LEADERSHIP STYLES- KURT

A leadership style refers to a leader's characteristic behaviors when directing, motivating,

guiding, and managing groups of people. Great leaders can inspire political movements and
social change. They can also motivate others to perform, create, and innovate.

As you start to consider some of the people who you think of as great leaders, you can
immediately see that there are often vast differences in how each person leads. Fortunately,
researchers have developed different theories and frameworks that allow us to better identify
and understand these different leadership styles.Here are just a few of the most prominent
leadership frameworks and styles that have been identified.
Lewin's Leadership Styles

In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin set out to identify different

styles of leadership. While further research has identified more distinct types of leadership,
this early study was very influential and established three major leadership styles that have
provided a springboard for more defined leadership theories. In Lewin's study, schoolchildren
were assigned one of three groups with an authoritarian, democratic, or laissez-faire leader.
The children were then led in an arts and crafts project while researchers observed the
behavior of children in response to the different styles of leadership. The researchers found
that democratic leadership was the most effective style in inspiring the children to perform
well.

1. Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic)

Authoritarian leaders, also known as autocratic leaders, provide clear expectations for
what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. This style of
leadership is strongly focused on both command by the leader and control of the followers.
There is also a clear division between the leader and the members. Authoritarian leaders
make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group.

Researchers found that decision-making was less creative under authoritarian leadership.
Lewin also concluded that it is more difficult to move from an authoritarian style to a
democratic style than vice versa. This method is usually viewed as controlling, bossy, and
dictatorial. Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for
group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group.
The autocratic approach can be a good one when the situation calls for rapid decisions and
decisive actions. However, it tends to create dysfunctional and even hostile environments,
often pitting followers against the domineering leader.

2. Participative Leadership (Democratic)

Lewin’s study found that participative leadership, also known as democratic leadership, is
typically the most effective leadership style. Democratic leaders offer guidance to group
members, but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members.
In Lewin’s study, children in this group were less productive than the members of the
authoritarian group, but their contributions were of a higher quality.
Participative leaders encourage group members to participate but retain the final say in the
decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more
motivated and creative. Democratic leaders tend to make followers feel like they are an
important part of the team, which helps foster commitment to the goals of the group.

3. Delegative Leadership (Laissez-Faire)

Researchers found that children under delegative leadership, also known as laissez-faire
leadership, were the least productive of all three groups. The children in this group also
made more demands on the leader, showed little cooperation, and were unable to work
independently.

Delegative leaders offer little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-
making up to group members. While this style can be useful in situations involving highly
qualified experts, it often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation. Lewin noted
that laissez-faire leadership resulted in groups that lacked direction where members blamed
each other for mistakes, refused to accept personal responsibility, and produced a lack of
progress and work.

Observations About Lewin's Leadership Styles (Criticism and remarks)

In their book, "The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial

Applications," Bass and Bass note that authoritarian leadership is often presented solely in
negative, often even disapproving terms. Authoritarian leaders are often described as
controlling and close-minded, yet this overlooks the potential positives of stressing rules,
expecting obedience, and taking responsibility.

While authoritarian leadership certainly is not the best choice for each and every situation, it
can be effective and beneficial in cases where followers need a great deal of direction and
where rules and standards must be followed to the letter. Another often overlooked benefit of
the authoritarian style is the ability to maintain a sense of order.

Bass and Bass note that democratic leadership tends to be centered on the followers and is an
effective approach when trying to maintain relationships with others. People who work under
such leaders tend to get along well, support one another, and consult other members of the
group when making decisions.

TRAIT THEORY OF LEADERSHIP

INTRODUCTION

The trait theory of leadership is an early assumption that leaders are born and due to this
belief, those that possess the correct qualities and traits are better suited to leadership. This
theory often identifies behavioural characteristics that are common in leaders. Trait theory
of leadership is one of the first academic theories of leadership and attempts to answer
why some people are good leaders and others are not. This line of research emerged as one of
the earliest types of investigations into the nature of effective leadership and is tied to
the "great man" theory of leadership first proposed by Thomas Carlyle in the mid-1800s.
Thomas Carlyle used such understanding to identify the talents, skills and characteristics of
men who rose to power.

The trait theory of leadership is based on the characteristics of many leaders – both successful
and unsuccessful – and is used to predict leadership effectiveness. The resulting lists of traits
are then compared to those of potential leaders to assess their likelihood of success or failure.
Once found, the theory is that these natural leaders can then be nurtured to become great
leaders.

Key Characteristics : Some of the most common leadership traits identified, are:

 Knowledge of the business

 Initiative

 Tenacity

 Energy

 Good cognitive skills and capable of using good judgement and decisions

 Flexibility

 Creativity

 Charisma

 Emotional intelligence

 Drive and motivation to succeed

 Confidence

 Honesty and integrity

Traditionally, the most ardent versions of trait theory see these “leadership characteristics” as
innate, and as such, some people are seen to be ‘born leaders’, due to their psychological
makeup. Proponents of this theory believe that leadership development consists of identifying
and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders from non-leaders, and then
training those with potential. In fact, modern thinking suggests that the above traits are little
more than characteristics, which although some people can possess them naturally, can be
learned, and built into one’s behaviours and thinking, thus affecting their leadership potential.
In tandem with modern day thinking, leadership is seen as a skill to be mastered and
therefore, the above characteristics can all be sharpened. As a result, it is wise to first
understand these ‘traits’ and then develop areas of weakness, in order to become a great
leader yourself. The trait theory of leadership focuses on identifying different personality
traits and characteristics that are linked to successful leadership across a variety of situations.

Thomas Carlyle and the Trait Theory of Leadership

According to Carlyle, history is shaped by extraordinary leaders. This ability to lead is

something that people are simply born with, Carlyle believed, and not something that
could be developed. Carlyle's ideas inspired early research on leadership, which almost
entirely focused on inheritable traits.

Some of the implications of the trait theory of leadership are that:

 Certain traits produce certain patterns of behavior

 These patterns are consistent across different situations
 People are born with these leadership traits
 Controversy Over Leadership Traits

Early studies on leadership focused on the differences between leaders and followers with the
assumption that people in leadership positions would display more leadership traits than those
in subordinate positions. What researchers found, however, was that there were relatively few
traits that could be used to distinguish between leaders and followers. For example, leaders
tended to be higher in traits such as extroversion, self-confidence, and height, but these
differences tended to be small.

There are some obvious problems with the trait approach to leadership. Since advocates of
this theory suggested that certain traits were linked to strong leadership, why doesn't every
person who exhibits these supposed “leadership traits” become a great leader? What about
great leaders who don't possess the traits typically linked to leadership? What about the role
of situational variables or characteristics of the group?

Important Leadership Traits

Even today, books and articles show the various characteristics necessary to become a great
leader. Just do an online search on leadership traits and you'll come up with hundreds of
websites that will give you a list. Different researchers have conducted studies and research
reviews linking a variety of different traits with effective leadership. For example, Stogdill's
1974 review of leadership traits identified qualities that included age, physique, and
appearance, intelligence, knowledge, responsibility, and self-confidence. 

Research Points to Certain Leadership Traits

One recent group of studies was done regarding what employees prioritize in their leaders.
Although intelligence and trustworthiness were consistently desired, the traits the employees
desired in their leaders were dependent on the level of leadership they had. They wanted
more interpersonal traits such as compassion and agreeableness in their lower-level
supervisors and more dominant traits such as ambition and assertiveness in their higher-level
supervisors.

Some of the traits most commonly associated with great leadership include the following.

1. Intelligence and Action-Oriented Judgment: Great leaders and smart and make

choices that move the group forward.

2. Eagerness to Accept Responsibility: Strong leaders take on responsibility and don't

pass the blame on to others. They stand by their success and take ownership of their
mistakes.

3. Task Competence: A great leader is skilled and capable. Members of the group are
able to look to the leader for an example of how things should be done.

4. Understanding Followers and Their Needs: Effective leaders pay attention to group

members and genuinely care about helping them succeed. They want each person in
the group to succeed and play a role in moving the entire group forward.

5. People Skills: Excellent interpersonal skills are essential for leading effectively.

Great leaders know how to interact well with other leaders as well as with team
members.

6. Need for Achievement: Strong leaders have a need to succeed and help the group
achieve their goals. They genuinely care about the success of the group and are
committed to helping the group reach these milestones.
 7. Capacity to Motivate People: A great leader knows how to inspire others and
motivate them to do their best.

8. Courage and Resolution: The best leaders are brave and committed to the goals of
the group. They do not hide from challenges.

9. Perseverance: Strong leaders stick with it, even when things get difficult or the group
faces significant obstacles.

10. Trustworthiness: Group members need to be able to depend upon and trust the
person leading them.

11. Decisiveness: A great leader is capable of making a decision and is confident in his or
her choices.

12. Self-Confidence: Many of the best leaders are extremely self-assured. Because they
are confident in themselves, followers often begin to share this self-belief.

13. Assertiveness: A great leader is able to be direct and assertive without coming off as
overly pushy or aggressive.

14. Adaptability and Flexibility: Effective leaders don't get stuck in a rut. They are able
to think outside of the box and adapt quickly to changing situations.

15. Emotional Stability: In addition to being dependable overall, strong leaders are able
to control their emotions and avoid overreactions.

16. Creativity: Perhaps most importantly, great leaders not only possess their
own creativity, they are also able to foster creativity among members of the group.

No Universal List of Traits Exists

More recently, many researchers have focused on a contingency approach to leadership

which postulates that people who possess certain traits can be more effective in some
leadership situations and less so in others. While research has suggested that certain traits
can sometimes be associated with strong leadership, it also shows that no universal list has
emerged that identifies the traits that all great leaders possess or that will guarantee
leadership success in all situations.
While these traits are often linked to effective leadership, it is important to note that few
leaders possess all of these traits. Generally, a strong leader will have many of these qualities,
but aspects of the situation also play an important role in determining if people are able to
lead well. In many cases, it is the interaction between these traits and the situation that
determines leadership quality.

Strengths/Advantages of Trait Theory

 It is naturally a pleasing theory.

 It is valid as lot of research has validated the foundation and basis of the theory.

 It serves as a yardstick against which the leadership traits of an individual can be

assessed.

 It gives a detailed knowledge and understanding of the leader element in the

leadership process.

Limitations of the Trait Theory

 There is bound to be some subjective judgment in determining who is regarded as a

‘good’ or ‘successful’ leader

 The list of possible traits tends to be very long. More than 100 different traits of
successful leaders in various leadership positions have been identified. These
descriptions are simply generalities.

 There is also a disagreement over which traits are the most important for an
effective leader

 The model attempts to relate physical traits such as, height and weight, to effective
leadership. Most of these factors relate to situational factors. For example, a minimum
weight and height might be necessary to perform the tasks efficiently in a military
leadership position. Physical attributes are not important to be an effective leader.

 The theory is very complex.