396dM MLEIMEMsns 1. LIGdILS AMER — SCELETON AXIALE 1. bIGbIBLOL L360 ogedorbob bghrbggrab ggg —co- lumna vertebralis —QyJa6oer00 31— 32 Boqrabae6 (vertebrae), Smdergdor Omnghagogmwo boob Bobgoegaor oye B BPALbgoggug cra hompgbmBabs ceo Ant gremgogha BoBgob Ageby oergdob 5 Faage (lg. 57): gobhob Fem 930 — vertebrae cervicales —7 (Cy_yn). BDeAghHeoL Bo~gdo — vertebrae thoracaicae —12 (T;_Txw), Faomol 85@93o0—vertebrae lumbales —5 (Li_y), B2gol Foergdo, goghornsbydy- ro ghar derrrastn gagob dgmob Lobom— vertebrae sacrales (os sacrum) —S (Sv) @ SOO QL_bobL 39 —y 3 o—ver- tebrae coccygeae —2—3 (Cgi— 1). amgmhy segboBbgn, — sroamgree 430990 Boel afgh crogolo cwodebsboo- engdgqro, gobdabbgogq3gqro G036q20, ag g_FemPQ ea Gmgmhy —‘begoghoo Beemagigdyeo GoB6-ogabgdob adr grrabgdsbore6, abggg Bomro'sg ymbysogagr BIEA GOGH VpdrJagegdobors6, obo Bgero gobbbgoggdgre oBbgSab dogby- @9g¥W, YaDES Boersl ofgh BLargho ogg- Bamads wa, oiegboe, Bhogawro boghown Imhgmemaagha Go96o3 (gerg%9649). yagmty 49% gh GoBEgdo gsdmbaare adgh ager agtreob Boergdb, eBogedoq B- Idol BybFogerabal ser goboboorgg6, dmgmhg Go3gh Fo~obl eo ygr cos: Ubgs Borel o@Fghs Sobers Byceoeg- Bom 2 wrdohabIorgdaor begds. LA, BVTAIIGRO B9IBO —VERTEBRAEA THORACICAE Aoemab (Ligh. 58) Gpbohamrges es yga@s%q Babagho GsFogros Bolo b bg a bgh. 57. byhbyor. Tgobhob, TH-ypmBzahige, II—Fameb, TV—gag0b, V—gnepby6ol Bsgegdo. 1. gol Gob T Boeys, 2. gobsol IT Bocq, 3. Fat ‘rompers Bom, 4. Boeems8ys dscoengdo, B. ByhbgB—meb seo, 6. Brerostgs gol amgto. 29wo —corpus vertebrae, hm8qrab yy~ Bo-ggoMwoor yowggdapab etragy boorg- by Foborbawgds nGdhoee gabgoennéry- Bgero Fo~ol byo~m7 do —arcus vertebrae. Ayargdal qhornghorposegdo- dogdob oegorro geUbgorrpdqcro wo 46 Fohbowgees qe JAG 496 Fa9o% of 3m&hL — processus spino- sus. Pograb hyrgdoors wo Lbgyerob yyo~ Go yowon Inolsbeghgds dom@ol bg&gc@o — foramen _ vertebrale. dagomrgdo@06 méongy Bbohaby madgho- rahae Fohoboggds yorgowe gedrbady wo Fygoro gobogo Imhho— processus transversus, %930m @o Jgy- gom yo —Aybmdger aergdos6 wodoyoq- Bobgdymo Lobobbeg ba@e @ J39e> 3nbhydo— proces- sus articularis superior gs processus articularis inferior, Gm3gqo Fob got. 3x9 BylwdhGggo Bo~meal by@s wo Ja0@2 03m609@999309—in- cisura vertebralis superior go incisura vertebralis inferior, bybg&coob Ugggob I~ Boqrobagcl (Gomyginee Boegdob arhces) @odabsboomgdgemo — by9mhadmo- Brrawo gtroragoio gengdg6dgdab gotroo, BOTY CL Do—gdb ofgb orogolo bog erstro gabasbbgeggagero 036309, ho payegBotgdgwros Boerona6 Gpsbgdob Bybo~ bUtigdoon, BIC agh ob I—IX dogo (T—Tix) Ubgacrol tags eo dane gaeghons, of, 30 bab 58. sockghed des (23960 oer). 3. santmomss (Esxighogs6) 3. Syg0m36: 1. Bamab Lbgger, 2. Baeab Gyomo (63> gob gabe), 9. Somol bytame, 4. Fao 0x60 Basho, 5. gsbog0 Berifia, 6. Bae Uslsbiig Bordfo, 7. Jags Labsblsig Bri- Bo, 8. gsGago bs6g3bg gmbm, 9. Bsmob VgBer Gs3@ag0, 10. By8m Lolably gol, 12. Jg98~ Usbsbheg gmbe, 12. Baenob Jaa8 GsAeage, 39. gaGogo Ws6g980 dant 6siena0. Lagog Babgs6 Asso offygds, Agodhbgge Lacpstegewa3néa6o Jgg@e wo Bye Lobys- 6g gelagdo — fovea costalis superior @ fovea costalis inferior. momm dae %p eatro bobyj gnbmb ahlgdmds godn~ Fang oBom, m3 smboBbner. Boerg’l 64820 gbgdo Boo» Lsbbegodtg, goddou- oe Bor Berhad s’gdqeon bhxbacrengobo eobgemb cerbybq, sBode9 GyyGol orogol Usblobléng ‘bg@odohob Gabggaho gbabbégdo ghrorn Bsa Lbgiyeel, bragem Agetog Baby goo —Bab aybmdeare Aegdsog Sorrel Lbgg eb. 0¢3 Bpgbgdo X Boersh, Jab ghoro Usbobbog grréogo ofgl ‘bgeo gowghor6, XI eo XII oeegdob Ubggerbgg crm be- bobbhg gorrogoo (fovea costalis —BNA) 2 ago 0499980 Bob ererfaab Bqo ocogomrl. shaq Bgbooygol Eg sSero6 ceoboyegBorgd- PW BWIA’ Doeegdol gibng. Ino fgdbg ohbg3mdb gobogo Ambby Bob bobggby gambagdo — fovea costalis processus transversus.1.2, 40b60b 8502080 — VERTEBRAE CERVICALES, {ebbob Bogrgdob Lophrorm padsboboo- angigmo GoBsbos asbogo bghgend —fo~ ramen transversum —ohbydmdo Borob Lbggmol mbogy dborgty (igh. 59). baegmo qyboes6 Inbsbeghyymas fgg6- ange e359 GomBogre gabogo Srtrhoor, beagee Foboea6 — dsbor6 cagogdohgdq- we dagwadgbdgero FooBrboJabam, by g- BSmgsbo ImdFom— omboBbgcro dmb Fgdob gogtroroa6gdo bgdaggrol ‘By 4260b Zieoa0 shdarread Imgerg, Boghod boy- Breage gadbbgorrpiqira, géwnsb6o 6g 4 6- 8°6030 ImhHhol —bobom, slob BagrgBolergal GoBsbymdqro- go» obo Boho Ubgo Fangqob. Boergdobge6 gd 59, gaol T Boro (oerobo). T-sanfirgoow sb, 1I~Pobs Hasso, I Was gam. 1. Yabo, Leabig grin, & gor, gor um, 3. Fabs Bigg, 4. 3gs6s Bthgg0, 5. boAbp8mob shBgtoob oho, 6. 26030 bghaemo, 7. gd60g0 Bmiiho, 8. Wsbg360 Bertha (7-+8 Gy36-4960g0 Bevo), 9. Bs rob basom0, gob dabbgoggdqero Logham 6o86gd0, oho Ag@ Bobo Gorygg@e Bomrgdog goblbgeg- egd> ghorBobgaobg06, Gog gomfgag- coo yolhab wabofyobo dagrgdolb (Cin) InboForrgmdon byhbycrol goer fmbhb- a6 (yg gob dgomrens6) wayegBo%gB'Fo eo 28 Asergdab Gorge ggSigenhe erd- gotrargoor. 2.1.1. gobhab 3emggmne Sane (Ci) 26 @ebo —atlas —bgh. 59) pio aatraboe yrgrrabs gedrovrhigge Lbgo B>- qrpBobga6 ooo, hood Bob otro og Ioqrob Lbggeo, dob godmg. Boerab bghgel B- Ingohgtragh Fobows Fobo hyx wo —arcus anterior, ySomob — . gobo &go@o—arcus posterior, benenes — agatreadomsb — grdbbgorady- wo aggh@omo Asbgdo — massa lateralis, 28 yya6obySjrmm ar Ligh. 60. gobsol IT Bos (efile). 1. oma bone, 2. genre, 8. Gan 80360 Bowtie, 4. digsme, 8. gotozo Bnt— So, 6. gs6ogo byfinma, 7. Bln Lsisbliin Bomsdoso, 8. qys6s bobsbléog ‘Somsdoto, % gorol BFgnhgime, 10. Bsmob b3%9- mo. 31Uh. 61. gobo dgetey Borral sedge eatob Foroorge. 4. dooms 22 dosage, 2, Jaoes odor Raho Hammel gsdgsmadod Fas gored, 0, Po6s-sga6aome Iosggmowe g98gomnE0b adomel SoGggrmoee 559% ; BFgnesseRab Byes Voheore, 6. Ls6gy69 Bevel Bgehoga grdgseadas Fpheoro. nga —sfgntgqe Labo blag 0689 @g 80 —fovea articularis su- Perior —sgqol agghrcoom abgdon6 By- Loboblirgdeoe wo Jgg@e bobob. log e@hdamgdo — fovea ar- ticularis inferior —yobool ager a~ crsbors6 abossg Bogda. Fabs ws qyx 6 Aayoregdl Logadoergh Lodhmayg8o go Abbgorgdgwo Fo bs ws yobs m6 gG3o— tuberculum anterius > tuberculum posterius —oJgb go agro, Fobs dsl BogSowe6 Smhgob gonbgty ofgb yBo~ol galba— fovea dentis —gm%p. Baral socranb galosegorgbroe. 1.2.2. gobhob Ognmg — doqpob — agbolob, 9 eg hedsmob— axis (Cu) —eedebobooogagero bosbos Lbgnerol goghigergds'by bygom Fobito- WIT B6RGEQEMrge6o dgermrgebo Gorobio- geo grhdol y3o~o— dens (igh. 60), dmdgeoy 8F 994399 m 00 — apex —Bmerngiegds. Bork _Fobaxeo6- Go yboweb wahargera oJgb Lobobl- 6g %pQ030h 98% —facies ar- ticularis anterior @s facies articula- ris posterior, gmhg doerob ydor.g& Beoomagbhy®o yorodegds Sohggro B- ol Logg eraborgol —gobsyargbomo go dgoergdoh Fyhdorroyys6, Am’geroy of sByohgdb yogohb Lognero dgocrgdors6 © Fggdgor@gds Bgmhy domrab Lbggeb. 32 1,2,8, gobhob VI damob (Cx) ofgh BOAabbgogq8ger0 oFeagowyegryho bo Gob Labom 9. f. Lodom@g 3mhygo — tuberculum caroticum—, mig (Oy Gyg6-gabogo Ievrhol —Fobs ‘bye Boh'bg yohare aobgoohgdgqero dgem= Go Wydoeoergdos, hob go8my boJorer~ dob IpdorbgggvFo Iplodergdgqro brogdo Gob Losberenggl goBsgocro bodagey shir Gosity ByRengram Lalbqmrol ceg6ol Ighghg- do (Jg@o6 Fob mbipggds Bmmrygob bo boefrwae). 1.2.4, Fsh%ogyao — Ssees — ver- tebra prominens — gffregdo _gobérob ByBgaeq Aoeral (Cru). gh bob gerfin- I BL BogynEghybo gablogqerogdon PHBE Bebrogero Fagdor6o Iecrhob 399m, hmgeag odegbo~e byormgd> Lbgo Baergdob aboemgogho gergdghig- Bob ebb, m3 yohgre obobyyds yob- 4302 @o grrobogs3o LamhogbOsqom Fgh Creme hob grdmyybgdare (hgh. 57). 18. FOOL BdCI3N— VERTEBRAE LUMB- ALES Facrol Boergdo godmobhggs Lbggerob ow Bolom (Ligh. 62), HmAgerboy odgl AImBhagamn Byeedoh. Fymab Boergdob Ingerg G2 GeVbfo Fagde60 sabhgdo Bhoyacre Gohandal Loboer craerg8ob dn-Aobbrbosenghoe wl Logos bo- BhdygBo. Fyqrab Goergdl cwadoeygdomo IR aIgEGYBOL Usboor oJgb odcyorg 94g90>- drag godmbodgera Bgohg edo dagen gobo Fababoérxeg3o, gobogo Bmérfob xyjo6o Sygododty Gob absfyobBo) @o 9a 6980m0 Iabhobs — pro cessus accessorius — ge bgq@o bolobb&y Inbhey Bob qysb wo madghorghow Androgen @gho~abydho 3m hol —protessus mamillaris—bs- boo, 1.4, 838M adeDVN (293M 43d) __ VERTEBRAE SACRALES (0S SACRUM) Bgl Boergdob Lbgnergdo, Smgnhy Fala, BoqrenBgo bhiogrergo6o ceobym- adob Boge dgermgobo Jlmgogrom ofob ghaBbnor6 wogogQBohydqero (Labml- Oro) eo JAGAL ghor dorgrosé gogob dgoerb (bg 63), gogob dob —os sacrum — dabob qmhBs ofgb; Jobo Sy@o Gsfore — @049 —basis ossis sacri — a6o9g- Exerengbopos — godbbgorrg3gero, bagen dg9@° mem — BF 3063900 — apex ossis sacri—mobsg Fobobyjbs de- whrggowe wo BygoFoegdgeroo. _gogol dye bro Ygqodoho ofgh —Fobs By- errpdoor Laws, Agbpob éwmbyg6 Aofgg- toh 62. Fyn, Bae a Seoges shy bbow 06). 1. Boqmob Wage, 2. Boma HyseI0, 3. Boma dgn@> s8rEsJea90. 4. Faneoséo 6 Bein, 5. wghamebgitio Beviho, 6. bows Labsbleg Beto, 7. gag@s Lsbsblerg Bet Fab bsbsbidg Ygesdohio, 8. gs6og0 Befo, 9. Boga ‘ged sdnBo3e090- are 8g 6zob &g@o3obo— facies pelvina —@o 9 gobo Bgcoohrg- Bom grdeohrggncre wo hogehyregge 360 —facies dorsalis. gogol dgerol Bpbfogerobol oxgorrg- Byeros _gognorgorabffobnes, md ogo By JRGomroo gogob 5 Asqrab Byghorgdom, Gab ge8mq Bobo yggrra sboherBogho PoOBmbJ860 FohImagowagds, Amgmhy Bserab glo og ab GoPogr, gogol dgcrab CabHH2erDe BaFoel Jabal gogol ery Bob Lbgryergd0. B00. Inhab lsiegeho AoeronBgo bagoral Gayges~e 3°49 exdare 306og0 bsbgd0m—lt neae transversae —ohab Fohdempay- Goro. gogol dggrob 3ohgggro Boral (S)) Fob goweg Fora ermtremtob gogob Ge 9430 gowabggrol gsm — Byggarhrogoo Fob PoAboegee wo Ib ymbgbo— proméntorium —gfmegd> (gh. 57). Boqroms Argoergdol @gbgd0 gogob Berge Bab wae |OEFgrah waxdgohrargob Lods- Lagbere of B60Fgbgerergbocoos gob gooro!rg- Bqq@o, ghadobgarns6 shah By bAcorwro we Ja6ob argob dgeob 3g96@00 Gafoeel —pars lateralis, Gmarob go- hyo (wagghorrate) —yoeggdo sbggg goom6 oy phobgd% Bye 304 —facies auricularis — 4a6ob AyGfob dgerob orobdmbsbyerg yeodoe~ ar Bpbsbsbloyderyre. gogol dgrol Fob 33Bpqadeb'dy yorgger Agbmdger Aogrb Br- fan crogobyqomre w86g30b Lobom Sor- Migs byhgqrab barmagdo —Fygor- fuormo = gagob agbzobygbs bghg@gdoo— foramina sacralia pelvina — gobmoggdgern. gogal wqyo6o byqodoh'bg ogrgdob ‘g- Beraefghorre —SmhrRgdab _—_goghhornabg- bam Boegdgero gJamgdos goGeroagdara ge6ogo Brbrbgdol ‘ByghrargBo Fohdm= of86gd> yang gohgo (modghoerg- og) godogorro — By@oemergdgero go- gob wmodgeo@gho Jaco— crista sacralis lateralis, dob Agqoomg- hoae@ gowol Laloblhrg Bmabhgdol Igghorg- Bob Beggow Fr8rf96o~ro gogol Bqo8e@gdo%y Ja eo —crista sacralis intermedia, fmdgqog ‘bggo- 2h Godgho tg~@s bobby dehhoor (processus articularis superior) offygto 03 Amthoo gogol dgoeraaqgog'Bob~ wegd> Fgrrob Bree Boral Jagcs Lebobl- 49 AmhbL), bree Jgggoo doroghnegd: gogol &4980m— cornu sac- Tale —(Aggledodqdo Jgg@o —_LobobLh»p AeshhL). gogab gohgor eo Bqodegduog Jawad’ Bertrab gogo mato @m hbo @gho bghg9 moo —faramina sa- cralia dorsalia, Gmagrgdeq gogol Fob bghrgergdl ‘Apgbododgda06, qysbo yoo Bohol Bo bobby gogab doengdob Fgggoo- Go amhbgdab gaghansbydom 8948600 bah. 63. gegob dgoqre. 3. Bggob Pamrdohowsé, 3. entioerzto Pagssosowss, 1. yada, 2. BFaa6aae0, 8. gogo By6x0b3969 basamade, A. 3960- a0 bobgde, 6. gogo By Jamo, 6. gsgob eotloerate by6gmgte. 7. Bps8eqdsig dame. 8. garb mgatomnse Ja@o, 9. %9- tes Uslsbidg Bevo, 10. gagdb — Bsdds- fe, 11. gagob fdgde, 12, gagéqoao BF mado. 19. yoelgho Yaqrdoto, 14. gr gob sébo, 8. gogol agmob gsdgseradch Foseorabo Cez90@6). Iosggmogo B2- gomated Fobgomgbe: 1. Udgymeb, 2. Fo Bs-gsz6qoo, 3. gs6090 Boifod, 4. Ds. Br-gaatmnoe, 8. Fai6o60 Bevifol Bgets- fo psdgseadol FaGsorrabo. 34gob Bao Jgq@oo—crista sac ralis mediana —yohgo@ godnboggero. Boqmaon byhrgengBol Byghorgoo go gob dyer FohInoJ¥Ggdo gogo ofbo—canalis sacralis, m&gerog ph Afgghgorty gogo bo3h~ com —hiatus sacralis — dmermgeg- Bs. gh wpgrGabySyero 08039 eMrmb byhbyd- ob otal Jgp@o Apbogocros. gogob dgoerb, hmgnércy dorrrns6o. 896~ job BAoagbyer Gsforrl, absboomg’b Lfg- Leadérogo gebdabbgaggdgero Go'B6gbo. Bo- Asjogab gogol dgaqra Bgwoergdoor ahdg- ae, goflher wo Agdareo _Berxohrggorro Fo6absg6, ob grdmrg ogo BFgahgorroms @ ymBgboo IGoTgbgrrmgbo~eas Bgjto- cro Ag6zob mbinBo. 1.5.S0@ILIEOR BNTOVA (STLILVENL 43de70} soeabgGol Boq@go _ mobo o6 by- crs, oBgosmo@ Agdo 06 Gogeegda. oxgo- Aoobol ggwabybob Boergdo —_ghrordo- Gyn Bydgorrgeqero wo Yabo gh Ineo’ yaeghgbob dgeml Gowabas) — os coccygis —, Am Agerbay Boergdob mrobc—oermbrBon0 Bye Gohl gdm ohodowal gohB oJgh. SamsBawob qidg Bggoo (gogal drab 499) BoJggaeo > agnhmead ty cwxrorg- gro ofgh yqo Labobliog Bmmhgdob obo- eragdo ga @abgbol &J9so— — cornu coccugeum —, hmaergdog DyefBoropdor6 gogol dgqrab Ah Jgdb. (one. 64). 6 BOSD SMNSESR (obagmdhoago engolyd:y6906o) byhbyerob Lggdo byhby@crae6aro Jere bob yg Fohdndowagical dohamse agobydoog0 Amhgmromangéoo GoBsboo, apadosbal byhbyaeral Uggdo (cblum- na vertebralis) QJ86o@0o 24 oogoby- Bre Boerab, gogobs ew seglyEob Adgmegdob @ogogBohrgBom o> ghar Borcror- Go, homer «eo Bhagoergnhengs6o qn nab 4mb9 mérgobrs. batrbggrol Ugggeb ghorghmo 360%. Bycomgabo gnBsgn% Ubgeyerobergol Bajo G9 > 98599 heb AmJEoqro Uy hrogbol ‘FpJBGo, byhbyBoqrars6 atrob wayog Zoey Bgero orogol Jom, ayerdsgeroab robb bo, g@s 2 Jan@> yo@nhydob Lohoy- crab dgergdo, brewer Bae0 bo'goengBoor SRDHPBOL oogolygemo GGorroy. o& IGE, byhrbyo~ro apsdoobol mMrgobcb- Bob dgerrga6o fimGRbol oto Bahriben Layee 2960, o6089c@ GySGHrormnhro asBaghroro- Epdgcre. eaAhrgrGmcgoo. badrbgderol bggdo BoergBob c@sdogog- Bohyrgwo godlntymo — gengdg69eo- be (omagdab, bexgorrgdob, &B0m0 Bohom gob) @> byhbyieol yaborgdob Smrbiglob IjAggrBoor Byedog wajoFyeroo. obocwBer Boral byrbyderob LggGb, Us6s9 Babisy agriostol gboggerdymggermdsborm6 eo SAB QdQTo rdgohngo _ Amabeopbcegh Soaramrgfel, comida arsbodoho Ufmbo bggob baby ofgh. edoqegdoqe6 — gly orgg’by yg gob- 3989 geo yobhoh —Goergggera gnGorob podrragdrgdol bomryey BogZgo ofyg3b on- gob gaForbslForhrgdsh (@osoggdol) 9g eb sg gol LsblobBo, 98° Aogmdocrge BoBo _yoblrob Boongdl ofggdo amr Boro yo. 64. Gob doeng’ ba coepepte eee (sago- 3. Pobog@s6, 2. gyoes6, 1. gpmava6ol G3ad0, 35bah. 65... 9 ogob 0 8. 15 % fag axinbsggiens yobtot enhembs eo saraghedl sognts, ere yggrrs Loi arogob Loddedg, ao8g@ golhob gq bang Bob Gmbgbab derog, 9g byhby@eob gobhab GoFow%o offgggh FoS Iodohorg- qo Boehgjol 9. fF. gobbob anm Wr BOL hrdmyoqrodgsb, — yobhab embpn'bFo AmrbsForrgmdb gobhab ygq- PW BOAO III Boergdo, bod- bggob (eombron'bab) Bfaghgero go Gob VV dogotgo. VI anggtg Bg3g0 byhgobs wo Agq- Gob gabergdol gabjgogs dmafogy- Baber6 ogog@ohigdoor ob ghbydb fom- Bab, 08 qgmBohrgm’sBo — Frabolffnhim= Bob Apbobohhmbpdero@ Ubg mera bod- dodah Qghho Bog@gb Fob gorwsofgh @ oForGobffnhgdl Bb Byhgob qygg In Bdeoghgdawo snbargbol lsBgomgom, seb8Egmol gdm FemBob whmb 03 abafBo BogBgo Lolgg@oginhow Fob aoeo- Fame, 699 ofgggh, bybbgaerob gnc Bsghqoob Gofom'Bo qs Bodohrorgero Bo 36 Began bobtoteeal Unthaeaate, (2. Fefaemd- Dvdee grdmboo- Ded). whggob (yogortab) fodmyomrodgdab, 2 Brow, 8—12 agob oboe," Lo6s9 Bog¥go gahdopmrah wamdsb eo boo Grn cl (woof yydb, Bob sbogob IybodBod~ Loe godmggmobegds yobhob mmr ero w asgeisgheob yo Bro (ob, byh. 26g 65). s9OGo gery ApgmdoogmBsBo gow Ugerab 3ormdgd88o LoJoho bepd> Ubgey- ab aaferBabfndgds pdohggegl yrg- cobs BbxBohrdoyob LablohBo, dog Ago co Golomb ghar aogal dgowro Byggermrae “oggera hgga@ Amamdohgr- Bab (oggergds Ag6fob wabhogrmds—in- clinatto pelvis), 49, ogob abog, Forel g@wmhembBob gs6g0m- qdob offgggh. Foro crmhrenitol BgJe- Bo AmbGomgmdl ayrdsgoeob XI— XII go Farol yager Boers. Gogphrggol Banrgoro Foeob WI—IV aogrob oor By bgo.byhby@eob yggero oeFghrore gobor- comgeghe bode) Sebo gn Sfgon%o wrdgohergol gebhmobon6, gqbmgdol do~ ab wo Legg Erol Aobob Sodgdsbon6 gh any anboren6 yo grdngrobegds eo Asfbodig@l oefggh 18 Frrob abosBo, Bae 3rd go Ambyggdgemdddeg mnarJdab aggerace Ghgds, ong oh gogoorgoral= FoGgdar door GgrpBemdol eey-eodob go6bogermds9o, hag Eeaggh lagdomg BoVEgrmgbe ab gadnboSgqero (2-6 La), Bmbggab mb arbob23o ongr- go6o sdotogab ImeeqSgdabo wo gqberp- Bab Smbghol cwogggoagdob godm bah byGerol —BymaeFyharra —Ladlryeggdo (gefboggardrgdon aredsgrceol) 96c%g6)- eogboe BOgemdb. 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Lbgggrbo go Ayorrol qybgdb Inhob bhdomrngebo fabogyGnr, Bograb Lbgye Bo hoo grdgaemgdol Fyhdomos, bmg AagoqegBBo —eb-ebro yoagye Babygob~ Bo Cherginh ohob odadgdoor godgoery- dob Fahoowadeg). saw@gbybol doerg- do Aermarboe bhdorrmgebos. bah. 66. BagegBob s6mdoqros. 3. T Bam Gyomadol gx ops, 8. yobéou VIT Bs erst yg Us6gy8q — Bertiflogess Gasbodob —gs6gomsergdo, 8. Farmos 1 dsmsvg GgyGob Gpgebg6Oo. 38 bhdomrergaboa siggy Fggeo060 Berérbge Bo, gobngo co Labsblény BexhBgBob Beager= 980, oqrobab Fobs Ayaqro, gobhob Bore Bab go6ogo Bmhhgdo Bycoatrgdoo ghdg- em. BI aygQhrwab Boerab Lbg~ErgBo mbe 496, beogrer Formals Ledyyh Ggqos job hob aseegdol Lbggerol Lodoerngtg, 9g ghorphraro ottgtor sbseBmBarrgdabo os Usghrorre dagdggdob gobhob Gsforob Agohg ‘berdobo, Bomrab Lbggmol byes @ Jags Da~odohgdo — Ergahgtras Jormrafigho bhgomram, hmdead bahybyQ begds Solo Lodemrgo bho, slogo6 eogogBoey- Bon bhdamal Ighogghogero 6sforo ersbigoonb Byoggergd> m§jrgo6o slo gomom, bagm Ggbdhomgho goxsg- Bohegds Joboob Gohrhybl ceo dabon6 ahmoe IpJaob bdo Bohagh (6. a. dhade, 1959 Ff). 1,2, BITIVOLS Vd IADB somAseoIs0 Bagram —aGmBoqrogdowo6 o@boboVbr gos: oGcrabal qys6o hgrergdol oboe Burge Comaxgh ghaehmgmoe Fo Galo wo wgyebalo) (igh. 66), brrayyh ah abrob Rodmysemdgdqgro yogBoho (go dgoqrgds) Bgrhg Boqrob yBorrbs wo dob Logg Beatrob, VIT dogrol agg dreonnUgh. 67. Fees wo gogoh domngBob abenBoreos: 3d. EppBsmoBsaos (Forel I Beers gsdngego- fo Bdgob agmolsgss), B. 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Agmhog Bydorbgqgsdo go, 3 Gogoor, gogob I Bere (S,) 9% Bggoob gogob dymob Bgdowaghcrm’sBo, goboowa6 ogo eagobggeme dommes ws gsdedymagowros gogob dgcobgss bhdoremgsba @abjmao (eaeomoboye) (bg. 67). Aagegdob sGmBoqragdb_ Bohra Beg Soe asghagmadames byhbyamol ohbob wgbyhomds (bg, 68), md Bobo br goghom qnha (spina bifida occulta) Emhiob gerosbseoq go shob SoBbgqe 39Land. 69. agedigdeel hebbbo. 1. gobéiol VIT Sams, 2. I Gag6o. (Sx8eg0mn Bayob B9msmomo), 3. egoFn, 4. SgRob ai fo, 5. dgGob dgeob Bobysegolgdin Briho, 6. saboBonbo, 7. Bbhol agmod wsg0, Tot ob dgomo, 9. Bobgomnbgrtio BexiBo, 10, Gg3Sgsab whBommmgs60 GsFormo, 11. X Ggybob (oF Ba360) Ageergs6n EsFommo, 12. KIT Gyg60 (Byegn90 59960). ceo (ogoqrome, gogob I aogrobs, m- Apirog Bpdorbgqgr 12%-Bo ggbgwgds). o8b gpd, Fmd bmg Byderbggqv8o ob aGerBoqros hadkeybo8g Bg bmgq Boes'ty Bogareg®s, ogo byhhby@erob sérbob Bose erogbol Cbeyogob dgo60, Bobo goblgdo) crosftoob gsbgoasirgdob Boro bends, 63g Lodsbobyos gmbh epdgendh. Poe Ambajggeiby gobgooohgye> spina Difida-b bmajqe ons6 ghorgob biyrgob gobo Ligne gsBoUgergdo (rachischi- sis), og bogmabergbos6 —Ipgiaglg- Byer Uodabobigs. a, BIESIGRAL THORACIS BITS igh eal herbRbo, by ayyerdygh- Gab eal dgemrgebo sgmgme ofdbgds BOMAgh ead omrhIggo Boqrab, 12 Fygo- ACMEAEO — CSSA 40 re BagGobo wo Bighreob dgerob goghrarn- Eqdom (Ugh. 69)s 9Jg@r6 Boergdo wydgq- eho FSHAmbsJabgdoo, mIergdoy yar? byhbg8qros6b sbabooorg’l. abggg gorrm- B08p bye dagivor bgs6gdo, Amdergdoy Da~aderg bahbgdmrasbyel Bggho@ Wg- Ge 80 999m (eamBoo Fygora)s gow a@Fas6b, oy Bgbads Aygoeob dgoerb, ogo yggms'tg sbocra FohdenboJ8bos, go- Goo@96 Sohrgger@ Bobo Gogo Bgo- BBEygo sdgodagdIo, bem, hmgnhy IngQEJgorbory ohgs6~, ogo WYo~rad wads hg3dorrogdb. 2.1, 6956080 — COSTAE. spaBorbob armhiggo Fygore 69560 Asghreol dgoqron6 wagogdohrgdob Bobye- gem bod Fan gre synge: Sohgor xaIe aaamgbob 3ohggco Bgowe (I—VII) 693-bgh. 70. Byg6gdo. A, T Ggg6o, 2. IL Ggy60, 3. X Gqy50 (Bsixg963), 4. 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Go, hmdceqdoy Ayghreoab dgocel yygogZorr CegBo36 oragobo Uodygheg Serrrmor goer GR, Doamg_era Esdrgjoegd~oe Ge dm 6sd@goma bgybgdo— costae verae —pfiregds. @abohrhg6o bom Fygoreo Ggg60 (VIII—XIT) aoh6y- wre ghy &946932@ —costae spuriae—, gobooge6 obo6o —Ayghroob dgoeh 96 ghnd6yoers6 cwayagBohgdob Bq2eqq Vprghoregdo6 obo Lag egdoa ot ogg sb @2 Boar Ladyghog dmc engobggerace Borghregds hom Jlogo- BBo, 08 wqyobabySyeror gygergbob XI @e XIT bgybgdo, oemdgeraroyy gerry bys6q- Bobge6 grdmiyngy®, hmgnhy a9 393 594693b—costae fluctuan- tes (BNA). omomggcro Gy460 8g6-Goyegdo@ 6:3g- Cabgbyhae Bmbhoma gadhdyarrgder ho dgmrmgebo eghms, dmgmog o8gq gehen oragolo Loghdogo wghdab otragrra- 394 rob Argehgyorro (Ugh. 70). 3ob- aatre Bggbob ashrge, hmdgeracs aragobo Lodhdyor Imbatmbbrengto wasb, Bg Gado Lodtrdyoor gghidasoernhrage ohab arborggigges ghmdsbgaab Ishoeegen- G2@ 2 odeaghmdon obg, md aor gobogtro By @oohgdo agerdsghcob ebgh dawICL JAGoL. Gyyol yobs qAgdglo Bafowo dgemgoGos—os costa le—, beer Fob ogo Borogéregd> 69 J bob talis. orommgger Egshb9 ohhgggh Gy gy bob b6 Go ~om —cartilago cos- mogb—caput costae—, hmadgerog omogobo bobobbhg %y@ode 6 0 »—facies articularis capitis costae — BITAsgheob Bmgdd qyogorrggds. TX ggBgdob oragob Usbobling byceo" Boho Bay Gol magob Jggon— crista capitis costae — gsymgogros mh Gafomae, hog ar8mfgggmos omboBgro Bq gGgdo ghawhegmae mm agbmdgr Boqrobona6 yog dora, GygGab orsgob wBqaqre goatrdgergdoo 69 g6ob yg @o —collum costae—, Gmageoy Bg g6ob Lbyy~do— corpus costae —gs@ogab, 08 dobby Bqybol gotrgor Bywoiomidg B6o%_Egermg- Gee Babbgorrgdgro Bg ybol Sab Qgoo—tuberculum costae —@glo- BaBobo Bagrab gabog Brhrhor6 Bpbaboblérg- Berow, abergabyy Bb ohana ofgh Lobsbbog bg@odobo —facies articularis tuberculi costae, GyG0b Bmhrygow26 exgbog AmBerhrgdom Gygbo Lbgyeral qyeGo LodMoyor06 gag ono goqwowab, Byggmhow wbggqh For Golyjg6 es J860L Gqg6ob gq rb gb — angulus costae (ba. 70). 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Bygqob agrzol Bedgsmgdob Fosdomade: 1. Sanswor or Gob dossarmeo prdasmodod Fohoomo, '2, Bgghmol Wypmol Iohgnmomo Bsdgr madob Fossorgdo, 3. 8, Agemismo gsdgvmrgdol Foseompie, 4. Gob- somalgdto Bréifol Byememo gsdgsmoda FotGoro- 2.8, BSDGWOL d3dO — STERNUM Asgheob dgowo (Bygheo) Bog gq%g~ Bgdo Bhoyge dgergdv. BvBo godgoerg- Bob Soraggbol BgloBedobo~w ohggg6 8ygq- oho gadmyngor bod bsFomb: 349 O @ob §o4b —manubrium sterni—, Bg96@ob Lbgg@bs —corpus steni—gr @obgomoabgdh a = & BL — processus _xiphoideus yg. 71). Banhoob Gvtrer6, Ewe II BgySgdob gor~ 2, ongobo Lodsgheg Smerma wagesAqbgmos rogoFog, sBogm3 Asbty B- Usdo8olo@ Byo¥hGggo Lo by 369 So §0eog930 (fw 11) —incisurae costales @2 @ogoGol Go3eggo —incisura clavicularis. mogofol Fygoce Boeoggh Bertil « Bygeeob gohrol Sgeo dowgh Jabob Logems S9Jeage —ineisura jugularis. Asghroob gshobo co Lbg~yerob Bgqhorg- do Logogomnh Lodmdyx3o ashsgoare damboor broyogenegds wo Bb ay9 o& @ob ygobg — angulus sterni (ternalis) —pfregdo (eggmgeyrl g0- orbg). 030 agegoqroee - abobygds' a6 fgg > graboysBo Loomrhropbdoyore (II byJ- Bob erbg) dob godmygbgdqero. ayge- Gob Ubggertyg dahob sborrmangtoig ‘BgodhGggs Bakeggqdo Ggy6qdo6 obo Pogo. Asgowol dgmob gage godmermgdsh J26ol — Agdhae gahadgergho gmhdobo gotmdl Iobgo~oby dha Ime fo —processiis xiphoideus. 8b 23- odingds Ifobegh yrbighob s6 Gohdol gmhib, gayogoqe oy oboe @o Lb3. 4.8 BD—adIeEOL 69 — CAVUM THORACIS Rd BOUIN AMEE (COMPAGES THO- RACIS) smerasGae saresQoeeb hgh, — hrgrdy ae eegdab, BgsGgdolo wo Bgqhroob dgrob go- ghorosbydoo Bp Jaber yhorebo ggrecrom Inlbsdegene Loghagh, fb bgwo 2 b ogo @o—apertura thgtacis superior—, hm8gerag Imobobemgtgds Bawagg@@ol I Bogrob Lbgqerom, I Fygo- ro Bggbob Bogs Jowoms wo Asyeroalr dgmob ebrob byes _yowom ogerg a8e6o30999), wo Jgn~> Bybogowro, Ser- Agog m@gimdon Bgghow LYohdmdb Vqcoab, sarsgaheook Jgg@o Igbo gocl —Aerbobegérogh GgyGgdob Jga~@> goweg, 0647 Bg y6mo & 30m o—arcus Cos- —apertura thoracis inferior talis—, XII dog wo Bygheob abgorro- Lgdho Sovofo. Bysbon, hrgogroh Asérygg6o coo dohagbg6> Gabggodro Bygémpob dgocren6 Bgghrergdo- Lab Ubgowabbgo ggarbgb Ja6ab obogob, Lggbols ceo erirasbob dol ymbboooagea- 60 crogabgdhrgdgdov Bgbodadoboce, o80- G9 0g0 BBoho—e grdmygogaqmros hm 3rhq. sroboamto, obggg sberhoem3m8gd- Gogwe —aedmagergaprobagal qo sb. 3ga%e430% yoobs —angu- lus infrasternalis —pfregds. ayerdsao- ob fnGhbob bm¥gdo wo qmhagdo, or- Bmrh3 o@gboBBgo, Igdobdggo~@~ goto Bgerahros. Lgglols wo abogol gobo, Gob hodmryorrodgds'tg ByrJ8gcgdob ob- TOIBL GorgmAryy googdm Iohmdgd0 (36m Ggboo, BogBgmo Lymmombo eo bb3.), abgg9 gr6gomohgdob abmBoqrogdo. 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