Development topic EN 1990 – basis for design

Assignee Nebojsa Tiosavljevic

Finish date 10-Mar-23

Notes and subtopics

 EN1990 - basis for STR design

o Characteristic vs design concept of values
o Partial factors
o Types of actions and representative values
o Leading actions
o Load combinations
o Psi factors
o Comb expressions 6.10 vs 6.10a and 6.10b
o Limit states ULS, SLS, ACC, GEO…
o EST NA example for load combinations
o Design life
o Durability – concrete cover

Note: Test RFEM capabilities for load combinations.

Make a sample RFEM file with the following load cases:

 Dead load
 Live load cat A
 Live load cat H (roof)
 Wind load X
 Wind load Y
 Snow load

Test how RFEM deals with excluding load cases in combinations (example Wind X not to be
combined with Wind Y, roof live load with snow load)

Elaborate on different partial factors for different limit states. Prepare Excel file to be imported in
RFEM for EST NA.

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 Content :

1. THE CONCEPT OF CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES......................................3

2. PARTIAL FACTORS................................................................................................................. 3

3. TYPES OF ACTIONS AND REPRESENTATIVE VALUES..................................................5

4. LEADING ACTIONS.................................................................................................................. 6

5. LOAD COMBINATIONS........................................................................................................... 7

6. PSI FACTORS............................................................................................................................ 9

7. COMBINATIONS EXPRESSIONS........................................................................................ 10

8. LIMIT STATES (ULS, SLS, ACC, GEO)...............................................................................11

9. ESTONIA NA (EXAMPLE FOR LOAD COMBINATIONS)..............................................12

10. DESIGN LIFE....................................................................................................................... 13

11. DURABILITY – CONCRETE COVER............................................................................... 14

12. APPENDIXS (CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF ACTIONS)........................................17

13. ESTONIA NA -TABLES - (APPENDIX).........................................................................25

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 EN 1990 - Basic for STR design

1. The concept of Characteristic and Design values

Characteristic values are based on statistical analysis and represent the values of material properties
or actions that have a low probability of being exceeded. These values are determined through
testing and analysis of a large number of sample, and are typically calculated as the lower bound of a
statistical distribution of the data. For example, the characteristic compressive strength of concrete
is the strength value that has a 5% probability of being exceeded. Design values, on the other hand,
are values used in the design process and are based on characteristic values with appropriate factors
of safety applied. These factors of safety are intended to account for uncertainties in the material
properties, the loads acting on the structure, and the design assumptions. Design values are used to
ensure that the structure is designed to withstand the expected loads and environmental conditions
while also accounting for uncertainties.

In Eurocode 1990, the characteristic values are denoted with the symbol "f" (e.g., f ck for the
characteristic compressive strength of concrete), while the design values are denoted with the
symbol "f'" (e.g., f'cd for the design compressive strength of concrete). The factors of safety applied to
the characteristic values to obtain the design values are denoted with the symbol "gamma" (e.g.,
gamma c for the partial safety factor for concrete).

In summary, characteristic values represent the lower bound of material properties or actions, while
design values incorporate factors of safety to ensure that the structure is designed to withstand the
expected loads and environmental conditions.

2. Partial factors

EN 1990:2002 code provides the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of
structures. It outlines the basis for design and verification of structures, including the use of partial
factors. The partial factors are used to take into account the uncertainties in the various design
parameters and to ensure an appropriate level of safety for the structure.

The partial factors used in Eurocode 1990 for the ultimate limit state design (ULS) and the
serviceability limit state design (SLS) are as follows:

Partial factor for dead loads (γG)

This factor is used to take into account the uncertainty in the magnitude of the dead loads, which
are the self-weight of the structure and any fixed loads. The value of γ G is taken as 1.35 for ULS and
1.0 for SLS.

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Partial factor for variable actions (γQ)

This factor is used to take into account the uncertainty in the magnitude of the variable loads, which
are the live loads and other transient loads. The value of γ Q is taken as 1.5 for ULS and 1.0 for SLS.

Partial factor for material strength (γM)

This factor is used to take into account the variability in the strength of materials used in the
structure. The value of γM is taken as 1.0 for ULS and 1.0 for SLS, unless otherwise specified in the
relevant material code.

Partial factor for resistance factors of structural elements (γR)

This factor is used to take into account the variability in the resistance of structural elements. The
value of γR is taken as 1.0 for ULS and 1.0 for SLS, unless otherwise specified in the relevant
structural code.

Note: that the values of the partial factors may vary depending on the specific design situation, and
the relevant national annex should be consulted for the values to be used in a particular country.

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 3. Types of actions and representative values

Eurocode 1990, also known as the Eurocode Basis of Structural Design, describes the actions that
need to be considered when designing structures. The types of actions and their representative
values are as follows:

Permanent actions: These are the actions that remain constant throughout the life of the structure.
Examples include the self-weight of the structure, the weight of fixed equipment, and the weight of
permanent partitions. The representative value of permanent actions depends on the specific
materials and components used in the structure.

Variable actions: These are the actions that vary in magnitude or location during the life of the
structure. Examples include the weight of people, furniture, and equipment, as well as wind and
snow loads. The representative values of variable actions are specified in Eurocode 1990 and vary
depending on the intended use and occupancy of the structure.

Accidental actions: These are the actions that are unlikely to occur but could have severe
consequences if they do. Examples include explosions, vehicle impact, and fire. The representative
values of accidental actions depend on the specific risk analysis and safety factors used in the design.

Seismic actions: These are the actions that result from earthquakes and other seismic activity. The
representative values of seismic actions depend on the specific location and seismic hazard of the
site.

Environmental actions: These are the actions that result from environmental factors such as
temperature, moisture, and chemical exposure. The representative values of environmental actions
depend on the specific environmental conditions of the site.

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It is important to note that the representative values of actions in Eurocode 1990 are not
prescriptive and should be used as a guide. The specific values used in the design should be based on
the site-specific conditions, risk analysis, and safety factors.

4. Leading actions

In Eurocode 1990, leading actions refer to the actions that have the greatest influence on the design
of a structure. The leading actions are determined by considering the worst combination of actions
that the structure is expected to experience during its design life.

The leading actions in Eurocode 1990 are as follows:

Dead load: This is the weight of the structure itself, including all permanent elements such as walls,
floors, roofs, and foundations. Dead load is a constant load and is considered a leading action as it
has a significant influence on the overall structural design.

Imposed load: This is the load that is applied to the structure due to its intended use and occupancy,
such as people, furniture, and equipment. Imposed load is a variable load and is considered a leading
action as it can have a significant impact on the structural performance, especially in cases where
the structure is used for events or other purposes where the load can be concentrated in specific
areas.

Snow load: This is the weight of snow that can accumulate on the roof and other horizontal surfaces
of a structure. Snow load is a variable load and is considered a leading action in areas with significant
snowfall, as it can cause significant stress on the structure.

Wind load: This is the force exerted on a structure by the wind. Wind load is a variable load and is
considered a leading action in areas with high wind speeds or in structures with large surface areas
that are exposed to the wind.

Earthquake load: This is the force exerted on a structure by an earthquake. Earthquake load is a
variable load and is considered a leading action in areas with a high seismic hazard.

Temperature load: This is the stress induced in a structure due to temperature changes, such as
expansion and contraction of materials. Temperature load is a variable load and is considered a
leading action in structures with large temperature differentials, such as bridges.

The leading actions may vary depending on the specific design situation and location of the
structure, and it is important to consider all possible actions and their combinations to ensure the
safety and performance of the structure.

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 5. Load Combinations
EN 1990 - 6.4.3.2 Combinations of actions for persistent or transient design situations
(fundamental combinations)

(1) The general format of effects of actions should be :

(1) The combination of effects of actions to be considered should be based on

– the design value of the leading variable action, and

– the design combination values of accompanying variable actions :

NOTE See also 6.4.3.2(4).

(2) The combination of actions in brackets { }, in (6.9b) may either be expressed as :

or, alternatively for STR and GEO limit states, the less favorable of the two following
expressions:

NOTE: Further information for this choice is given in Annex A.

(3) If the relationship between actions and their effects is not linear, expressions (6.9a) or
(6.9b) should be applied directly, depending upon the relative increase of the effects
of actions compared to the increase in the magnitude of actions (see also 6.3.2.(4)).

EN 1990 - 6.4.3.3 Combinations of actions for accidental design situations

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(1) The general format of effects of actions should be:

(1) The combination of actions in brackets { } can be expressed as :

(2) The choice between Ψ1,1Qk,1 or Ψ 2,1Qk,1 should be related to the relevant
accidental design situation (impact, fire or survival after an accidental event or
situation).

NOTE: Guidance is given in the relevant Parts of EN 1991 to EN 1999.

(3) Combinations of actions for accidental design situations should either

– involve an explicit accidental action A (fire or impact), or

– refer to a situation after an accidental event (A = 0).

For fire situations, apart from the temperature effect on the material properties, Ad
should represent the design value of the indirect thermal action due to fire.

6.4.3.4 Combinations of actions for seismic design situations

(1) The general format of effects of actions should be :

(2) The combination of actions in brackets { } can be expressed as :

EN 1990 - 6.4.4 Partial factors for actions and combinations of actions

(1) The values of the γ and Ψ factors for actions should be obtained from EN 1991
and from Annex A. EN 1990:2002 (E)

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 6. Psi factors

One important aspect of the design process according to Eurocode is the use of load and resistance
factors, known as Ψ factors, to account for uncertainties in the design process.

There are four Ψ factors used in Eurocode, which are defined as follows:

Ψ0: This factor is used to account for the fact that the material properties and dimensions used in
the design are based on statistical averages rather than exact values.

Ψ1: This factor is used to account for uncertainties in the imposed loads, such as the weight of
people, equipment, and other objects that the structure will have to support.

Ψ2: This factor is used to account for uncertainties in the resistance of the structure, such as the
strength of the materials used.

Ψ3: This factor is used to account for uncertainties in the design assumptions made during the
design process.

The values of Ψ factors are calculated based on statistical analyses of the loads and resistances
involved in the design process. The engineer must also consider other factors such as the
consequences of failure, the cost of the structure, and the available construction techniques and
materials.

The choice of Ψ factors depends on the type of structure being designed and the level of reliability
required for the design. Higher reliability levels require lower Ψ factors, which means that more
conservative design values are used.

In summary, Ψ factors in Eurocode are an important component of the design process that help
ensure the safety and reliability of structures. They provide a standardized approach to accounting
for uncertainties in the design process and help engineers make informed decisions when designing
buildings and other civil engineering works.

Note : For values of psi factors take a look on appendix.

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 7. Combinations expressions

The load combination expressions used in Eurocode are as follows:

Ultimate Limit State (ULS) :

Permanent + Variable Load: ………………………………………………………………….………. 1.35G + 1.5Q

Permanent Load + Imposed Load: ……………………………………………………………….… 1.35G + 1.5Q + 1.5W
Permanent Load + Wind Load: …………………………………………………………………….… 1.35G + 1.5W
Earthquake Load: …………………………………………………………………………….….……..…. 1.35G + 1.5E

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) :

Permanent Load + Variable Load: ……………………………………………………….….…………. 1.0G + 1.0Q

Permanent Load + Imposed Load: …………………………………………………………………..…. 1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0W
Permanent Load + Wind Load: …………………………………………………………………….………1.0G + 1.0W
Earthquake Load: ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1.0G + 1.0E

Where:

G = Permanent load
Q = Variable load (imposed load)
W = Wind load
E = Seismic load

The load factors in Eurocode are based on the probability of occurrence of the loads and the safety
requirements. The load factors for ULS are higher than those for SLS to ensure that the structure can
resist the loads at the ultimate limit state without collapsing. The load combinations for SLS are used
to check the deformations and other serviceability criteria.

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 8. Limit States (ULS, SLS, ACC, GEO)
EN 1990 - 6.4.1 General

(1)P The following ultimate limit states shall be verified as relevant :

a) EQU : Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it considered as

a rigid body, where : – minor variations in the value or the spatial distribution of
actions from a single source are significant, and – the strengths of construction
materials or ground are generally not governing ;

b) STR : Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural

members, including footings, piles, basement walls, etc., where the strength of
construction materials of the structure governs;

c) GEO : Failure or excessive deformation of the ground where the strengths of

soil or rock are significant in providing resistance;

d) FAT : Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.

NOTE: For fatigue design, the combinations of actions are given in EN 1992 to EN
1999.

(2)P The design values of actions shall be in accordance with Annex A.

Eurocode defines four limit states for structural design, each with its own set of load combinations.
These limit states are:

Ultimate Limit State (ULS) :

The ultimate limit state is the state at which the structure or a part of it collapses or is no longer able
to perform its intended function due to failure or excessive deformation. The load combinations for
ULS are designed to ensure that the structure can resist the loads at the ultimate limit state without
collapsing. The load combinations for ULS are as follows:

Permanent + Variable Load: 1.35G + 1.5Q

Permanent Load + Imposed Load: 1.35G + 1.5Q + 1.5W
Permanent Load + Wind Load: 1.35G + 1.5W
Earthquake Load: 1.35G + 1.5E

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) :

The serviceability limit state is the state at which the structure is still able to perform its intended
function but may exhibit excessive deformation or other serviceability issues. The load combinations
for SLS are used to check the deformations and other serviceability criteria. The load combinations
for SLS are as follows:

Permanent Load + Variable Load: 1.0G + 1.0Q

Permanent Load + Imposed Load: 1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0W
Permanent Load + Wind Load: 1.0G + 1.0W
Earthquake Load: 1.0G + 1.0E

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Accidental Limit State (ACC) :

The accidental limit state is the state that occurs due to accidental actions such as impact, explosion,
or fire. The load combinations for the accidental limit state are designed to ensure that the structure
can withstand the accidental loads without collapsing or suffering excessive damage. The load
combinations for ACC are as follows:

Permanent Load + Variable Load: 1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0A

Permanent Load + Imposed Load: 1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0W + 1.0A
Permanent Load + Wind Load: 1.0G + 1.0W + 1.0A
Earthquake Load: 1.0G + 1.0E + 1.0A

Where A represents accidental actions.

Geotechnical Limit State (GEO) :

The geotechnical limit state is the state at which the ground fails due to soil instability, liquefaction,
or settlement. The load combinations for GEO are designed to ensure that the structure can
withstand the effects of ground failure without collapsing or suffering excessive damage. The load
combinations for GEO are as follows:

Permanent Load + Variable Load: 1.0G + 1.35Q

Permanent Load + Imposed Load: 1.0G + 1.35Q + 1.5W
Permanent Load + Wind Load: 1.0G + 1.5W
Earthquake Load: 1.0G + 1.5E

Where G represents the permanent load, Q represents the variable load, W represents the wind
load, and E represents the earthquake load.

9. Estonia NA (Example for load combinations)

A1.3.1 Design values of actions in persistent and transient design situations

(1) The design values of actions for ultimate limit states in the persistent and transient
design situations (expressions 6.9a to 6.10b) should be in accordance with Tables
A1.2(A) to (C).

NOTE: The values in Tables A1.2((A) to (C)) can be altered e.g., for different reliability levels
in the National annex (see Section 2 and Annex B).

(2) In applying Tables A1.2(A) to A1.2(C) in cases when the limit state is very sensitive to
variations in the magnitude of permanent actions, the upper and lower characteristic
values of actions should be taken according to 4.1.2(2)P.

(3) Static equilibrium (EQU, see 6.4.1) for building structures should be verified using the
design values of actions in Table A1.2(A).

(4) Design of structural members (STR, see 6.4.1) not involving geotechnical actions should
be verified using the design values of actions from Table A1.2(B).

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(5) Design of structural members (footings, piles, basement walls, etc.) (STR) involving
geotechnical actions and the resistance of the ground (GEO, see 6.4.1) should be verified
using one of the following three approaches supplemented, for geotechnical actions and
resistances, by EN 1997 :

– Approach 1: Applying in separate calculations design values from Table A1.2(C) and Table A1.2(B)
to the geotechnical actions as well as the other actions on/from the structure. In common cases, the
sizing of foundations is governed by Table A1.2(C) and the structural resistance is governed by Table
A1.2(B) ;

NOTE: In some cases, the application of these tables is more complex, see EN 1997.

– Approach 2 : Applying design values from Table A1.2(B) to the geotechnical actions as well as the
other actions on/from the structure;

– Approach 3 : Applying design values from Table A1.2(C) to the geotechnical actions and,
simultaneously, applying partial factors from Table A1.2(B) to the other actions on/from the
structure,

NOTE: The use of approaches 1, 2 or 3 is chosen in the National annex.

(6) Overall stability for building structures (e.g. . the stability of a slope supporting a building) should
be verified in accordance with EN 1997.

(7) Hydraulic and buoyancy failure (e.g. . in the bottom of an excavation for a building structure)
should be verified in accordance with EN 1997

10.Design life
Design life is an important consideration in Eurocode, as it ensures that a structure is designed to
last for a specified period of time without significant deterioration or failure. The design life is
typically expressed in years, and it varies depending on the type of structure, its intended use, and
the environmental conditions it will be exposed to.

Eurocode defines the design life as the period of time during which the structure should remain fit
for the purpose for which it was designed. The design life of a structure is usually determined by
taking into account factors such as the intended use of the structure, the durability requirements,
and the expected service life of the individual components of the structure.

Eurocode provides guidelines on how to determine the design life of a structure, and it requires the
following steps to be followed:

 Determine the intended service life of the structure or element based on the expected exposure
conditions, the level of maintenance, and other relevant factors.
 Determine the required design life of the structure or element based on the intended service life
and the level of safety required.
 Establish appropriate inspection and maintenance regimes to ensure that the structure or
element remains fit for its intended purpose throughout its design life.

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In general, Eurocode recommends that the design life of a structure should be at least 50 years,
although in some cases, a longer design life may be required. The design life is an important
consideration in the design of a structure, as it ensures that the structure is fit for its intended
purpose throughout its expected service life.

EN 1990 - 2.3 Design working life

(1) The design working life should be specified.

NOTE: Indicative categories are given in Table 2.1. The values given in Table 2.1 may also be used for
determining time-dependent performance (e.g., fatigue-related calculations). See also Annex A.

11.Durability – concrete cover

EN 1990 - 2.4 Durability

(1)P The structure shall be designed such that deterioration over its design working life
does not impair the performance of the structure below that intended, having due regard
to its environment and the anticipated level of maintenance.

(2) In order to achieve an adequately durable structure, the following should be taken into
account :

– the intended or foreseeable use of the structure;

– the required design criteria;

– the expected environmental conditions;

– the composition, properties and performance of the materials and products;

– the properties of the soil;

– the choice of the structural system;

– the shape of members and the structural detailing;

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– the quality of workmanship, and the level of control;

– the particular protective measures;

– the intended maintenance during the design working life.

NOTE: The relevant EN 1992 to EN 1999 specify appropriate measures to reduce

deterioration.

(3)P The environmental conditions shall be identified at the design stage so that their
significance can be assessed in relation to durability and adequate provisions can be made
for protection of the materials used in the structure.

(4) The degree of any deterioration may be estimated on the basis of calculations,
experimental investigation, experience from earlier constructions, or a combination of
these considerations.

In Eurocode, the durability of reinforced concrete structures is an important consideration, and the
thickness of the concrete cover is a critical factor in ensuring the durability of the reinforcement. The
concrete cover refers to the thickness of the layer of concrete that covers the reinforcement in a
reinforced concrete element.

The minimum thickness of the concrete cover depends on the exposure conditions of the reinforced
concrete element. Eurocode provides the following minimum values for the concrete cover:

Exposure class XC1, XC2, XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XF1, XF2:

Minimum concrete cover for normal-weight concrete: 20 mm

Minimum concrete cover for lightweight concrete: 30 mm

Exposure class XC3, XC4, XD3, XD4, XS3, XS4, XF3, XF4:

Minimum concrete cover for normal-weight concrete: 30 mm

Minimum concrete cover for lightweight concrete: 40 mm

Exposure class XD5, XS5, XF5:

Minimum concrete cover for normal-weight concrete: 40 mm

Minimum concrete cover for lightweight concrete: 50 mm

The exposure classes are based on the severity of the environmental conditions, such as the
presence of corrosive agents or the frequency of wetting and drying cycles. It is important to note
that the minimum concrete cover values provided in Eurocode are just the minimum requirements.
In practice, a thicker concrete cover may be required depending on the specific project
requirements, such as the design life of the structure or the criticality of the element.

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 12.Characteristic values of actions (Appendix )

EN 1990 - 4.1.2 Characteristic values of actions

(1)P The characteristic value Fk of an action is its main representative value and shall be specified:
– as a mean value, an upper or lower value, or a nominal value (which does not refer to a
known statistical distribution) (see EN 1991);
– in the project documentation, provided that consistency is achieved with methods given in
EN 1991.

(2)P The characteristic value of a permanent action shall be assessed as follows :

– if the variability of G can be considered as small, one single value Gk may be use;
– if the variability of G cannot be considered as small, two values shall be used: an upper
value Gk,sup and a lower value Gk,inf.

(3) The variability of G may be neglected if G does not vary significantly during the design working
life of the structure and its coefficient of variation is small. Gk should then be taken equal to the
mean value.

NOTE: This coefficient of variation can be in the range of 0,05 to 0,10 depending on the type of
structure.

(4) In cases when the structure is very sensitive to variations in G (e.g., some types of prestressed
concrete structures), two values should be used even if the coefficient of variation is small. Then G k,inf
is the 5% fractile and Gk,sup is the 95% fractile of the statistical distribution for G, which may be
assumed to be Gaussian.

(5) The self-weight of the structure may be represented by a single characteristic value and be
calculated on the basis of the nominal dimensions and mean unit masses, see EN 1991-1-1.
NOTE For the settlement of foundations, see EN 1997.

(6) Prestressing (P) should be classified as a permanent action caused by either controlled forces
and/or controlled deformations imposed on a structure. These types of prestress should be
distinguished from each other as relevant (e.g., prestress by tendons, prestress by imposed
deformation at supports). NOTE The characteristic values of prestress, at a given time t, may be an
upper value Pk,sup(t) and a lower value Pk,inf(t). For ultimate limit states, a mean value Pm(t) can be
used. Detailed information is given in EN 1992 to EN 1996 and EN 1999.

(7)P For variable actions, the characteristic value (Q k) shall correspond to either: – an upper value
with an intended probability of not being exceeded or a lower value with an intended probability of
being achieved, during some specific reference period; – a nominal value, which may be specified in
cases where a statistical distribution is not known.

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NOTE 1:Values are given in the various Parts of EN 1991.

NOTE 2:The characteristic value of climatic actions is based upon the probability of 0,02 of its
timevarying part being exceeded for a reference period of one year. This is equivalent to a mean
return period of 50 years for the time-varying part. However, in some cases the character of the
action and/or the selected design situation makes another fractile and/or return period more
appropriate.

(8) For accidental actions the design value Ad should be specified for individual projects.
NOTE: See also EN 1991-1-7.

(9) For seismic actions the design value AEd should be assessed from the characteristic value A Ek or
specified for individual projects.

NOTE: See also EN 1998.

(10) For multi-component actions the characteristic action should be represented by groups of
values each to be considered separately in design calculations.

EN 1990 - 6.3 Design values - 6.3.1 Design values of actions

(1) The design value Fd of an action F can be expressed in general terms as:

Fd= γf Frep (6.1a)

with: Frep= ψ Fk
(6.1b)

where:

Fk is the characteristic value of the action.

Frep is the relevant representative value of the action.

γf is a partial factor for the action which takes account of the possibility of unfavorable deviations
of the action values from the representative values. ψ is either 1,00 or ψ 0, ψ 1 or ψ 2.

(2) For seismic actions the design value AEd should be determined taking account of the
structural behavior and other relevant criteria detailed in EN 1998.

EN1990 - 6.3.2 Design values of the effects of actions

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 (1) For a specific load case the design values of the effects of actions (Ed) can be expressed in
general terms as :

Ed= γSd E {γf,I Frep,I; ad} i>1 (6.2)

where :

ad is the design values of the geometrical data (see 6.3.4);

γSd is a partial factor taking account of uncertainties:

- in modelling the effects of actions;

- in some cases, in modelling the actions.

NOTE: In a more general case the effects of actions depend on material properties.

(2) In most cases, the following simplification can be made:

Ed= γSd E {γF,I Frep,I; ad} (6.2a)

with: γF,i =γSd x γf,I

(6.2b)

NOTE: When relevant, e.g., where geotechnical actions are involved, partial factors γ F,i can be
applied to the effects of individual actions or only one particular factor γ F can be globally applied
to the effect of the combination of actions with appropriate partial factors.

(3)P Where a distinction has to be made between favorable and unfavorable effects of permanent
actions, two different partial factors shall be used (γ G,inf and γG,sup).

(4) For non-linear analysis (i.e., when the relationship between actions and their effects is not linear),
the following simplified rules may be considered in the case of a single predominant action:

a) When the action effect increases more than the action, the partial factor γF should be applied to
the representative value of the action. EN 1990:2002 (E)

b) When the action effect increases less than the action, the partial factor γF should be applied to the
action effect of the representative value of the action.

NOTE: Except for rope, cable and membrane structures, most structures or structural elements are in
category a).

(5) In those cases where more refined methods are detailed in the relevant EN 1991 to EN 1999 (e.g.,
for prestressed structures), they should be used in preference to 6.3.2(4).

EN1990 - 3.2.2 Properties (Material)

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(1)P The behavior of reinforcing steel is specified by the following properties:
- yield strength (fyk or f0,2k)
- maximum actual yield strength (f y,max)
- tensile strength (ft)
- ductility (εuk and ft/fyk)
- bendability
- bond characteristics (fR: See Annex C)
- section sizes and tolerances
- fatigue strength
- weldability
- shear and weld strength for welded fabric and lattice girders

(2)P This Eurocode applies to ribbed and weldable reinforcement, including fabric. The permitted
welding methods are given in Table 3.4.

Note 1: The properties of reinforcement required for use with this Eurocode are given in Annex C.
Note 2: The properties and rules for the use of indented bars with precast concrete products may be
found in the relevant product standard.

(3)P The application rules for design and detailing in this Eurocode are valid for a specified yield
strength range, fyk = 400 to 600 MPa.

Note: The upper limit of fyk within this range for use within a Country may be found in its National
Annex.

(4)P The surface characteristics of ribbed bars shall be such to ensure adequate bond with the
concrete.

(5) Adequate bond may be assumed by compliance with the specification of projected rib area, f R.

Note: Minimum values of the relative rib area, f R, are given in Annex C.

(6)P The reinforcement shall have adequate bendability to allow the use of the minimum mandrel
diameters specified in Table 8.1 and to allow rebending to be carried out.

Note: For bend and rebend requirements see Annex C.

3.2.3 Strength (Material)

(1)P The yield strength fyk (or the 0,2% proof stress, f0,2k) and the tensile strength ftk are defined
respectively as the characteristic value of the yield load, and the characteristic maximum load in
direct axial tension, each divided by the nominal cross sectional area.

3.2.4 Ductility characteristics

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(1)P The reinforcement shall have adequate ductility as defined by the ratio of tensile strength to the
yield stress, (ft/fy)k and the elongation at maximum force, εuk .

(3) Figure 3.7 shows stress-strain curves for typical hot rolled and cold worked steel. Note:
Values of (ft/fy)k and εuk for Class A, B and C are given in Annex C.

EN1990 - 4.2 Material and product properties

(4) Properties of materials (including soil and rock) or products should be represented by
characteristic values (see 1.5.4.1).

(2) When a limit state verification is sensitive to the variability of a material property, upper and
lower characteristic values of the material property should be taken into account.

(3) Unless otherwise stated in EN 1991 to EN 1999 : – where a low value of material or product
property is unfavorable, the characteristic value should be defined as the 5% fractile value; – where
a high value of material or product property is unfavorable, the characteristic value should be
defined as the 95% fractile value.

(4)P Material property values shall be determined from standardized tests performed under
specified conditions. A conversion factor shall be applied where it is necessary to convert the test
results into values which can be assumed to represent the behavior of the material or product in the
structure or the ground.

NOTE: See annex D and EN 1992 to EN 1999

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 (5) Where insufficient statistical data are available to establish the characteristic values of a material
or product property, nominal values may be taken as the characteristic values, or design values of
the property may be established directly. Where upper or lower design values of a material or
product property are established directly (e.g., friction factors, damping ratios), they should be
selected so that more adverse values would affect the probability of occurrence of the limit state
under consideration to an extent similar to other design values.

(6) Where an upper estimate of strength is required (e.g., for capacity design measures and for the
tensile strength of concrete for the calculation of the effects of indirect actions) a characteristic
upper value of the strength should be taken into account.

(7) The reductions of the material strength or product resistance to be considered resulting from
the effects of repeated actions are given in EN 1992 to EN 1999 and can lead to a reduction of the
resistance over time due to fatigue.

(8) The structural stiffness parameters (e.g., moduli of elasticity, creep coefficients) and thermal
expansion coefficients should be represented by a mean value. Different values should be used to
take into account the duration of the load. NOTE In some cases, a lower or higher value than the
mean for the modulus of elasticity may have to be taken into account (e.g., in case of instability).

(9) Values of material or product properties are given in EN 1992 to EN 1999 and in the relevant
harmonized European technical specifications or other documents. If values are taken from product
standards without guidance on interpretation being given in EN 1992 to EN 1999, the most adverse
values should be used.

(10)P Where a partial factor for materials or products is needed, a conservative value shall be used,
unless suitable statistical information exists to assess the reliability of the value chosen.

NOTE: Suitable accounts may be taken where appropriate of the unfamiliarity of the application or
material/products used.

EC 1992 – 3.1.6 Design compressive and tensile strengths (of materials)

(1)P The value of the design compressive strength is defined as:

fcd = αcc fck / γC (3.15)

where:
γC is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4, and αcc is the coefficient taking account of
long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavorable effects resulting from the way the
load is applied.

Note: The value of αcc for use in a Country should lie between 0,8 and 1,0 and may be found in its
National Annex. The recommended value is 1.

(2)P The value of the design tensile strength, f ctd, is defined as:

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 fctd = αct fctk,0,05 / γC (3.16)
where:
γC is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4, and α ct is a coefficient taking account of long
term effects on the tensile strength and of unfavorable effects, resulting from the way the load is
applied.

Note: The value of αct for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended
value is 1,0.

EN 1990 - 6.3.3 Design values of material or product properties

(1) The design value Xd of a material or product property can be expressed in general terms as:

Xd= η (Xk / γm) (6.3)

where :

Xk is the characteristic value of the material or product property (see 4.2(3));

η is the mean value of the conversion factor taking into account,

– volume and scale effects,
– effects of moisture and temperature,and
– any other relevant parameters.

γm is the partial factor for the material or product property to take account of :
– the possibility of an unfavorable deviation of a material or product property from its characteristic
value;
– the random part of the conversion factor η.

(5) Alternatively, in appropriate cases, the conversion factor η may be :

– implicitly taken into account within the characteristic value itself, or

– by using γM instead of γm (see expression (6.6b)).

NOTE: The design value can be established by such means as:

– empirical relationships with measured physical properties, or

– with chemical composition, or

– from previous experience, or

– from values given in European Standards or other appropriate documents.

EN 1990 - 6.3.5 Design resistance

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(4) The design resistance Rd can be expressed in the following form :

Rd=
1
γ Rd
R { Xd ; ad }=
1
γ Rd
R η {
Xk , i
γm ,i }
; ad , i>1 (6.6)

where :

γRd is a partial factor covering uncertainty in the resistance model, plus geometric deviations if these
are not modelled explicitly (see 6.3.4(2));

Xd,i is the design value of material property i.

(2)The following simplification of expression (6.6) may be made :

Rd=R η { Xk ,i
γm, i }
; ad , i>1 (6.6a)

where :
γM,i =γRd x γm,i (6.6b)

NOTE: ηi may be incorporated in γM,i, see 6.3.3.(2).

(5) Alternatively, to expression (6.6a), the design resistance may be obtained directly from the
characteristic value of a material or product resistance, without explicit determination of design
values for individual basic variables, using :

Rk
Rd= (6.6c)
γM

NOTE: This is applicable to products or members made of a single material (e.g., steel) and is also
used in connection with Annex D “Design assisted by testing”.

(4) Alternatively, to expressions (6.6a) and (6.6c), for structures or structural members that are
analysed by non-linear methods, and comprise more than one material acting in association, or
where ground properties are involved in the design resistance, the following expression for design
resistance can be used :

Rd=
1
γM , 1 {
η1 Xk ,1 ; ηi Xk ,i(i>1)
γm , 1
γm ,i
; ad } (6.6d)

NOTE: In some cases, the design resistance can be expressed by applying directly γM partial factors to
the individual resistances due to material properties.

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 13.Psi Factors (Appendix)

25
 14.Estonia NA -Tables - (Appendix)

26
27
 A1.4 Serviceability limit states

A1.4.1 Partial factors for actions

(1) For serviceability limit states the partial factors for actions should be taken as 1,0 except if
differently specified in EN 1991 to EN 1999.

A1.4.2 Serviceability criteria

(1) Serviceability limit states in buildings should take into account criteria related, for example, to
floor stiffness, differential floor levels, storey sway or/and building sway and roof stiffness.
Stiffness criteria may be expressed in terms of limits for vertical deflections and for vibrations.
Sway criteria may be expressed in terms of limits for horizontal displacements.

(2) The serviceability criteria should be specified for each project and agreed with the client. NOTE
The serviceability criteria may be defined in the National annex.

(3)P The serviceability criteria for deformations and vibrations shall be defined :

– depending on the intended use;

– in relation to the serviceability requirements in accordance with 3.4;
– independently of the materials used for supporting structural member.

A1.4.3 Deformations and horizontal displacements

(1) Vertical and horizontal deformations should be calculated in accordance with EN 1992 to EN
1999, by using the appropriate combinations of actions according to expressions (6.14a) to
(6.16b) taking into account the serviceability requirements given in 3.4(1). Special attention
should be given to the distinction between reversible and irreversible limit states.

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(2) Vertical deflections are represented schematically in Figure. A1.1.

(2) If the functioning or damage of the structure or to finishes, or to non-structural members

(e.g., partition walls, claddings) is being considered, the verification for deflection should
take account of those effects of permanent and variable actions that occur after the
execution of the member or finish concerned. NOTE Guidance on which expression (6.14a)
to (6.16b) to use is given in 6.5.3 and EN 1992 to EN 1999.

(3) If the appearance of the structure is being considered, the quasi-permanent combination
(expression 6.16b) should be used.

(4) If the comfort of the user, or the functioning of machinery are being considered, the
verification should take account of the effects of the relevant variable actions.

(5) Long term deformations due to shrinkage, relaxation or creep should be considered where
relevant, and calculated by using the effects of the permanent actions and quasipermanent
values of the variable actions.

(6) Horizontal displacements are represented schematically in Figure A1.2.

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