurs in the cranial vault and both jaws. Also refer QNo.2 for further reading. By ‘exclusion, cranial base is the correct answer. ‘WK [Text book of Orthodontics by Bishara Pg 46) Cranium: 85% 11% 4% Maxilla 45% 20% 35% [Mandible | 40% Es 35% WK [Text book of craniofacial growth by Sridhar Pg 64) Brash remodeling theory of craniofacial growth is the first general theory of craniofacial growth. Principles: + Bone only grows appositionally at surfaces. + Growth of the jaws is characterized by deposition of bone at the posterior surfaces of maxila and mandible (Hunterian growth) and + Deposition of bone on the ectocranial surface of the cranial vault and resorption of bone endocranially (alvarial growth) ‘W (Balaji Sth ed 18 fig. 5 / Protfit Sth ed 37) + Until the age of 6, primary displacement from cranial base growth is important part of maxill’s forward growth. Failure ofthe cranial base to lengthen normally, as in achondroplasia and other congenital syndromes create a characteristic midface deficiency.SSS 7. 81. © At about age 7, cranial base growth stops, and then stural growth is the only mechanism for bringing the ‘maxilla forward. For explanation of drift and displacement, refer Q.No.37 8 [Profit Sth ed 40] Lip thickness in both male and females reaches its maximum ‘during adolescence, then decreases in their 20's and 305s; some women consider that loss of lip thickness a problem and seek treatment. In females tip thiciness reaches a maximum at age 14 and males at age 15; in both sexes lip thickness begins to reduce after 16 years of age. {(Proffit 5th ed 33) Hard tissues are bones teeth and cartilages. According to profit, cartilage, particulaly the cartilage signiticantly involved in growth (urcaleifed) behaves like soft ticcue rather than as hard tissues. In uncalcifed cartilage and soft ‘issues, growth occurs primarily by interstitial growth. Interstitial growth means that growth occurs in all points within the tissue. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are secondary growth characteristics. In contiast when mineralization takes place and hard tissue is formed, interstitial growth is not possible and growth occurs by apposition of bone. Interstitial growth is a prominent aspect of overall skeletal growth because a major part of the skeletal system is originally modelled in cartilage like base of skull, trunk and Limbs. ‘B [Proffit Sth ed 642) Whatever might be the etiology, diastema greater than 2 mm is unlitely to close spontaneously. In these cases there is necessity for bodily tooth movement of incisors. ‘N [Proffit 5th ed 212 table] Anterior arch width (incisors and canines) of both maxilla land mandible arches increases unto ® years, thereafter shows only a little change. This increase in interior arch width provides a space of about 2 mm on average. 'N [Proffit Sth ed 280 Fig. The resting pressures from the lip or cheeks and tongue are not balanced. In the maxillary incisor region, ip pressure is greater than the tongue pressure. But, in mandibular incisor region. the tongue pressure is greater than the lip pressure. This imbalance causes the teeth to be stable, which would otherwise, cause tooth movement. 1C [Proffit Sth ed 75 Fig. 3-12) Vertebral ages can be calculated from the images of cervical vertebrae seen in lateral cephalometric radiograph. Tdicates the peak arowth at adolescence fs Stase 2 sila year ar so ahead Stage 3_| Les than one year prior to peak growth ‘Stage 4 | Typically «year or 30 beyond peak growth ORTHODONTICS 86, 8s. 87. ore than 1 year beyond the peak ofthe [stage 5 | growth spurt, probably with more vertical than antero posterior growth remaining. More than 2 years beyond peak growth (But ‘na patient with a severe skeletal probiem, stage ¢ | tSPeclly excessive mandibular growth, not ‘necessarily ready for surgery-the best way to Aetermine the cessation of growth is serial ‘cephalometric radiographs). “€ [Proffit Sth ed 100 Table 4-2) ‘B" [Graber 3th ed 169] Multiple recent researches have concluded that the depth of the nasopharynx is established during the fist two years of life and thie éimencion remains constant thereafter. “b’ [Prott 5th ed 160) ‘Stage 1 “Appearance of breast bus", Beginning of initia! pubic hair adolescent growth ‘Stage 2 (About 12 | Noticeable breast development, months later) allay hair, dark/more PEAK veLOCITY In| abunéant pubic nat HEIGHT ‘Stage 3( 12-18 | Nenses, broadening of hips rmenths later) with adult fat distribution, Growth spurt ending _| breasts completed. ‘Stage 1 “Fat spurt” weight cain, Beginning of feminine fat distribution _adolescent growth |Stage 2 (about 12 | Redistribution reduction in fat. ‘month later) pubic hair, growth in pers, Height spurt beginning ‘Stage 3 (@-12 month | Facial hair appears on urper lip only ailary hai, muscular arowth with harder more angular body form. facial hair on chin and tip, adult istrbution/color of rubic and axillary hafr, adult body form. ‘B' [Proffit Sth ed 116 Last Paragraph] levelopment: The five principal stages in craniofacial development are: 8) Formation of germ layer and initial organization of craniofacial structures ») Formation of Neural tube and oropharynx €) Origins, migration and interactions of cell populations, especially neural crest cells. 4) Formation of organ systems (pharyngeal arches, primary and secondary palates) res) ===((2e2a 2) Final differentiation of tissues (skeletal, muscular and nervous elements Dental Pulse ‘Stages of embiyonie craniofacial development co formation and | Day 17 _| Feta alechol Syndrome exgarization + Hemi Origin, microsomia sinatonand | oyys1526 |» Mndbltct interaction of bere it popult salecpntion + Linb abnormalities Glft tip and/or Palate, Primary Palate | ays ze-se_ | ef ip and/or Secondary oe Days 42-55. | cleft palate F * Achondroplasia Gifferentation | Day 50- bith | Svastosis ee * Syndromes (Crouzon, Aerts ete)—_________} ORTHODONTICS Bees 9 EE 1. In children median diastema between maxillary permanent centrals closes with the eruption of 2) axillary permanent fst premolar 8) axillary permanent central incisor ©) Navillary permanent canines «) axillary permanent second molars (AP -2K, PGI -2k,98) 2. The average “Leeway space” available in each half of the ‘maxilla is approximately 2) 0.9 mm b) 2.8 mm ©) 40mm d) 6.8 mm (Man -96, AIFS -05) 3. If a flush terminal plane is present in the deciduous dentition then the molars will erupt. 8) Initially in clase T occlusion +) Initially in class It occlusion 6), Initially in class 1 occlusion 4) fd to end (MAN -2k, AIFG -05) 4 The primate spaces ate related to the position of the diastema that are 2) Distal to the maxilla primary canines and mesial to the ‘mandibular primary canioes. 5) Nesial to the maxillary primary canines and distal to the ‘nandibular primary canines. ©) Distal to both the maxillary and Mandibular primary 4) Wesial to both maillary and mandibular primary canines (KAR, PGI -23, COMEDK -08) 5 Which of the following can be predicted from a flush terminal plane of primary dentition 2) Always reslts in Class I molar relation ) Always resuts in class 11 molar elation )_ Always results in class TI molar relation 8) Final molar celation cannot be precicted definitely (MAN 98) 6 The “Ugly duckling” stage of the transitional dentition 4s characterized by all of the following except 2) Deep overtite ») istoangula ail inclination of the maxillary incisors 6) Nondiular lateral incitrs erupting Uingsal tothe ‘mandibular central incisors 4) Possible overet (MAN -95) 7. Late mesial shift is due to a) Closure of primate spaces ) tuption of first permanent molars ¢) Related to end on ~ molar relation 4) Closure of lee way space (MAN ~02, AIPG-95) & With respect to their permanent successors, the sum ‘of the mesio distal diameters of the first and second 10. a 12. 2B. 14, 15. 16. a7. 18. ©) The same 4) Not related {AIPG -98) Primate spaces are between: a) Bante ») Cando ©) and C Options A and B (AIIMS -95) Spacing seen between the maxillary deciduous teeth in 8 6-year old child indicates: a) Good growth ©) Class IT tendency b) Class I tendency 1) Presence af mesiodens (AIPG ~39) Intercarine width in maxilla fs increased with a) Eruption of lateral incisors ') Eruption of permanent canines ©) Eruption premolars 4) Euption of peg laterals (AIPG 96, AP -97) ‘Transitional phase of dentition is: ) During eruption of permanent and exfoliation of deciduous teeth bb) Afterall permanent teeth have erupted ©) Phase during correction of malocclusion 4) None of the above Ualy duckling stage affects 3) Maxillary anterior teeth '8) Mancibular anterior teeth bb) Both Maxillary and mandibular teeth 2) Cause decrease in vertical height {AIPG -96) (AlPG -02) Which terminal plane is favorable for E/E to have class T molar relationship? a) Flush terminal plane ) Distal step ) Mesil step 4) None of the above (HCET-09) Good contacts in primary teeth with lack of spacing predicts? 2) Normal occlusion in permanent teeth ») Crowding in permanent teeth €) Anterior eoss bite ) Spaced permanent dentition (anIMs-32) [After mined dentition stage the arch length from first molar to first molar usually: (Or) The arch length from mised dentition to permanent dentition a) Remains same ) Increases «) Decreases «Doubles (AIRG -95, PGI JUNE- 12) Which ofthe following isa self corecting anomaly: 9) Ualy duckling stage») Deep tite ¢) Retrasion 6) Protrusion (P61 -97, 98) Leeway space of Nance is utilized in deciduous molars is generally: 2) Early mesial sift of first permanent molars ®) less ) Greater, 1) Incisal tailty Dey PO) 8 POH © HoH 8 HO mA Me mA BA 4) 815) 8 16) 17) At) C =—=( ra Dental Pubse Ses )_ Late mesiat shift of fist permarent molars 29. The average ieeway space available in each half of 4), Secondary spacing of first permanent molars mandible is (COMEDK -04, 05) 2) 38mm b) 1.7mm 19, The usly duckling stage is seen at the age of ©) 24 mm ) 0.9 mm a) 6-7 years b) 9-10 years (KAR -02) ©) 10-12 years @) 12 - th years 30. Mesal step formation in deciduous dentition is (ap -98) indication of future 20, Spacing in anterior teeth in deciduous dentition 2) Cass IT malocclision b) Class 111 malocelusfon ‘) Common an¢ desirable ©) Aaterior crowding) Anterior cross bite )_ Uncommon and undesirable (KAR -01) «) Common ané undesirable 31, Ina newborn child we generally see 4) Uncommon 2) Maxillary protrusion) Masillary retusion (61-03) 6) Mandibular protrusion d) Mandibular retrusion 21, AG yrotd child came to the dental clinic with spacing in (Pot -98) anterior teeth. The line of treatment is 32. Which of the following is used in mixed dentition 8) Fined appliance ——b).Removable appliance classification of malocclusion ©) Inclined plane 2) Angles classification b) Simon's orbital plane 4) No treatment, observation of patient. 6) Push terminal planed) Allo the above (P6103) (Pot -98) 22. Differance in width of permanent and primary incisor: is 33. Which of the following ie cerrect 4) Incisal guidance) Incisa inclination 2) The primary teeth begin to erupt atthe age of 6) Overjet 6) nets ability 6 months (P6102) ®) The eruption of all primary teeth fs completed by 2 Ye 23, Leeway space is =3 thyss. 8) 1.7 mmand greater in mandible «The sequence of eruption of deciduous dentition is A-B- 'b) 1.7 mm and teast in mandible bce, ¢) 344 mmand greater in mandible 4) A ofthe above 4) 3.4 mmand least in mandible (PGI-02) 34. Which of the following is correct 24, Into how many segments the infant's gum pad Is divided 2) Adeep bite may be seen in inital stages of development a) Two in each quacrant b) Three in each quacrant ) The order of eruption of maxilary permanent teeth is ©) Two in each jaw) Fivein each quadrant 6:1-24-35-7 (A1P6 -04) ©) The order of eruption of mandibular permanent teeth is 25, Spaces in deciduous dentition 61-23-45-7 2) Physiological b) pathological 4) Al of the above ©) IncisalGabity 4) none of above (ALIMS -04) 35, Most of leeway space is contributed by 26, An Byr old child has 13t molar cusp-to-cusp relation. The 2) Second primary molar b) Primary canine ‘treatment is ©) Fist primary mlar 4) None of above a) Fived appliance _b)_ Removable appliance €) Continuous recall and observe 36. Ecuption of the permanent maxillary second molar prior 4) None of above to the maxillary second premolar is: (Pst-o1) 2) Normal and desirable b) Abnormal and undesirable 27. In primary dentition the anatomic structure used te ©) Abnormal and desirable d) Normal and undesirable determine the molar relationship (KAR-04) 8), Mesio buccal cusp of primary 2nd molar 37. According to Wolffs Laws b) Distal plane of primary 1st molar 2) Human teeth drift mesially as interproximal wear occurs )Mesial surface of primary 1st motar 9) Pressure causes bone resorption 4) Distal plane of primary 2n¢ molar ©) The optimal level of force for moving teeth is 10 to 200 (KAR -03) grams 28, Grooves, which are present in gum pads between the 4) Bane trabeculae tine up in esponse to mechanical suesses ‘nine and the 1st molars and relates the upper and (AIPG-05) lower gum pads are called as 38. The commonest teeth involved in transposition ar 3) Gingival groove —_b)- dental groove 2) Maxillary central incisor and lateral incisor ) Vestibular sulcus) lateral sulcus ) Maxillary canine and first premolar (ar -99) «), Maxillary 1° premolar and 2° premolar 4) Maxillary canine and lateral incisor (AIP6-05) 8 2) A Ayo 2) 0 ye m4) 0 BA eC Md 2%) 0 9) 8 3) 8 sD 32) C33) 034) 035) A_36) B37) 038) B : = =ee ] Coortnovonrtics —- 39, Incisal tiability on an average in the maxillary arch is: 2) 3mm 5) 6mm ©) mm ) 7.5mm (COMEDK-05) 40. Gum pads are divided into following segments: 1) Bimexch quadrant b) 2 in eath jaw 6) Sineach quadrant) 2 i each quadrant (AIIMS-05) 41. Ugly duckting stage of dentition in children ts corrected by eruption of which tooth? 1) Central incisor) Lateral incisor ©) Canine 4) Second melar (COMEDK-o7, GcET-16) ‘42. After 6 years of age, the lengthening of mandible occurs mainly a) at the symphysis 'b) between the canines ©) Distal to ist permanent molar 4) Along the lower border (KAR-04) 42. Unly docking stage coincides with transitional pha 8) Ist transitional phase b) Inter transitional ) and tansitonal a) Allo the above (BHU-07) 44, Which of the following is NOT a transient / self correcting malocclusion? 1) Spaced primary denttion b) Deep overbite in primary dentition 6) Rush ternal planes in primary dentition ) Anterior crossbite in primary dentition (wcet-08) irement in the maxila at 16 yrs the mandibular inter-eanine width at 14 yrs ) Increase in the mandibular height at 12 yrs 44) Increase in the manillary inter-canine width at 12 yrs (KCET-09) 46, Midtine diastema present in children is self correcting if diastema is not more than 2) 20mm b) 1.5mm ¢) 10mm 4) 0.5 mm (pst-2011) 47, At which stage of Noll’, the tooth starts erupting: a) Stages b) stage 6 ©) Stage 7 4) Stage 8 (ATINS-2012) 48. Leeway space is due to? 4) Space difference between deciduous canine and molar ‘and their succedaneous permanent teeth b) Space difference between deciduous incisors and their ‘suecedaneous permanent teeth ©) Difference between deciduous and permanent maxillary canine 4) None (arG.14) wo) ¢ Me 2) c ae A) 0 ayo) A ABD) A=—=((S2PA Dental Pubse 3. + “€ [Bhalajni 3rd ed 48) ‘The condition fe ualy duckling stage, a transient oF self correcting malecelusion seen in maxilary incisor region between 89 years age. It is sten during eruption of permanent canines. ‘K [Bhalajii 3rd ed 48) The combined mesiodistal width of the permanent canines and premolars is usually less than that of deciduous canines and molars and thie difference is known at Leeway Space ‘of Nancy. This space is used by the permanent lower molars during late mesial shift from end-on occlusion to class-I elation, The amount of leeway space is about 1.8 mm (0.9 mm on each side of arch) in maxillary arch and about 3.4 mm in mancibular arch (1.7 mm on each side of arch). “V [Bhatajhi 31d 64 43) ‘The distal surface of upper and lower second deciduous molars are in one vertical plane. ‘© The permarent molars will erupt in a flush or| _end on relationship. ‘© The distat surface of lower second deciduous ‘molars more mesial to that of upper second deciduous molac '* Mesial step- (normal mesial step of < 2mm, which fs more common}- The permanent ‘molars will erupt in Angle's elass-I occlusion ‘+ Baaggerated Mesial step of >2 mm- The petmanent molars wil erupt in Angle's class- Ut oedusien ‘The distal surface of lower second deciduous ‘molar is distal to that of upper second| ecidvous molas - - The permanent mols may erpt in Aale’s ass-I occlusion. Primate spaces or Simian spaces or Anthropoid spaces are seep mesial to the maxillary canines and distal to the mandibular canines. The primate space of maxillary aich is also known as Baum’s space (GCEI-14). These spaces are utilized during early mesial shift of molars from end-on to class-I elation, °D [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 43] Initialy the permanent molars will erupt in end-on relation, Liter it ig converted into clase-I relation by utilizing the physiological primate spaces and leeway space in the lower aich and also ty differential forward growth of mandible ‘The firal malar relation cannot be defintely predicted © au. 12. 2B. 4, 18. 16. ‘D [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 43) Early mesial shift of permanent molars from end.on to class relation occurs by utilizing primate spaces. Late mesial shift of permanent molars fiom end-on to class-T relation occurs by utilizing leeway spaces. ‘B [Bhatajhi 3rd ed 48) ‘D [Bhalajhi 3rd od 41) 1K [Bhatajht 3rd e641) Spacing in primary dentition is normal and desirable for the normal development of the permanent dentition. Absence of physologic spaces indicates the possibility of crowding after the eruption of larger permanent teeth. ‘B [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 44) Maximum inter canine width in maxilla coincides with the ‘eruption of cannes. It fs completed by the 10-12 years with an average increase of 5.5 mm. In mandible, maximum Intercanine width occurs with eruption of incisors. It is completed by 9-10 years of age with an average increase of only 3 mm. Inter canine width increase is more in closed arches than in spaced arches, ‘W [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 42) ‘W [Bhalojhi 3rd ed 48) aly duckling stage is seen in maxilary central incisor region between 8 -9 years of age. This condition is seen during eruption of permanent canines. The developing canines displaces the roots of central and lateral incisors mesially and causes distal di crowns of the central incisors resulting in midi This type of malocclusion is not seen in lower aich because lower anteriors erupt almost simultaneously. Also, the path of eruption of mandibular canine is different from that of maxillary canines ‘® [Check Explanation Betow) According to stobha tandon and Medonalds, if the deciduous arches terminate in a mesial step, the permanent molars nay erupt directly into a normal sngle class I relationship, in few cases it may develop into class II relationship. ‘B (Bhalajhi 3rd ed 41) “© [Bhalajht 3rd ed 43] The decreased arch length is due to mesial drifting of permanent molars.—_________} m 19, ee ‘K [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 48) ‘The condition is corected by itself after complete eruption 32. of permanent canines. 33. ‘© [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 43] 34. If the deciduous dentition is spaced dentition, the end-on relation is converted into class-I molar relation by utilizing 35. the physiological primate spaces. Since this occurs early in the mixed dentition perio itis called as earty mesial shift. When no spaces exist after exfoliation deciduous 2nd mola, the permenent molars migrate mesially to use up the leeway 36. spaces and establish ciass-l relation. This occurs in late mixed dentition period and is known as late mesial shift. 37. ‘8! [Bholajhi 3rd ed 48] 38. ‘W [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 64] ‘DY [Bhalajhi Sed of 48] ‘D' [Bhalajht 3rd ed 44] The permanent incisors are usually larger than the deciduous teeth they replace. This difference between amount of space needed for the accommodation of the incisors and 39. the amount of space available is called incisal liability. The incisal liability is about 7mm in maxillary arch and about 40. ‘5mm in mandibular arch (GCET-14) a1. tsa is overcome ‘© Utilizing physiologic spaces in primary dentition. a ‘+ Increase in inter canine width z ‘+ Nore labial inclination of permanent incisors. 46. ‘C [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 48] ‘0’ [thalajhi 3rd od 40) The gum pads are divided into 10 segments (5 in each quacrant) by transverse grooves. The transverse grooves between the canine and the first deciduous molar is called the lateral sulcus. The lateral sulci are used in judging the interarch relationship at a very early stage. [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 41) [Bhaji 3rd ed 43] os ‘D’ [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 43] 1 [Bhalajhi 3rd od 40] ‘® [Bhatajhi 3rd ed 48) ‘B [Bhalajhi 3rd od 44) Mesial step terminal plane leads Class-I ccclusion. If the differential growth of mandible in forward direction persists, it can lea to angles Clas-III malocclusion, 46. ‘D' [Bhalajhi 3rd ed 40] ORTHODONTICS “C [Bhatajhi 3rd ed 63] ‘D’[Bhalajhi 3rd ed 41) ‘D'[Bhalajhi 3rd ed 42, 48] W [Check Explanation Bstow] ost ofthe leeway space is contributed by primary second molar due to significant diference in size between it and second premelar “0 [Bhalajht3* od 48) “D’ [Bhalajhi 3" ed 54] ‘B’ [Profit 4th ed 457] Canine-frst_ premolar transpositir transposition, the most common Canine-taterat transposition, incisor ie the eecond mest common Transposition is never sean in primary de “0” (M.S. Rani 314 od 40} °C [Bhaajhi 3 ed 34) “© [Bhaajhi 3 ed 48 Fig, 10) a “C [Bhalaji 3rd ed 48) “D [Bhoaf 14 of 211 ‘Some of the transient malocclusions are «Open bite seen in um pads + Deep bite + spacing in decduoes denon ‘= Flush terminal plane © Ualy duckling stage Any crossbite should be corrected at the earls waiting. without ‘D' [Text book of Orthodontics by Sridhar Prem Kumar 1" ed 20} Ip bath enidasand_ Galas the voniiny tnbueantve dimer serves as a safety valve mechanism to control mandibalar growth (MCET-14, AP-14) during subetal growth spurts, where thre isa basal horizontal mandibalar growth partly unmatched by the gronth of maxi, asthe Mardibuar grows downward. and frwatd. ‘The mxilary intercanine dimension adjusts as the mandibular dentition trough foward thus etminatng the fush terminal plane relation of residual claus I tendencies. ‘W [Profit 4th ed 247] If the diastema (space) between maxillary central incisors is >2nim, self-correction is unlikely,AA A_~CCoentel Sutse 47. *® [Gurukeerat Singh 2nd ed 40] Nolla arbitrarily divided the development of each tooth into 10 stages. 0 | Absence of Crypt 1_| Presence of Cryst 2_| Initial caetication 33rd of crown complete “4 _| 2/314 af crown completed 5 | own almost completed ‘5 | Gown completed 7_| 1/31d of root completed 8 _| 2/31d of root completed 9 _| Root aimost completed, open apex [10 | Apical end af roat completed Note: After the completion of crown, the tooth starts its eruptive movements. So stage 6 is appropriate. 48, ‘H [Check Explanation of @.No.2]ORTHODONTICS Bees 9 1. Retained mandibular deciduous central incisors will 10. Abnormally thick maxillary labial frenum results in result in 8) Maxilary Midline dastema 4) Lingual eruption of mandibular permanent incisors b) Imbrication of incisors 8) labial eruption of mandibular permanent incisors ¢) Labia intinaton of incisors ©) Impaction of mandibular permanent incisors ) Anterior deep bite 4) Ankylosis of mandibular permanent incisors (COMEDK -04) (MAN -99) 12. The absormet swallowing pattern with the poorest 2 The most common local cause of malocclusion is prognosis is: 8) Premature exfoliation of deciduous maxilary central a) Simple tongue thrust) Complex tongue thrust incisors ) Infantile swallow 4) Retained infantile swallow 8) Prolonged retention of primary teeth (P6I-29) «)_Ankylosis of permanent teeth 412, Treatment of diastema because of » thick tabial frenum 44) Impaction of permanent teeth is done: (NAN -99, AP -04, 05) @) After frenectomy —_b)_ Before eruption of canines 3. The most common cause of maxillary central incisor to )_ After eruption of eanines be in cross-bite is 6) Before frenectomy 2) Premature exfoliation of deciduous maxillary central (AlIMS -92) incisors 13, The most prahable cause of crowding in lower anterior 8) Prolonged retention ef deciduous mavilay certralincisers region ist ©) igh labial frerum 8) Prolonged retention of lower primary incisors 4) Early oss of deciduous mandibular b) Premature exfoliation of lower primary incisors (NAN -99, AP -06) ©) Presence of supernumerary teeth ‘4 Tooth in the mandibular arch which is most likely to he 4) Tooth-size-arch length discrepancy displaced due to arch sie discrepancy is (61 -39) 2) Fist molar b) Second motar 14, Prolonged retention of primary tooth may lead te ©) First premolar Second premolar 8) Altered path of permanent tooth eruption (AIINS -01) b) Root resorption of adjacent tooth 5 Which one of the following has maximum familial tendency? «)Ankylosts of permanent tooth 8) Protruded maxilary incisors «) Warping f roc of adjacent teeth 8) Open bite (?sI-99) ©) Deep 4) Upper and tower cross bite 15. A child is brought to the clinic with complaint of irregular (KCET-09) teeth, ‘The maxillary central incisor is rotated in 6 The cause of pseudociass TI malocclusion is: ‘otherwise normal occlusion. What should the next step be? 8) Developmental deficiency 8) Check for supernumerary teeth b) Increased mandibular growth b) Resection of supracrstal fibers «) Funetional abnormality 4) Hormonal disturbance «) Exert a couple on tooth {AIPG -01, AP-05) 4) Fixed orthodontic appliances given 7. Mouth breathing with enlarged adenoids and tonsils may (AlIMS-94) be best described as: 16. A malocclusion is characterized by protrusion of 2) Anatomic b) Obstructive manilla, abioversion of maxillary incisors deep overbite 6) Physicloge a) Habitual ‘and overjet. These are typical cheracteristic of which (Pct -98) malocclusion & A child who had a congenital defect of cleft lip and a) Class ) Class tt ova eft palate is most likely to suffer from which kind ofc) Clase TT Div2 @) Clase ‘matecetusion (ap 98) 4) Bilateral posterior cross tite 17, A $-year-old patient exhibits left maxitiary central ) collapsed anterior mandibular arch ‘incisor in cress bite. Supporting bone isin harmony with 6) Frotrsion and spacing of maxillary anterior teeth tooth site. The mast probable cause is: 4) (lass I division I malocdusion 8) Premature extraction of primary right central incisor (AP -99) ») Prolongee retention of primary left central incisor 9. Acromegaly is associated with: )_ Absence of mandibular left central incisor 8) Class. Imalocclision b) Class, Teross bite 6) All of the above ©) Gass, I malocclusion.) Class, TT malocclusion {AIPG -89) (AlINS -97) yA DAD eo HOH 6 HH) A HO WA yo WC Bo 4) A 15) A_ 16) 8 17) 8 =Dental Pubse Ses 18, The most common cause of class II malocclusion 28, Earnest Klein has lassified habits into 4) Sleeping habits b) Growth discrepancy 2) Compulsive and non-compulsive habits ¢), Thumb and tongue thrusting 5) Intentional and non-intentional habits 4) Tooth to jaw size discrepancy. ©) Primary and secondary habits (AP -14, MAN -97) 4) Pressure ard non-pressure habits 419 Bruxism bears which one of the following relationships (UPsC-01) to malocclusion 29, Breathing is termed anatomic mouth breathing if 4), Malocclusion is only cause of bruxism 2) Short upper tip, ——_b)- Enlarged Adenoid b) Maloccusion may be the cause of bruxisn ©) Enlarged Tonsil d)‘Both Aand 8 ©) Correction of ‘occlusal discrepancy alvays eliminate (261-03, 05) bruxism 30. The positioning of tongue in infantile swallowing is 4) None of above 2) Posterior by) Mediot (KAR-98) 6) baterat 4) Anterior 20, A 10 year-old patient with class II relationship stops (aP-2012) ‘thumb - sucking 31. The pationts with class I division 1 malocclusion have 2), Over-et will decrease 4) Hypertonic lower ip b) Hypotonic tower lip ) Upper incisors wil become up right ©) Hypertonic upper tip d)Hypotonic upper ip ) There willbe crowding ofthe lower incisors (AIINS-94) a) Aand B 32, In thumb-sucking habit, posterior cross bite occurs due te (MAN -94, 99) 2) Lass of noma outward thrust of the tongue 21. Which ofthe following is nota features of simple tongue ) Negative pressure within the oral cavity, which causes ‘thrust swallowing buccinator to force the maxillary molar palatally {Contraction of facial muscle 3 ABB ) Loss of oral seal bj Contraction of manditutar elevators (A1?6-98) ) Teeth apart swallow d) Anterior open bite 33. Lollos, « 13-year old child has a severe thumb-sucking (MAN -01) habit. On examination he has a Class-I! malocclusion, 22, The oral drive theory to explain thumb sucking habit was anterior open bite with an over-jet of 12mm. His siven by cephatogram will show: a) Benjamin b) Sears and wise 2) Normal anterior and posterior facial heights ©) Sigmund treud i) Sehetdon ) Tncteased anterior facal height ané normal posterior (MAN -01) facial height 23, Abnormal muscle activity results in ©) Increased posterior facial height and normal anterior 9) Bruxism b) nail biting ‘facial height | ) Tongue thrusting). thumb sucking 4) creased posterior facial height and increased anterior (MAN-2K) facial height 24, In adenoid facies, the facial profile is, {AIIMS -98) a) Long and wide ) Long and narrow 34, The effect of enlarged Adenoids on the maxillary growth ©) Short and wide ———d)- Short and narrow is by (MAN-00, KAR-03) 2) Narrowing of maxilla b) Widening of maxilla 25, Which of the following statements is False ©) Palatal plane tipped upwards at PNS 2) Heredity plays an important role inthe development of 4) Palate descends down normal occlusion. {AIIMS -2k) b) A tongue thrusting habit may cause an open bite 35. Which of the cephalometric parameter is used to ©) Mouth breathing is @ recognized contrituting cause of iagnose a long face syndrome patient? malocclusion 2) ANB angle b) SNR ance 4) The euspids are the most useful teeth forthe anchorage ©) Saraback ratio 4) Saédle angle of appliances (AIP -04) (MAN-95) 36. 80% cephatic index of a patient indicates 26, In the pre-school stage what % of the children show hich ofthe following ‘thumb-sucking 2) Brachycephalic b) Mesocephatic 2) Less than 10% b) 10-20% ©) Doticacephatic 1) Depends on age c) More than 50% —— d) all children {AIIMS 24) (MAN-99) 37. Soft tissue profile of a thumbsucking patient is 27. Rooting reflex disappears in normal infants by the age of 2) eanver 1) concave a) months after bith —b) 7 months ater birth «normal 4) anterior divergent ) 9 months after bith 4) 12 months after birth (AIPG -98) (HAN-03, KAR-99), WS 8) 6 Myo 2c aw 2) mB es) 0 wpe 2%) 8 eB 2) A 3a) D 31) D3) C_ 33) B34) A_35) C36) A_ 3A = :