evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

4
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweavb

f‚wgKvt
gvwK©b hy³ivóª eZ©gvb we‡k¦i GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb kw³kvjx ivóª| mgKvjxb AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| hy³iv‡óªi c~e©w`‡K i‡q‡Q AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, cwð‡g cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi,
Dˇi KvbvWv Ges `w¶‡Y †gw·‡Kv I †gw·‡Kv DcmvMi| †`kwUi AvqZb cÖvq 35,57,000 eM©gvBj| mgMÖ
†`kwU DcZ¨Kv, e„nr b`-b`x Ges we¯ÍZ … AÂj Ry‡o De©i mgf‚wg wb‡q MwVZ| LwbR I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`
m¤ú`kvjx G †`kwU eZ©gvb we‡k¦ A_©bxwZ, weÁvb, cÖhyw³ I mvgwiK kw³i †¶‡Î gh©v`vc~Y© Avm‡b AwawôZ
n‡q‡Q| †ZiwU Dcwb‡e‡ki 55 Rb cÖwZwba 1776 mv‡ji 4Vv RyjvB HwZnvwmK ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ
(Declaration Of Independence) me©m¤§Zfv‡e MÖnY K‡i| H w`‡b we‡k¦i ey‡K Avwef‚©Z nq GKwU kw³kvjx
†`k hvi bvg gvwK©b hy³ivóª| 1777 mv‡ji 17 b‡f¤^i 13wU ivóª Pzw³e× n‡q GKwU ÔKb‡dWv‡ikbÕ MVb K‡i
Ges cieZx©‡Z 1783 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZvi P‚ovšÍ ¯^xK…wZ AR©b K‡i| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c~‡e© †`kwU weª‡U‡bi K‡jvbx
wQj| Avmyb, Avgiv G BDwb‡Ui D‡jøwLZ cvV¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|










 G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t
  cvV-1 t gvwK©b msweav‡bi weKvk I ˆewkó¨|
  cvV-2 t ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ Ges wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ e¨e¯’v|
  cvV-3 t ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v|
  cvV-4 t ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx|








BDwbU-4 c„ôv-51
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq


cvV-1 gvwK©b msweav‡bi weKvk I ˆewkó¨|

D‡Ïk¨
GcvV †k‡l Avcwb 
 gvwK©b msweavb iPbvi cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 msweav‡bi D™¢e I µgweKvk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
msweavb iPbvi cUf‚wg
msweavb n‡”Q ivóª cwiPvjbvi †gŠwjK wewa weav‡bi mgwó| gvwK©b msweavbI Gi e¨wZµg bq|
gnv‡`kxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi ivóª mgev‡qi Aby‡”Q` †_‡K gvwK©b msweav‡bi m~ÎcvZ| ivóª mgev‡qi †h
Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cÖ_g msweavb e‡j A‡b‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi HK¨ i¶v Ges hy× cwiPvjbvB wQj ivóª mgevq Abymv‡i wØZxq gnv‡`kxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi
Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| K‡jvbx hy‡Mi Mf©biMY c`Z¨vM K‡i gvZ…f‚wg weª‡U‡bi †mbvevwnbxi Kv‡Q Avkªq
†bb| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z cÖkvmwbK k~b¨Zvi m„wó nq| †h hvi cÖ‡qvRb gZ miKvi
cybM©V‡bi Rb¨ gnv‡`kxq Ks‡MÖm Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i Dcwb‡e‡ki cwie‡Z© ivóª wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges wb‡R‡`i kvmbZš¿ iPbvq e¨c„Z nq| Ò†ivW AvBj¨vÛÕÕ Ges
ÒK‡bKwUKvUÓ wb‡R‡`i ivRKxq mb‡`i mvgvb¨ kãMZ cwieZ©b K‡i| H mb`‡KB Zviv kvmbZš¿
wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| iv󪸇jvi kvmbZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK wel‡q mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI wKQy wKQy wel‡q
ˆemv`„k¨ †`Lv †`q|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi kvmbZš¿ cÖ‡YZvMY ZrKvjxb Aóv`k kZvãxi Zvrch©cY~ © ivR‰bwZK †cÖ¶vc‡Ui
m‡½ cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Zviv g‡b K‡ib ivóªZ‡š¿i cÖavb cÖavb aviv¸‡jv‡K msweavbfz³ Ki‡Z cvi‡j
msweav‡bi DrK…óZv e„w× cv‡e| 1781 mv‡j M„nxZ ivóª mgev‡qi Aby‡”Q‡` 1787 mv‡ji gvwK©b
msweav‡bi Drmiƒ‡c M„nxZ nq| wKš‘ wewfbœ †¶‡Î ivóª-mgev‡qi KvVv‡gv‡Z `ye©jZv ax‡i ax‡i cÖKU
n‡Z _v‡K| iv󪸇jv wb‡R‡`i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ msi¶‡Yi e¨vcv‡i m¶g wQj| mgevqx 13wU iv‡óªi g‡a¨
we‡klZ evwbwR¨K ¯^v‡_©i msNvZ µgk cÖKU n‡q D‡V| G †cÖw¶‡Z ivóª mgev‡qi `ye©jZv `~i
Kivi Rb¨ ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| GKwU m‡¤§jb AvnŸv‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡jKRvÛvi
n¨vwgjU‡bi h_v_© cÖ‡Póvq 1787 mv‡j Ks‡MÖ‡mi wbKU Av‡e`b †ck Kiv nq| hvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z
1789 mv‡j bZzb msweavb cÖYxZ nq|

gvwK©b msweav‡bi D™¢e I weKvk

RR© IqvwksU‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1787 mv‡j wdjv‡Wjwdqvq GKwU m‡¤§j‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| G
m‡¤§j‡b Av‡gwiKvi GKwU hy³ivóª cÖwZôvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| G D‡Ï¨‡k¨ GKwU msweavb cÖYq‡bi
wm×všÍ †bqv nq| gvwK©b msweavb iPbvi †¶‡Î Avi hvu‡`i D‡`¨vM Ges f‚wgKv Acwimxg Zvuiv n‡jb
†Rgm g¨vwWmb, Av‡jKRvÛvi n¨vwgjUb I †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb cÖgL~ | G QvovI wKQy wKQy cÖwZwbwa
msweavb cÖYq‡b we‡kl ˆbc~Y¨ I `¶Zvi cwiPq †`b|
wdjv‡Wjwdqv m‡¤§j‡bi cÖavb j¶¨ wQj ivóª mgev‡qi Aby‡”Q` ms‡kvab| cÖwZwbwaMY bZzb
msweavb iPbvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| m‡¤§j‡bi cÖwZwbwa Av‡jKRvÛvi n¨vwgjUb MYZ‡š¿i

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-52
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖwZ wQ‡jb D`vmxb| wZwb ïiæ †_‡KB mvsweavwbK ivRkw³i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`b| wZwb mvsweavwbK
ivRkw³i b¨vq GKwU kw³kvjx †K›`ªxq miKvi MV‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvui cÖ¯vÍ e‡K †K›`ª
K‡i fvwR©wbqvi cÖwZwbwa GWgÛ ivbWjd 15wU cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei GK msKjb mfvq Dcw¯’Z K‡ib| wKš‘
†QvU †QvU iv󪸇jv-Gi we‡ivaxZv K‡ib| bvbv ZK© weZ‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q †evSvcvovi g‡bvfve M‡o
D‡V| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h nq‡Zv 13wU iv‡óªi g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB msweavb Aby‡gv`b Ki‡e
bv| Av‡jvPbvi ci w¯’i nq †h, 13wU ivóª Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jB msweavb Kvh©Ki e‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e|
†WjIq¨vi, wbD Rvwm©, RwR©qv Ges K‡bKwUKvU cÖg~L ivóª `ªæZ msweavb Aby‡gv`b K‡i| b_©
K¨v‡ivwjbv Ges †ivW AvBj¨vÛ m¤§wZ Ávcb K‡i| 1789 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m©i cÖ_g eyaevi hy³iv‡óªi
cÖwZôv w`em wn‡m‡e avh© Kiv nq| Ae‡k‡l 1787 mv‡ji gvwK©b msweavb 1wU cÖ¯vÍ ebv Ges 7wU
Aby‡”Q`mn M„nxZ I Aby‡gvw`Z nq| GB n‡jv gvwK©b msweav‡bi weKvk aviv|
gvwK©b msweav‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨
cÖwZwU msweav‡bi KwZcq we‡kl ˆewkó¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| gvwK©b msweav‡bi †¶‡Î Zv cÖ‡hvR¨| H
mKj ˆewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨B msweav‡bi mvgwMÖK cwiPq wbwnZ _v‡K| gvwK©b msweav‡bi cÖavb
ˆewk󨸇jv‡K wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv njt
1. cÖ¯vÍ ebvt cÖ¯vÍ ebv‡K gvwK©b msweav‡bi cÖ_g ˆewkó¨ ejv hvq| 1787 mv‡j wdjv‡Wjwdqv
m‡¤§j‡b iwPZ I M„nxZ gvwK©b msweav‡b me©cÖ_g GKwU cÖ¯vÍ ebvi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| Gi
c~‡e© msweav‡b cÖ¯vÍ ebv ms‡hvR‡bi †Kvb `„óvšÍ †bB| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi †gŠwjK weavb¸‡jvI
cÖ¯vÍ ebvq D‡jøL Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY G
cÖ¯vÍ ebv‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i MÖnY K‡ib|
2. wjwLZ msweavbt gvwK©b msweavb wjwLZ cÖK…wZi| GwU we‡k¦i cÖvPxbZg wjwLZ msweavb| G
msweav‡bi AwaKvsk wewa weavb wjwLZ| G msweavb mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv m¤úbœ| msweav‡bi 6bs
Aby‡”Q‡` ejv Av‡Q, This constitution and the laws of the United States shall be the
supreme law of the land.Ó

3. RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡t RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ gvwK©b kvmbZ‡š¿i GKwU wewkó w`K| gvwK©b
msweav‡bi ïiæ‡Z ejv Av‡QÒWe are the people of the United StatesÓ msweav‡bi
cÖ¯vÍ ebvi H ai‡bi D‡jøL MYmve©‡fŠg‡Z¨i wb`k©b| G cÖm‡½ UKwfj e‡jb, Òg~wZ© c~Rvixi
Kv‡Q weMÖ‡ni ¯’vb †h iKg, gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq RbM‡Yi ¯’vb I Z`ªæcÓ|
4. msw¶ßZvt msw¶ßZv gvwK©b msweav‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨| gvwK©b msweav‡b
†KejgvÎ kvmb e¨e¯’vi †gŠj welq¸‡jv D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| G msweav‡b e¨vcK †Kvb e¨vL¨v †bB|
Gi KviY nj A½ivR¨¸‡jvi ¯^-¯^ msweavb| msweavbwUi cÖv_wgK gyw`ªZ AvqZb 10-12 c„ôvi
†ekx wQj bv| myZivs GwU GKwU msw¶ß msweavb|
gvwK©b msweavb
5. hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vt gvwK©b msweavb hy³ivóªxq cÖK…wZi| GwU hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi cÖK…ó D`vniY| wQj c„w_exi mKj
hy³ ivóªxq e¨e¯’v gv‡b, msweavb Abymv‡i †K›`ª I A½iv‡R¨i ga¨ ¶gZvi e›Ub| gvwK©b hy³ivóªxq
msweavb wQj c„w_exi mKj hy³ivóªxq msweav‡bi ga¨gwY| msweav‡bi
ga¨gwY|
6. msweav‡bi cÖavb¨t gvwK©b msweav‡b msweav‡bi cÖvav‡b¨i K_v ejv Av‡Q| msweav‡bi cÖavb¨
ej‡Z Avgiv eywS msweavb KZ…©K MwVZ mKj ms¯’v I KvVv‡gv msweav‡bi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ
nIqv‡K| e¯‘Zt msweavb nj †`‡ki †gŠwjK I m‡e©v”P AvBb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-53
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
7. cwieZ©bxq msweavbt G msweavb wjwLZ cÖK…wZi Ges `y®úwieZ©bxq| G msweavb mn‡R
cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ bq| gvwK©b msweavb cwieZ©‡b we‡kl RwUj e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G Kvi‡Y
gvwK©b msweavb `y¯úwieZ©bxq cÖK„wZi|
8. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiYt gvwK©b msweav‡bi GKwU we‡kl ˆewkó¨ nj Gi ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY| GB
ˆewkó¨‡K †KD †KD gvwK©b msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg ¯Í¤¢ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| G bxwZ Abymv‡i
miKv‡ii wÎwea ¶gZv- AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi Dci b¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| weavb ivLv
n‡q‡Q †h, miKv‡ii GK wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Kv‡R n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv|
9. wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨-bxwZt gvwK©b msweav‡b wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨- bxwZi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GwU
gvwK©b msweav‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K| msweavb cÖ‡bZvMY †¯^PQvPv‡ii Avks•Kv `~i Kivi
Rb¨ wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ bxwZ ms‡hvRb K‡ib| G bxwZi g~j K_v nj- cÖ‡Z¨K
wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi ¶gZv Aci `yB wefvM cÖvß|
10. †gŠwjK AwaKvi t gvwK©b msweav‡b bvMwiK‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii weavb i‡q‡Q| bvMwi‡Ki
†gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwLZ fv‡e gvwK©b msweav‡b me© cÖ_g D‡jøL Kiv nq| msweav‡bi cÖ_g 10wU
Aby‡”Q‡`i gva¨‡g bvMwiK AwaKvi¸‡jv mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q|
11. ivóªcwZt gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi we`¨gvb| G e¨e¯’v mvsweavwbKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z|
ivóªcwZ AvBbMZ I ev¯Íe w`K †_‡K miKvi cÖavb I ivóªcÖavb| ivóªcwZ RbM‡Yi mivmwi
†fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| wbe©vPbx K‡j‡Ri gva¨‡g msweav‡bi 2bs aviv Abymv‡i ivóªcwZ kvmb
wefv‡Mi hveZxq ¶gZvi AwaKvix| wZwb Ks†MÖ‡mi Kv‡Q mivmwi `vwqZ¡kxj bb| gš¿xMY AvBb
mfvi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡K Ges mivmwi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb| Zviv AvBb mfvi m`m¨I
bb|
12. wePvi wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbvt wePvi wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbv gvwK©b msweav‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
ˆewkó¨| hy³ivóªxq bxwZ mdjZvi Rb¨ G e¨e¯’v Acwinvh©| wePvi wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbv nj
Av`vj‡Zi AvBb mfvi †Kvb AvB‡bi mvsweavwbK ˆeaZv wePvi Kivi GLwZqvi| G cÖwµqvq
Av`vjZ msweav‡bi i¶vKZ©v wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZi GwU GKwU cÖK…Z
D`vniY|
13. MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vt gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’v MYZvwš¿K cÖK…wZi| G MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v mvsweavwbKfv‡e
¯^xK…Z| gvwK©b msweav‡bi cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿i mnve¯’v‡bi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| G
kvmbZ‡š¿ ÒMY-D‡`¨vM I ÔÔMY †fvUÕÕ Gi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| gvwK©b msweav‡b GwUB n‡jv cÖZ¨¶
I c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿i cwiPq|
14. ˆØZ e¨e¯’vt wØ-e¨e¯’v gvwK©b msweav‡bi me©‡kl ˆewkó¨ iƒ‡c D‡jøL Kiv hvq| gvwK©b
msweav‡b wØ-bvMwiK‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk wØ-K¶ AvBb mfv I wØ-`jxq e¨e¯’vi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
G e¨e¯’vq bvMwiK GKvav‡i hy³ivóª I AsM iv‡óªi bvMwiK e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
gvwK©b msweav‡bi ms‡kvab c×wZ
ms‡kvab c×wZ Abymv‡i gvwK©b msweavb `y®úwieZ©bxq cÖK…wZi| GKgvÎ †K›`ªxq AvBb mfv ev
Ks‡MÖm I miKviB GB msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB msweavb ms‡kva‡b †K›`ªxq miKvi
I ivR¨ miKvi Acwinvh©| `ywU c×wZ‡Z gvwK©b msweavb ms‡kvab Kiv hvq| h_vt-
 cÖwZwbwa cwil` I wm‡b‡Ui Dcw¯’Z m`‡m¨i `yB Z…Zxqvs‡ki m¤§wZµ‡g msweavb ms‡kva‡bi
cÖ¯vÍ e ivLv hvq| G Rb¨ †dvivg MVb Avek¨K| Ab¨_vq G cÖ¯vÍ e MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| G †¶‡Î
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †Kvb †f‡Uv cÖ‡qv‡Mi ¶gZv †bB|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-54
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
 AsMiv‡R¨i AvBb mfvi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk m`m¨ msweavb ms‡kva‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e K‡i RvZxq m‡¤§jb
Avnevb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KsMÖm m‡¤§j‡bi Avnevb Ki‡e, Z‡e G c×wZi
cÖ‡qvRb A‡bKUv mxwgZ|
gvwK©b msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ‡K wb‡¤œv³ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e|
ms‡kvab c×wZ

cÖ¯vÍ ebvi c×wZ Aby‡gv`bc×wZ

1. Ks‡MÖ‡mi Dfq K‡¶i Dcw¯’Z m`‡m¨i 1. A½ivR¨¸‡jvi AvBbmfvi wZb

`yB Z…Zxqvs‡ki mg_©‡b cÖ¯vÍ e †ck| PZz©_vsk Øviv Aby‡gv`b|
A_ev A_ev
2. ivR¨¸‡jvi AvBbmfvi `yÕZ…Zxqvs‡ki 2. GKB D‡Ïk¨ A½ivR¨¸‡jvi
Aby‡ivaµ‡g Ks‡MÖm KZ©„K Avn~Z mfv Avn~Z m‡¤§j‡b wZb-PZz_©vsk
Øviv cÖ¯vÍ e †ck Øviv Aby‡gv`b|

Dc‡i ewY©Z e¨vL¨vi Av‡jv‡K mn‡RB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, gvwK©b msweavb ms‡kva‡b cÖ¯vÍ e DÌvcb
c×wZ I Aby‡gv`b c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| G ms‡kvab c×wZ we‡kl c×wZ iƒ‡c ¯^xK…Z| G
Kvi‡YB gvwK©b msweavb `y®úwieZ©bxq msweav‡bi ch©vqfz³|

mviK_vt
gvwK©b hy³ivóª eZ©gvb we‡k¦i me©v‡c¶v kw³kvjx ivóª| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †bZ…e„›` 1776 mv‡j
weª‡U‡bi m‡½ mKj m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i| hvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1776 mv‡ji 4Vv RyjvB gvwK©b hy³ivóª
¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci ciB gvwK©bevmx msweavb cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä
K‡i| G j‡¶¨ Zviv 1787 mv‡j wdjv‡Wjwdqvi GKwU m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡i| G m‡¤§j‡bi ga¨
w`‡q Rb¥ †bq AvaywbK gvwK©b hy³ivóª| gvwK©b msweavb Gi †gŠwjK w`K¸‡jv nj, hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v,
wjwLZ cÖK…wZi msweavb, ivóªcwZ e¨e¯’v, ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY, wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ Ges MYZvwš¿K
e¨e¯’v|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-55
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ t
mwVK Dˇi wUK () w`b
1| Av‡gwiKv ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i -
K) 1776 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m; L) 1776 mv‡ji 4Vv RyjvB gv‡m;
M) 1776 mv‡ji 5B RyjvB gv‡m; N) 1776 mv‡ji 10B RyjvB gv‡m|

2| wdjv‡Wjwdqv m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq -

K) 1776 mv‡j; L) 1778 mv‡j;
M) 1787 mv‡j; N) 1785 mv‡j|

3| gvwK©b msweav‡b cÖ¯vÍ ebvi msL¨v ?

K) GKwU; L) `yÕwU;
M) PviwU; N) †KvbwU bq|

DËigvjvt- 1| L, 2|M, 3| K

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt

1| hy³iv‡óªi msweavb cÖYq‡bi cUf‚wg eY©bv Kiæb|
2| hy³ iv‡óªi msweav‡bi ms‡kvab c×wZ e¨vLv Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡bi ˆewk󨸇jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-56
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiYbxwZ Ges wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ e¨e¯’v cvV-2

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †_‡K Avcwb -
 ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiYbxwZ Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vi ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi cÖ‡qvM wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vi Ôwbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨Õ bxwZi Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZt

¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ gvwK©b msweav‡bi GKwU we‡kl w`K| gvwK©b msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY †Kvb iKg
Av‡e‡Mi ekeZx© n‡q msweav‡b ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib wb| ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ
ej‡Z Avgiv kvmb wefvM‡K kvmb Kivi AvBb wefvM‡K AvBb iPbv Kivi Ges wePvi wefvM‡K
wePv‡ii Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv `vb Kivi bxwZ‡K eySvq|
1. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY Gi g~jbxwZt ¯^Zš¿Zv GB bxwZi cÖavb wfwË| GB bxwZ‡Z ejv Av‡Q
†h, miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM ci¯úi ¯^Zš¿ _vK‡e|
2. n¯Í‡¶c gy³ t GwU ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi wØZxq w`K| G bxwZ‡Z weavb ivLv Av‡Q, GK
wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi GLwZqv‡i n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wefvM ¯^-¯^ KvR Ki‡e|
3. GKK `vwqZ¡ t GKwU `vwqZ¡ ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi Ab¨Zg †gŠj wfwË| GB bxwZ Abymv‡i
GKB e¨w³ GKvwaK wefv‡Mi mv‡_ hy³ _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| GK e¨w³ GKwU wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki‡e|
4. wbqš¿Y gy³ t wbqš¿Y gy³ Ae¯’v ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿KiY bxwZi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K| GB
bxwZ‡Z ejv Av‡Q GK wefvM Aci †Kvb wefvM†K wbqš¿‡Yi GLwZqvi iv‡L bv|
gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi cÖfvet
divmx `vk©wbK g‡›U¯‹z ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi g~j cÖe³v| wZwb ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ‡K e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h, †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i nv‡Z AvBb I kvmb welqK ¶gZv b¨¯Í _vK‡j
mswkøó e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i ˆ¯^ivPvix AvBb ˆZix K‡i Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvwK©b msweavb
cÖYqbKv‡j n¨vwgëb I g¨vwWmb cÖgyL †bZ…e„›` ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi c‡¶ †Rviv‡jv f‚wgKv
iv‡Lb| d‡j G bxwZ gvwK©b kvmb- e¨e¯’vq we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i M„nxZ nq| msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY
miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM‡K ¯^Zš¿iƒ‡c KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡ib| gvwK©b msweav‡bi
1bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒAll legislative powers here in granted shall be vested in a
congress of the united states” msweav‡bi 2bs Aby‡”Q‡` kvmb msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q
†h, ÒExecutive powers shall be vested in a president of the united states of America” 3bs
Aby‡”Q‡` wePvi msµvšÍ we‡lq DjøL Av‡Q †h,ÒThe judicial powers of the United States shall
be vested in one supreme court”| GK wefvM‡K Ab¨ wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Y I KZ…©Z¡ †_‡K gy³ ivLvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| kvmb e¨e¯’vq AvBb cÖYq‡bi ¶gZv b¨¯Í Av‡Q Ks‡MÖ‡mi nv‡Z| Ks‡MÖm MwVZ nq
wm‡bU I cÖwZwbwa mfv‡K wb‡q| gvwK©b ivóªcwZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi m`m¨ bb| wZwb Ks‡MÖ‡mi †Kvb K¶‡K
†f‡½ w`evi ¶gZv iv‡Lb bv| gvwK©b Ks‡MÖm AvBb welqK mKj e¨vcv‡i D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib I
AvBb cÖYq‡b f‚wgKv iv‡Lb| ivóªcwZ †Kvb we‡kl e¨vcv‡i mycvwik Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ AvBb
cÖYq‡b Ks‡MÖm‡K eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| gvwK©b mycÖxg †KvU©I Ks‡Mª‡mi Kvh©ejxi m‡½ hy³ bq|
cÖkvmwbK wel‡q ivóªcwZ‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ KwZcq mwPe wbhy³ nb| Giv ivóªcwZi e¨w³MZ

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-57
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
civgk©`vZv I Kg©Pvix| ivóªcwZ G‡`i‡K c`Pz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Giv Ks‡MÖ‡mi m`m¨ bb|
Ks‡MÖ‡mi Kv‡Q G‡`i †Kvb Revew`wnZv †bB| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Dci Ks‡MÖm ev ivóªcwZi †Kvb KZ©„Z¡
mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i †bB|
Dci Ks‡MÖm ev Z‡e mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿KiY bxwZi c~Y© cÖKvk N‡U wb| cÖ_vMZ
ivóªcwZi †Kvb weavb, wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y gvwK©bx e¨e¯’vq GB bxwZi eû wePz¨wZ †`Lv hvq|
KZ©„Z¡ †bB| gvwK©b miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM m¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿fv‡e wefvMxq KvRKg© m¤úv`b K‡i bv| cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi
Dci Aci `ywU wefv‡Mi wKQy wKQy wbqš¿Y _v‡K|
wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ
wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ gvwK©b msweav‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg wfwË| gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¶gZv
¯^Zš¿xKi‡Y bxwZi cy‡ivcywi cÖ‡qvM N‡U wb| GLv‡b wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| G
e¨e¯’vq miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM G‡K Aci‡K wbR¯^ GLwZqv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× †i‡L cybivq G‡K
G‡K Aci‡K wbqš¿b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZi Kvh©KvwiZvt
gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZi Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G cÖm‡½ Ks‡MÖm I ivóªcwZi
m¤úK© D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ivóªcÖwZ I Ks‡MÖm `yBwU c„_K ms¯’v| m¤ú~Y© c„_K Dcv‡q Zviv wbe©vwPZ nb|
Df‡qi Kvh©vejx †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq †h Zuviv m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb fv‡e KvR K‡i| G‡K Ac‡ii Dci
wbf©ikxj bq| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡WÈ Ks‡MÖ‡mi we‡kl Awa‡ekb WvK‡Z cv‡ib| Ks‡MÖm AvBb cÖYq‡bi
cÖK…Z ¶gZvi gvwjK| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ Ks‡MÖm‡K AvBb cÖYq‡bi mycvwik Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Ks‡MÖm
ivóªcwZi mycvwik cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi ivóªcwZi ¯^v¶i Qvov †Kvb wej AvB‡b cwiYZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î ivóªcwZ †f‡Uv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Dfq c‡¶i `yB Z…Zxqvsk m`‡m¨i
mg_©b _vK‡j ivóªcwZ ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| gvwK©b kvmb wefv‡Mi PzovšÍ ¶gZv ivóªcwZi
Dci b¨v¯Í| Avevi ivóªcwZ Ks‡MÖm I mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i wbqš¿Y gy³ bb| †cÖwm‡W›U Pvi erm‡ii Rb¨
wbe©vwPZ nb| wKš‘ GB †gqv` DËxY© nevi Av‡M Ks‡MÖm ivóªcwZ‡K c`P‚¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ggb wK
Ks‡MÖm G e¨vcv‡i ÒBgwcP‡gÈÓ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBb cÖYq‡b hveZxq ¶gZv Ks‡MÖ‡mi
nv‡Z b¨v¯Í| ivóªcwZ mycÖxg †Kv‡Ui wePvicwZ‡`i wbhy³ K‡ib| wKš‘ G wbhyw³i †¶‡Î wm‡b‡Ui
Aby‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb| G †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK cÖfve‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ Ks‡MÖm mycÖxg‡Kv‡Ui
wePvicwZi msL¨v wba©viY K‡i _v‡K|
mvaviYZt ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ nj miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡M ¯^Zš¿fv‡e KvR Kiv Ges †KD Ab¨
ivóªcwZB nj wefv‡M n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq G bxwZi cÖ‡qvM j¶¨ Kiv hvq| ivóªcwZB
Av‡gwiKvb nj Av‡gwiKvb kvmb e¨e¯’vq g~j ¶gZvi AwaKvix| Hughes e‡jb, “We are under the
kvmb e¨e¯’vq constitution, but the constitution is what the Judges say it is” gvwK©b msweav‡bi A_© Ges
g~j ¶gZvi
e¨vL¨v mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i wm×všÍ Abymv‡i M„nxZ nq| cÖK…Z cÖ¯vÍ ‡e Aóv`k kZvãxi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
AwaKvix|
†cÖ¶vcU gvwK©b fvimvg¨ I wbqš¿Y bxwZi AbyK‚‡j wQj bv| ZvB G bxwZi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ mdj nq
wb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-58
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ t
mwVK Dˇi wUK () w`b|
1| ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi cÖe³v n‡jb-
(K) †cø‡Uv; (L) Gwi÷Uj;
(M) g‡›U¯‹z; (N) g¨vwKqv‡fjx|

2| ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY A_©-

(K) ¶gZvi e¨envi; (L) ¶gZvi c„_KxKiY;
(M) ¶gZv wbqš¿Y; (N) †KvbwU bq|

3| wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ g~jZ †`Lv hvq?

(K) evsjv‡`k msweav‡b; (L) Px‡bi msweav‡b;
(M) gvwK©b msweav‡b; (N) fvi‡Zi msweav‡b|

4| wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq

(K) cy‡ivcywi mdj n‡q‡Q; (L) cy‡ivcywi mKj nq wb;
(M) wKQyUv mdj n‡q‡Q; (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwU bq|

DËi gvjvt 1| M, 2| L, 3| M, 4| M

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ wK?
2. wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ wK fv‡e gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Kvh©Ki Av‡Q?

iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ

1. gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ wK fv‡e Kvh©Ki Kiv nq †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-59
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-3 ivóªcwZi-wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v, Kvh©Kvj I †eZb Ges c`Pz¨wZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †_‡K Avcwb-
 gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ivóªcwZ c‡`i Rb¨ cÖv_x©i †hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cv‡ib|

f‚wgKvt
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U kvmb e¨e¯’vi ga¨gwY| wZwbB kvmb e¨e¯’vi me©v‡c¶v ¸iZ¡c~Y© e¨w³|
GKB mv‡_ wZwb ivóªcÖavb I miKvi cÖav‡bi f‚wgKvq AeZxY© nb| †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui wbe©vPb cØwZ g~jZ
wdjv‡Wjwdqv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ nq| H m‡¤§j‡b †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© `yB ai‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e
Dc¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj| GK`j m`m¨ RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi c¶cvwZ wQ‡jb| Aci
GK`j Ks‡MÖm KZ…©K ivócwZ wbe©vP‡bi c‡¶ gZ †`b| cÖ_g c×wZ‡Z PZzi e¨vw³‡`i wbe©vwPZ
nIqvi AvksKv wQj| G c×wZ‡Z †hvM¨Zvi g~j¨vq‡bi m¤¢vebv Kg wQj| Avevi wØZxq c×wZ‡Z
†cÖwm‡W›U Ks‡MÖ‡mi nv‡Zi cyZ‡z j cwiYZ nevi AvksKv wQj| G †¶‡Î ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ ¶zbœ
nIqvi AvksKv wQj| ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb c×wZ wb‡q m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ cÖej gZcv_©K¨ †`Lv †`q|
mvwe©K wePv‡i GKwU wbe©vPb ms¯’v Øviv we‡kl c×wZ‡Z c‡iv¶fv‡e wbe©vP‡bi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq|
ivóªcwZi †hvM¨Zv
gvwK©b hy³ivóª †cÖwm‡W›U c`cÖv_x©i †hvvM¨Zv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ivóªcwZi c`cÖv_©xi †hvM¨Zvq gvwK©b
msweav‡b K‡qKwU wel‡qi D‡jøL Av‡Qt
†cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_©xi eqm n‡e b¨ybZg 35 eQi| (2) Zuv‡K Rb¥m~‡Î gvwK©b bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e Ges
(3) Zuv‡K AšÍZt 14 eQi gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó emevm Ki‡Z n‡e| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Rb¥MÖnYKvix
¯^vfvweK bvMwiK Qvov Ab¨ †KD ivóªcwZ c‡`i cÖv_©x n‡Z cvi‡eb bv| †Kvb we‡`kx gvwK©b
bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡j wZwb †cÖwm‡W›U c‡`i cÖv_x© n‡Z cvi‡eb bv| G¸‡jv msweavb cÖ`Ë †hvM¨Zv|
Ks‡MÖm Gi weavb Abymv‡i ivóªcwZ c‡`i cÖv_x© †Kvb Acivag~jK Kv‡R wjß _vKvi Awf‡hv‡M
Awfhy³ n‡eb bv|
wbe©vPb ms¯’v t
gvwK©b ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcv‡i GKwU wbe©vPb ms¯’v i‡q‡Q| msweavb Abymv‡i gvwK©b ivóªcwZ
GKwU wbe©vPb ms¯’vi (Electoral College) Øviv wbe©vwPZ nb| GB wbe©vPb ms¯’vwU MwVZ nq gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZwU A½iv‡R¨i bvMwiKØviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa wb‡q| cÖwZwU A½iv‡R¨i Kgc‡¶ 18
eQi eq‡mi bvMwiKMY wbe©vPK ms¯’vi cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡b Ask †bb| cÖwZwU A½ivR¨ †_‡K Ks‡MÖ‡m
(cÖwZwbwa mfv I wm‡bU mfv) wbe©vwPZ mgmsL¨K m`m¨ GB ms¯’vq wbe©vwPZ nb|gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª
gvwK©b ivóªcwZ cÂvkwU A½ivR¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v MwVZ wbe©vPK ms¯’vi †hvMdj nj 535| eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨
GKwU wbe©vPb
`vwo‡q‡Q 538-G| ivRavbx IqvwksU‡b wbe©vPb ms¯’vi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb bv| cÖwZØw›Ø cÖv_©x‡`i
ms¯’vi Øviv
g‡a¨ wbe©vPb ms¯’vi 270 †fvU cÖv_x© e¨w³B ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡mi m`m¨ ev †K›`xq
wbe©vwPZ nb|
miKv‡ii Kg©Pvix wbe©vPK ms¯’vi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡ib bv| b‡f¤^i gv‡mi cÖ_g †mvgevi wbe©vPK ms¯’vi
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| gvwK©b msweav‡bi 23Zg ms‡kva‡bi ci GLb wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMY
¯^-¯^ †Rjvq Dcw¯’Z †_‡K ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b †fvU †`b| †fvU nq †Mvcb e¨v‡j‡U| mfv K‡¶i
m`‡m¨i mvg‡b †fvU MYbv Kiv nq|
ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj I c`Pz¨wZ

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-60
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
gvwK©b ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj Rvbv Avek¨K| gvwK©b ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj Pvi eQi| Zvi Kvh©Kvj KZ
eQi n‡e G wb‡q 1787 mv‡j wdjv‡Wjwdqv m‡¤§j‡b weZ‡K©i m„wó nq| A‡b‡K 7 eQ‡ii
cÖ¯vÍ e †`b| Avevi †KD †KD g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb 7 eQi `xN©mgq| GB `xN©mgq †cÖwm‡W›U Zuvi ¶gZvi
Ace¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zviv †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Kvh©Kvj 4 eQi nIqvi c‡¶ gZ †`b| weZ‡K© †k‡l
4 eQi wba©viY Kiv nq| Z‡e cybtwbe©vP‡bi †Kvb euvav Zuviv Dcjwä K‡ib wb| †cÖwm‡W›U hZevi
Lywk wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ RR© IqvwksUb Z…Zxq evi ivóªcwZ n‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Gici
†_‡K `yB eQ‡ii †ekx ivóªcwZi c‡` AwawóZ bv nIqvi kvmbZvwš¿K ixwZi m„wó nq| Z‡e wØZxq
wek¦hy‡× mgq d«v¼wjb iæR‡fë 1940 mv‡j Z…Zxqevi Ges 1944 mv‡j PZz_©ev‡ii gZ ivóªcwZ
wbe©vwPZ nb| hv‡nvK msweav‡bi 22Zg ms‡kva‡b ivóªcwZ cybtwbe©vPb m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vwUi mgvavb
Kiv nq|
ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kvj 4 eQi †kl nevi Av‡MB Zuvi g„Zz¨ n‡j ev c`Z¨vM Ki‡j ivóªcwZi c` k~b¨
nq| Avevi wZwb c`Pz¨Z n‡Z cv‡ib| †`k‡`ªvwnZv, Dr‡KvP MÖnY wKsev `ybx©wZ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y
Zv‡K c`Pz¨Z Kiv hvq| G D‡Ï‡k¨ Ks‡MÖ‡mi wb¤œK‡¶ Awf‡hvM DÌvcb Ki‡Z nq| Gici
cÖwZwbwa mfvq wePvi wefvMxq KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| G KwgwU Zvi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖwZwbwa mfvi Kv‡Q
cvVvq| GB cÖwZ‡e`b mfvq wePvi we‡ePbvi ci AwaKvsk m`m¨ BgwcP‡g›U mg_©b Ki‡j| GB
BgwcP‡g›U c`‡¶c wm‡bU mfvq cvVv‡Z nq| G mfvq mycÖxg †Kv‡Ui cÖavb wePvicwZ wm‡bU mfvq
mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| Awfhy³ ivóªcwZ wm‡b‡U AvZ¥c¶ mg_©‡bi my‡hvM cvb| wm‡b‡Ui `yB
Z…Zxqvs‡ki Øviv Awf‡hvMwU Aby‡gv`b n‡j †cÖwm‡W›U c`Pz¨Z nb|
ivóªcwZi †eZb fvZv
ivóªcwZi †eZb I fvZvi e¨vcv‡i mvsweavwbK weavb i‡q‡Q| gvwK©b ivóªcwZi †eZb, fvZv I
Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM myweav AvB‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ| gvwK©b ivóªcwZ eZ©gv‡b eQ‡i 1j¶ Wjvi †eZb
wn‡m‡e cvb| Ab¨vb¨ LiP eve` AviI 50 nvRvi Wjvi cvb| Av‡M GB 50 nvRvi Wjvi Kigy³
wQj| Ks‡MÖm ivóªcwZi Aby‡ivaµ‡g 1953 mv‡j Li‡Pi †¶‡Î Ki i‡`i e¨e¯’v evwZj K‡i‡Q|
GQvov ågY, Avc¨vqb I miKvix evmfeb i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡g
wba©vwiZ nq| G m¤ú‡K© msweav‡bi 2 (6) bs avivq weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| G weavb g‡Z †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui
Kvh©Kvj I fvZvw` n«vm Kiv hvq bv|

mviK_v
gvwK©b ivóªcwZ n‡jb kvmb e¨e¯’vi ga¨gwY| Zuv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Av‡gwiKvi kvmb e¨e¯’v AvewZ©Z
nq| wKš‘ wZwb RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb bv| wdjv‡Wjwdqv (Philadelphia) m‡¤§j‡b
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi ci ivóªcwZ‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e wbe©vP‡bi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| wZwb RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶
†fv‡U wbe©vwPZ wbe©vPK ms¯’vi m`m¨ Øviv wbe©vwPZ nb| G e¨vcv‡i gvwK©b msweav‡bi 2 bs avivq
weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| msweavb Abymv‡i gvwK©b ivóªcwZ GKwU wbe©vPK ms¯’vi Electoral college Øviv
wbe©vwPZ nb| GwU MwVZ nq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZwU A½iv‡R¨i bvMwiK‡`i Øviv wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-61
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wVK () w`b
1| eZ©gv‡b gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Kvh©Kvj
K) 5 eQi; L) 7 eQi;
M) 4 eQi; N) 6 eQi|

2| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb ?

K) RbM‡Yi Øviv; L) wbe©vwPZ ms¯’v Øviv;
M) Ks‡MÖm Øviv; N) wm‡bU Øviv|

3| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui cÖv_©xi me©wbæ eqm

K) 25 eQi; L) 30 eQi;
M) 26 eQi; N) 35 eQi|

4| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U ¶gZvPz¨Z Kiv nq

K) BbwcP‡g‡›U Øviv; L) †Rvi K‡i;
M) †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g; N) †KvbwU bq|

DËi gvjvt 1| M, 2| L 3| N 4| K.

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt

1. Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c`Pz¨wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi wbe©vPbx ms¯’vwU wKfv‡e MwVZ nq?

iPbvg~jK DËi-cÖkœ
1| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi cªwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-62
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx cvV-4

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 gvwK©b ivóªcwZi ¶gZvi Drm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Gi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKvt
gvwK©b kvmbe¨e¯’vq †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c`wU we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb mvsweavwbK I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e A‡bK
¶gZvi AwaKvix| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U AvbyôvwbK ivóª cÖavb I kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖK…Z KY©avi| wZwb
weª‡U‡bi ivRvi gZ ivRZ¡ K‡ib cÖavbgš¿xi gZ kvmb K‡ib| G cÖm‡½ Brogan e‡jb, ÒHe is
the formal head of the nation. He is also the effective head of the executiveÓ. gvwK©b msweavb
cÖ‡YZvMY Zvu‡K GKRb kw³kvjx I gh©v`vevb e¨w³ wn‡m‡e AwawôZ K‡i‡Qb| weMZ NUbv cÖev‡n
ivóªcwZi nv‡Z eû I wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ¶gZv cywÄf‚Z i‡q‡Q|

ivóªcwZi ¶gZvi Drm

gvwK©b ivóªcwZi ¶gZv mvaviY wbq‡g Av‡m wb| Zuvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¶gZvi wcQ‡b KwZcq Drm i‡q‡Q|
gvwK©b ivóªcwZi ¶gZvi Drm¸‡jv‡K wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv nj t-
 msweavb t gvwK©b ivóªcwZi ¶gZv mvsweavwbK Dcv‡q ¯^xK…Z| msweavb nj Zuvi ¶gZvi cÖavb
Drm| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g Zuvi hveZxq Kvh©vejx wba©vwiZ I cwiPwjZ| msweav‡b gvwK©b
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui ¶gZvi cwiwa w¯’i K‡i †bqv Av‡Q| gvwK©b ivóªcwZi eûwea ¶gZvi cÖavb Drm
gvwK©b ivóªcwZi
nj msweavb|
eûwea ¶gZvi
 Ks‡MÖm t Ks‡MÖm nj Av‡gwiKvi ivóªcwZi ¶gZvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm| Zuvi ¶gZv †h kyay cÖavb Drm nj
mvsweavwbK Dcv‡q wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv bq| gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡mi wewfbœ AvB‡bi Øviv G ¶gZv msweavb|
wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi wb‡qvM ¶gZv, Av‡`k ev wb‡`©k Rvixi ¶gZv cÖf…wZ‡Z Ks‡MÖ‡mi
Aby‡gv`b Avek¨K| GQvov Ks‡MÖ‡mi gva¨‡g †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †eZb, Avq-e¨q wba©vwiZ nq|
 mycÖxg †KvU t mycÖxg †KvU© gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui ¶gZvi GKwU we‡kl Drm| msweavb msµvšÍ
e¨vcv‡i mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i e¨vL¨v ivóªcwZi ¶gZv‡K m¤cÖmviY K‡i‡Q| ivóªcwZ mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i
e¨vL¨vq wKQy wKQy ¶gZv †fvM K‡ib| G †¶‡Î GKwU gvgjv D‡jøL Kiv hvq| †gqvm© ebvg
gvwK©b hy³ivóª 1926 Myers Vs United states 1926 gvgjvq mycÖxg †KvU GB g‡g© ivq †`q
†h, ivóªcwZ GKKfv‡e miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i c`Pz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZt gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U weª‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿xi b¨vq cÖ_v wfwËK wKQy ¶gZv †fvM
K‡ib| gvwK©b kvmbe¨e¯’vq eû AwjwLZ welq Av‡Q| G¸‡jv cÖ_v I ixwZ Øviv wba©vwiZ hv
gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’vq D‡jøL †bB|
 ivóªcwZi f‚wgKvt c~‡e© ¶gZvmxb Ab¨vb¨ ivóªcwZi ¶gZv ivóª gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui ¶gZvi
Av‡iKwU Drm| kvmb e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ ivóªcwZ‡`i ¸iZ¡cY~ © f‚wgKv ivóªcwZi ¶gZv‡K
m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Q| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Amvgvb¨ cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq| ivóªcwZ†`i
D‡`¨vMx I mwµq f‚wgKv cieZ©x ivóªcwZ‡`i ¶gZvi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| G‡¶‡Î
¯^bvgab¨ ivóªcwZ Aveªvnvg wjsKb, DWª DBjmb, d«vs wjb I iæR‡fë, †ivbvì wiMvb, wej
wK¬bUb Gi f‚wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨v|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-63
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
gvwK©b ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx
1. kvmb ¶gZv t gvwK©b ivóªcwZ kvmb wefvMxq cÖavb| kvmb msµvšÍ hveZxq ¶gZv Zuv‡K †K›`ª
K‡i cwiPvwjZ nq| msweavb gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U‡K kvmb wel‡q cÖfzZ ¶gZv w`‡q‡Q| wZwb Zuvi
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ `ßi cÖavb I Aat¯Íb Kg©vPvix‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k †`b| msweav‡bi
cÖavb wn‡m‡e (1) bs aviv Abymv‡i gvwK©b ivóªcwZ GB ¶gZv †fvM K‡ib| kvmK cÖavb wn‡m‡e ivóªxq c‡`
wZwb wek¦ e¨e¯’vq wb‡qvM`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡Lb| ivóªcwZ wm‡b‡Ui civgk©µ‡g K¨vwe‡bU m`m¨, mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i
gvwK©b bxwZ wePvi I Ab¨vb¨ D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v‡K wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡i Kg©KZ©v‡`i AcmviY
cÖYqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb wbe©vnx Av‡`k (Executive orders) Rvix Kivi ¶gZv iv‡Lb| wZwb †`‡ki
†Póv K‡ib| Af¨šÍ‡i we‡`ªvnx `gb, kvwšÍ k„sLjv i¶v I bvMwiK AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v
wb‡Z cv‡eb|
2. AvBb msµvšÍ ¶gZvt AvBb msµvšÍ ¶gZv gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui GKwU we‡kl ¶gZv| AvBb
msµvšÍ wel‡q wZwb eûwea ¶gZv †fvM K‡ib| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK dvBbvi e‡jb, ÒAmerican
president has become a very active legislative leader as well as an executiveÓ. msweav‡bi
2bs aviv Abymv‡i gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U †`‡ki Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Ks‡MÖ‡m evYx cvVv‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb
Ks‡MÖ‡mi we‡kl Awa‡ekb WvKvi ¶gZv iv‡Lb| ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ Qvov †Kvb wej AvB‡b cwiYZ
nq bv| msweavb ms‡kvabx wej Qvov Ab¨vb¨ we‡j ivóªcwZi Aby‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb| wZwb †Kvb wej
Aby‡gv`‡b A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib wKsev AvU‡KI ivL‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb Ks‡MÖm cÖYxZ AvB‡bi
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ dvuK¸‡jv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ kvmb wefvMxq Av‡`k, AwW©b¨vÝ Rvix Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zvui G Av‡`k AvB‡bi
Qvov †Kvb wej b¨vq Kvh©Kix| †cÖwm‡W›U miKvix bxwZ cÖYq‡b Aby‡cÖiYv I wb‡`©k w`‡q _v‡Kb|
AvB‡b cwiYZ 3. wePvi wefvMxq Kvh©vejxt gvwK©b ivóªcwZ kvmb I AvBb wel‡qi b¨vq KwZcq wePvi msµvšÍ
nq bv|
KvR m¤úbœ K‡ib| wZwb †Kvb †`vlx mve¨¯Í e¨w³i `Ûv‡`k n«vm wKsev gIKzd Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wZwb mycÖxg †Kv‡U© wePviK‡`i wb‡qvM K‡ib| wKš‘ Zuv‡`i wZwb ¶gZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
†dŠR`vix gvgjvq `wÛZ Acivax‡KI ivóªcwZ ¶gv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb ¶gv cÖ`k©b Ki‡j
Zv eva¨Zvg~jK nq| bvMwiK‡`i †fvUvwaKvi ev miKvix PvKixjv‡fi mgvbvwaKvi i¶vq †cÖwm‡W›U
†K›`ªxq Av`vj‡Z gvgjvi m~Pbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| msweavb I AvBb e¨vL¨vi my‡hvMI Zvui i‡q‡Q|
4. `jxq †bZv wn‡m‡e KvR t gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U `‡ji †bZv| `jxq †bZv wn‡m‡e gvwK©b
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `jxq †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y `‡ji PvweKvwV Zuvi nv‡ZB| G myev‡a
wZwb `j Ges Ks‡MÖm‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvwK©b kvmb e¨e¯’v `jwfwËK| ivóªcwZi gh©v`v
`‡ji mvd‡j¨i Dci A‡bKUv wbf©ikxj| wZwb c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e Ks‡MÖ‡m ¯^`‡ji m`m¨‡`i
cÖfvweZ K‡ib| `‡ji ¯^v‡_©i m‡½ Zvi ¯^v_© RwoZ| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`mn wZwb `‡ji RvZxq KwgwUi
†Pqvig¨vb‡K wbhy³ K‡ib|
5. KzU‰bwZK ¶gZv t KzU‰bwZK ¶gZv gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui GKwU we‡kl ¶gZv| wZwb Zvui
†`‡ki c‡¶ ciivóª welqK f‚wgKvq DËxY© nb| ciivóª welqK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¶gZv wZwb cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
wZwb ivóª`Z
~ ‡`i wb‡qvM K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wZwb wm‡b‡Ui mv‡_ civgk© K‡i _v‡Kb| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U
ˆe‡`wkK Pzw³ m¤úwK©Z KvR cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ wbe©vnx Pzw³ (Executive
Agreement) m¤úv`b K‡ib| ˆe‡`wkK KzUbxwZ MÖnY Ges we‡`‡k KzUbxwZK †cÖi‡Yi ¶gZv Zvui
nv‡Z b¨v¯Í| G Qvov wZwb we‡`kx miKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ ev A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib| AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î
wZwb wbR †`‡ki miKvix gyLcvÎI e‡U| gvwK©b ivóªcwZ n‡jb ciivóª wel‡q RvwZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
e¨w³|
6. A_© msµvšÍ KvR t gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U KwZcq A_© msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib| G e¨vcv‡i
wZwb e¨vcK ¶gZv †fvM K‡ib| wZwb mviv eQ‡ii Rb¨ AvbygvwbK Avq-e¨‡qi GKwU cÖ¯vÍ e Ks‡MÖ‡m
†cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb cwic~iK e¨q eiv‡Ïi `vexI †ck Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zvui `‡ji m`m¨‡`i
msL¨vMwiôZv _vK‡j Ks‡MÖm G cÖ¯vÍ e bvKP nq bv| G wel‡q Zv‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-64
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ev‡RU ey¨‡iv (Budget Bureau) i‡q‡Q| G ey¨‡ivi cÖavb WvB‡i±i ivóªcwZ KZ…©K wbhy³ nb|
ivóªcwZ G ¶gZv e‡j wewfbœ wefv‡Mi e¨q n«vm, e„w× ev ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
7. wek¦ †bZv wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv t gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U eZ©gvb we‡k¦i GK wewkó †bZv| wek¦ ivRbxwZi
cwigÛ‡j Zvi f‚wgKv Acwimxg| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cÖavb wn‡m‡e wZwb wek¦ e¨e¯’vq gvwK©b bxwZ
cÖYqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †Póv K‡ib| RvwZmsN †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vq Zvi cÖfve j¶¨
Kiv hvq| Zvui f‚wgKvi cÖfve Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi †¶‡Î j¶¨ Kiv hvq| eZ©gvb Zvui mvgwiK, ivR‰bwZK
A_©‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡ we‡k¦i GKwU cÖavb kw³iƒ‡c KvR Ki‡Q| we‡klZ wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci †_‡K
Zvui G †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZwôZ| mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i cZ‡bi ci †_‡K cyuwRev`x †bZv wn‡m‡e Zvui cÖfve I
f‚wgKv Acwimxg|

mviK_v
Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U n‡jb we‡k¦i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q kw³kvjx †cÖwm‡W›U| G kvmb e¨e¯’vq AvBbZ I
ev¯Íe ¶gZv †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui nv‡Z b¨‡¯Í| wZwb gvwK©b kvmb wefv‡Mi AvbyôvwbK ivóªcÖavb| Zuvi ¶gZvi
g~j Drm nj msweavb| mvsweavwbKfv‡e wZwb Zvui hveZxq ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx cvjb K‡i| wZwb
cÖK…Z c‡¶ gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡mi †bZv| wZwb Zvui `‡ji †bZv| RvZxq I AvšÍRvwZ©K †¶‡Î bxwZ
wba©vi‡Y Zuvi f‚wgKv Acwimxg|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK () w`b
1| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U m`m¨ bb -
K) Ks‡MÖ‡mi; L) wm‡b‡Ui;
M) cÖwZwbwa mfvi; N) †KvbwUi bq|
2| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U 
K) ivóª cÖavb; L) miKvi cÖavb;
M) ivóª cÖavb I miKvi cÖavb; N) †KvbwU bq|
3| gvwK©b ivóªcwZ ci ci wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cv‡ib ?
K) `yÕevi; L) wZbevi;
M) Pvievi; N) Awbw`©ó Kvj|
4| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †eZb I fvZv wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q msweav‡bi
K) 4bs avivq; L) 6bs avivq;
M) 2 (6) bs avivq; N) 5bs avivq|
DËigvjvt 1| M 2| M 3| K, 4| M
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœt
1| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui ¶gZvi Drm¸‡jv wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœt
1| gvwK©b ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-65
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU wjLyb
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-66