Advanced Ceramics

 Electronic Ceramics

 Bio Ceramics

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 Electronic Ceramics
Ceramic industry interfaces directly with the
electronics industry through the use of ceramic
components as an integral part of electronic
devices and packages

 Dielectrics and Insulators

 Piezoelectric materials
 Positive Temperature Coefficient resistors
 Ceramic Magnets
 Electrostrictive ceramics
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 Ceramic Capacitor Dielectrics
Capacitors are often referred to as devices which store energy. The main
functions of capacitors in electrical circuits are,

• Coupling and decoupling of electrical current (AC and DC componeents)

• Smoothing – eliminate fluctuations in voltage

• Filtering – transmit signals of a frequency

• Charge storage

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.
.
Ceramic Capacitor is affixed value capacitor in which ceramic material act as
the dielectric . It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of metal with
a ceramic layer. Here metal layers acting as electrodes.

CERAMIC CAPACITOR DIELECTRIC APPLICATION CLASSES

CLASS DESCRIPTION COMMON TYPES

Class 1 These ceramic capacitors offer a high level of stability and NP0, P100, N33, N75,
exhibit low loss levels and they are ideal for use in resonant etc.
circuits.
Class 2 Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency, X7R, X5R, Y5V, Z5U,
i.e. large capacitance for a given volume for smoothing, by- etc.
pass, coupling and decoupling applications.

Class 3 Class 3 ceramic capacitors offer higher volumetric efficiency Only available as leaded
than the class 2 ceramic capacitors, but their temperature components. No longer
stability is not nearly so good. A typical performance for the standardised.
change of capacitance with temperature is −22% to +56%
over a range of 10°C to 55°C.
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Class 1 Ceramic Capacitor Dielectrics
Ceramic capacitors that use class 1 dielectrics offer the highest performance
in terms of stability and loss. They can provide accurate high tolerance
capacitors with stable voltage and temperature coefficients. They also offer
low losses and are therefore suitable for use in oscillators, filters and the
like.
Class 1 ceramic dielectrics are normally based on finely ground materials like
Titanium dioxide (TiO2), with additives of Zinc, Zirconium, Niobium,
Magnesium, Tantalum, Cobalt and Strontium, although many modern
formulations contain neodymium, samarium and other rare earth oxides.
Relative Temperature-
Chemical-
permittivity coefficient α
formula
εr 10−6/K
MgNb2O6 21 −70
ZnNb2O6 25 −56
MgTa2O6 28 18
ZnTa2O6 38 9
(ZnMg)TiO3 32 5
(ZrSn)TiO4 37 0
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 Class 2 Ceramic Capacitor Dielectrics

Ceramic capacitor class 2 dielectrics have a much higher level of permittivity

than their class 1 counterparts. This gives them a much higher capacitance
level for a given volume, i.e. better volumetric capacitance efficiency. As a
result of these characteristics, they are ideal for decoupling and coupling
applications where the exact value of capacitance is not critical, but where
space may be an issue.
Class 2 capacitors are made of ferroelectric materials such as barium
titanate (BaTiO3) and suitable additives such as aluminium
silicate, magnesium silicate and aluminium oxide. These ceramics have
high to very high permittivity (200 to 14,000), which depends on the field
strength. Hence the capacitance value of class 2 capacitors is nonlinear. It
depends on temperature and voltage applied.

Example Calculation:
A capacitor made out of ceramic disc has a thickness of 1mm and circular gold
electrodes of diameter 9 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the disk capacitor if the
ceramic is (i) Alumina (relative permittivity 8) (ii) Barium Strontium Titanate
permittivity of the vacuum 8.85 x 10 –12 F/m).
(relative permittivity 2500). (DielectricMT2171/SUA/2023 6
Piezoelectric Ceramics

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Relavant Terminologies
Dielectricity: electrically insulating (nonmetallic) and exhibits
an electric dipole (a pair of equal yet opposite electrical charges
on a molecular or atomic level) structure.

Ferroelectricity: spontaneous polarisation (the dipole moment

per unit volume) of a material in the absence of an applied
electric field.

Piezoelectricity: in two forms: (1) direct effect, where an

electrical charge is produced by a mechanical stress or pressure
applied to a crystal and (2) converse effect, an applied electric
field produces a strain as a mechanical response in a crystal.

Pyroelectricity: polarisation produced by a change in

temperature.
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 32 Symmetry
Crystal structures can be divided into 32 Point Groups
classes, or point groups, according to the
number of rotational axes and reflection
planes they exhibit that leave the crystal 21 11
structure unchanged. Noncentrosymmetric Centrosymmetric
Twenty (20) of the 32 crystal classes are Point Groups
piezoelectric. All 20 piezoelectric classes
20 Piezoelectric
lack a center of symmetry. Point Groups
Any material develops a dielectric
polarization when an electric field is Polarized under
stress
applied, but a substance which has such a Piezoelectric
10 Pyroelectric
natural charge separation even in the
Point Groups materials
absence of a field is called a polar material.
Spontaneously possess
polarized
Subgroup – anisotropic
Ferroelectric properties.
Spontaneously
polarized
Reversible
polarization

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Piezoelectric Ceramics
Natural crystals
Quartz, cane sugar, Rochelle salt, topaz,
tourmaline-group minerals, bone etc.

Man-made ceramics Tetragonal/rhombohedral

Lead titanate (PbTiO3) structure
Lead zirconate-titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3]–PZT

Lead-free piezoceramics
Barium titanate (BaTiO3 )
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3)
Potassium niobate (KNbO3)
Perovskite structure
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 Piezoelectric Effects in Crystalline Materials ( Ceramics)
The piezoelectric effect is a linear, reversible electromechanical
interaction occurring in materials possessing the proper
symmetry properties.
The direct piezoelectric effect is the production of an
electric polarization by a strain; the converse piezoelectric
effect is the production of a stress by an electric field.

The direct piezoelectric effect The converse piezoelectric effect

(a) A piezoelectric crystal with no applied (a) An applied field causes the crystal to
stress or field. become strained. In this case the field
(b) The crystal is strained by an applied force compresses the crystal.
that induces polarization in the crystal (b) The strain changes direction with the
and generates surface charges. applied field and now the crystal is
extended.
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Direct Piezoelectric effect :
Electrical Field (E) is generated from a mechanical stress (T). This is
designated as,
Ei  g ijT j
Here the piezoeloectric voltage coefficient is commonly known as “g”
constant, which is defined as the ratio of Electric field generated to stress
applied.

Converse Piezoelectric Effect :

The converse piezoelectric effect is that between an induced strain Sj along j
and an applied electric field Ei along i,
S j  d ij Ei
dij is the piezoelectric coefficient

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Fabrication of Piezoelectric Ceramic Devices

High Voltage Poling Operation Piezoelectric ceramics – Finished products

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Piezoelectric applications
 Piezo Generators (devices design using direct piezoelectric effect)
e.g. Hydrophones, microphones, gas igniters, accelerometers, sensors etc.

 Piezo Motors ( devices design using converse piezoelectric effect)

e.g. actuators, loud speakers, camera shutters,Micropositioners, pumps,
ultrasonic motors, valve controllers, etc.
 Motor/Generator combination devices
e.g.Sonar, Non-destructive testing, medical ultrasound, piezo transformers,
etc.

 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

The piezoelectric effect is widely adopted to convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy, due to its high energy conversion efficiency, ease of
implementation and miniaturization..
e.g. generate electric energy from ambient mechanical and vibrational
movements MT2171/SUA/2023 14
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 PTC Resisters
Positive temperature coefficient resistors
(PTCR)are critical temperature resistors because
the positive coefficient is associated with the
ferroelectric Curie point.

Curie temperature of Barium Titanate Typical resistivity behaviour of a

ceramics
BaTiO3 type PTCR material.16
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BaTiO3 based PTCR Ceramics

The PTCR effect of BaTiO3 was originally developed in early fifties in the
Philips research laboratories in the Netherlands.

BaTiO3 - Insulator at room temperature

Becomes a semiconductor after doping with

• Trivalent donors (eg. La, Y ) which substitute for the Ba 2+
• Pentavalent donors (e.g. Sb, Nb,Ta) which substitute for Ti 4+

When properly processed , semi conductive BaTiO3 shows a

PTCR effect associated with the ferroelectric Curie point. The
temperature at which the anomaly occurs can be altered by
adjusting the Curie point, TcMT2171/SUA/2023
. 17
 6

5
log v ( .cm)

0 100 200 300 400

0
T( C)

Resistivity vs. temperature behaviour of PTCR BaTiO3 ceramics

The room temperature resistance changes with temperature and sharpe
increase of several magnitudes ( 103 to 107 cm) can be observed above the
Curie temperature. MT2171/SUA/2023 18
PTCR materials
 BaTiO3 based semiconductor ceramics
 V2O3 based compounds

PTCR Applications
 Current limiters e.g. Using attenuation of the
current limiters, Using the attenuation rate of the
current colour TV and computer display degaussers
Constant temperature heaters e.g. mosquito killers,
hair driers, heaters in trains and cars
Thermal sensors
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Classification of the PTCR applications
• Current limiters using the attenuation of the current
• Fuses using the attenuation rate of the current
• Motor starters
• Over-current protection for transformer
• Constant temperature heaters using the I-V characteristics
• Hair driers
• Clothes drier
• Personal heaters
• Heaters in trains and cars
• Thermal sensors using R-T characteristic
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 The range of industries that utilize
PTCR based devices is very broad
and covers everything from
appliances to telecommunication to
everything in between.

Fabrication of PTCR ceramics

•The PTCR behaviour is influenced by many parameters such
as composition, sintering atmosphere, heating rate, cooling rate
and so on.

• Generally PTCR ceramics are prepared by mixed oxide

method

• The main raw materials used are BaTiO3, SrCo3, CaTiO3, TiO2,
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La2O3, etc.
 Bio-ceramics
Ceramics used for repair and reconstruction of
diseased or damaged parts of the musculo-skeletal
system termed as bioceramics.

Medical–grade Al2O3 used in total hip replacement: (Left) Al2O3 acertabular

cups mated with Al2O3 femoral balls; (center) Al2O3 balls ; (right) metallic
stem designs for morphological orMT2171/SUA/2023
cement fixation. 22
Classification of Bioceramics
 Bioinert
e.g. Alumina and Zirconia
 Resorable
e.g. Tricalcium phosphate
 Bioactive
e.g. Hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses and
glass ceramics
 Porous ingrowth
e.g. Hydroxyapatite coated metals
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 Ceramic Bio Materials
The class of ceramics used for repair and
replacement of diseased and damaged parts of the
musculoskeletal system are referred to as
bioceramics

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Mechanical Properties of
Bioceramics

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 Bioactivity vs. Biocompatibility
• Biocompatibility :
 Objective is to minimize inflammatory responses and toxic effects

• Bioactivity - Evolving concept:

 The characteristic that allows the material to form a bond with living
tissue.
 The ability of a material to stimulate healing and trick the tissue
system into responding as if it were a natural tissue (Hench 2002).
 Advantages: Bone tissue – implant interface, enhanced healing
response, extends implant life

• Biodegradability:
 Breakdown of implant due to chemical or cellular actions
 If timed to rate of tissue healing transforms implant to scaffold for
tissue regeneration
 Negates issues of stress shielding, implant loosening, long term
stability
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Inert Ceramics: Aluminum Oxides (Alumina – Al2O3)
• Applications
 orthopaedics:
• femoral head
• bone screws and plates
• porous coatings for femoral stems
• porous spacers (specifically in revision surgery)
• knee prosthesis
 dental: crowns and bridges

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 Medical grade Al2O3
fermoral balls and ceramic
coated metallic stem used for
biological fixation.

Bioactive glass implants

(45S5) and matching drill
bits used to replace the
roots of extracted teeth.

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 Extracochlear electric implant for
the profound deaf showing electrode
array (center), implantation site
(upper left), and schematic of the
components (lower left)

Tooth implants vary in

shape depending upon their
location within the mouth
and the stresses which will
be applied to them.

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 Calcium Phosphate
• Applications
 repair material for bone damaged trauma or disease
 void filling after resection of bone tumors
 repair and fusion of vertebrae
 repair of herniated disks
 repair of maxillofacial and dental defects
 ocular implants
 drug-delivery
 coatings for metal implants, heart valves to inhibit clotting

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 Why Use Bioceramics?
General Toxic/ Mechanical Bioactive? Degradable?
Options Imunogenic/ Properties?
Disease
transmission?
Autograft
Allograft Excellent
Metals Moderate
Ceramics Low
Polymers
Composites

Auto graft : a graft of tissue from one point to another point of the same individual’s
body.
Allograft : A tissue from a donor of the same species as the receipient.

Advantages to Bioceramics: Disadvantage of Bioceramics:

• Biological compatibility and activity • Brittleness – not for load bearing
applications
•Less stress shielding
•No disease transmission
•Unlimited material supply MT2171/SUA/2023 31
 Hard and Soft Tissue Replacements
Soft Tissue replacements:

(1)Blood Interfacing Implants

e.g. Heart Valve Prostheses, Ventricular Assist
Devices (VAD), Vascular Prostheses

(2) Non-Blood-Interfacing Implants for Soft Tissues

e.g. Clips, Staples, and Pins
Surgical Tapes, Tissue Adhesives
Skin Implants

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 Hard and Soft Tissue Replacements
Bone Repair and Joint Implants
e.g. Long bone repair, Joint replacement, Total
Joint replacement

Various types of knee joints: (a) metal hinged, (b)

hinged with plastic liner, (c) intramedullary
fixed semiconstrained, (d) surface replacement, (e)
uni-compartmental replacement, and (f) bi
compartmental
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replacement.