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Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 14th Edition Haviland Test Bank 1
Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 14th Edition Haviland Test Bank 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together in
meaningful ways according to a set of share rules is called a(n)
a. signal set.
b. language.
c. code.
d. linguistic system.
e. analogue.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: New
4. Chantek is a(n)
a. orangutan.
b. gorilla.
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c. bonobo.
d. chimpanzee.
e. gibbon.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
7. The roots of linguistics, the modern scientific study of language, go back a long way to the
works of ancient grammarians in _____, more than 2,000 years ago.
a. South Asia
b. Central Asia
c. North Africa
d. Australia
e. Scandinavia
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
10. While the phonologist is making an inventory of permissible sounds in a language, the _____
is deciphering the groups or combinations of sounds that have meaning, or that are actually
used to convey information.
a. phoneticist
b. morphologist
c. grammaticist
d. glottochronologist
e. consultant
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
11. The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful
units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its
a. syntax.
b. form classes.
c. morphology.
d. phonology.
e. grammar.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
12. The development of different languages from a single ancestral language is called
a. descriptive linguistics.
b. historical linguistics.
c. language subgroups.
d. linguistic divergence.
e. linguistic nationalism.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
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OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
13. Which of the following would be an acceptable research topic in the field of historical
linguistics?
a. Whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common
language
b. Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers use the same body language to signal
gender differences
c. Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers organize their languages using the
same syntactical structures
d. All the features of a given language as it is spoken at a particular point in time
e. Frame substitution to investigate the syntax of a particular language
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
15. Which of the following statements about the English language is incorrect?
a. English belongs to the Indo-European language family.
b. English belongs to the Germanic language subgroup.
c. English is one of the many languages that diverged from an ancient unified
language called Proto-Indo-European.
d. English is a “daughter” language.
e. English has historically suffered a narrowing and loss of meaning.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
17. In France, a committee exists that has the job of eliminating subversive foreign influences in
the form of words borrowed from other languages. English is a major offender (as in le
bluejeans or le hamburger). This is an example of
a. cultural conservatism.
b. linguistic ethnocentrism.
c. linguistic parochialism.
d. linguistic nationalism.
e. ethnolinguistics.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
19. Professor Greymorning worked on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming to help revitalize
which Native American language?
a. Nez Perce
b. Blackfoot
c. Arapaho
d. Zuni
e. Assiniboine
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
20. As a way of revitalizing Arapaho, Professor Greymorning did all of the following except:
a. developed an Arapaho-only university.
b. translated a new dictionary of Arapaho.
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c. translated the Disney film Bambi into Arapaho.
d. developed a new methodology of language acquisition.
e. modeled teaching Arapaho through new methodology.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
21. The influence of a person’s class status on what pronunciation he/she uses, a speaker’s choice
of more complicated vocabulary and grammar when he/she is speaking to a professional
audience, and the influence of language on culture are all concerns of
a. descriptive linguistics.
b. historical linguistics.
c. sociolinguistics.
d. linguistic nationalism.
e. displacement.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
22. Although language may be studied as an independent system, it is also important to look at in
terms of what it tells us about society and culture. Whatever its phonemes, syntax, and history,
language is a dynamic, adaptive system that facilitates the speaker’s survival and gives clues
about what is significant in his/her life. When we focus on the relationship between language
and culture of those who speak it and how they inform each other, we are doing
a. ethnolinguistics.
b. descriptive linguistics.
c. historical linguistics.
d. glottochronology.
e. frame substitution.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
23. The term _____ is usually used to refer to varying forms of a language that reflect particular
regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.
a. dialect
b. language subgroup
c. language family
d. accent
e. regionalism
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
24. A Scottish butler in an English mansion says to the lady of the house, “You may wish to stay
inside today, Madam; it’s quite cold outside.” But when he goes back to his own cottage he is
likely to say to his wife in broad Scots, “Shut the door and get inside, Maggie, you’ll freeze
your buns off.” In linguistics, this is an example of
a. code switching.
b. class consciousness.
c. glottochronology.
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d. phonological analysis.
e. linguistic nationalism.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
25. Native speakers of the Lakota language were amused when they saw the movie Dances with
Wolves because
a. the writers got it all wrong.
b. the language did not fit the people group.
c. the language was all male oriented.
d. the language was all female oriented.
e. the language was all spoken as if the actors were children.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
26. The American anthropologist Edward Sapir and his student, Benjamin Whorf, drawing on his
experience with the language of the Hopi Indians, developed a full-fledged theory now known
as the theory of
a. cultural relativity.
b. linguistic relativity.
c. code switching.
d. linguistic nationalism.
e. phenomenology.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
27. In the 1930s and ’40s, Edward Sapir and _____investigated the idea that language, by
providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain
way.
a. Leslie White
b. Franz Boas
c. Benjamin Lee Whorf
d. Peter Woolfson
e. Bill Haviland
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
28. Humankind’s repertoire of body language is enormous. We are capable of making more than
_____ facial expressions.
a. 1,500
b. 10,000
c. 7,000
d. 4,000
e. 3,500
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
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29. Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct?
a. Kinesics refers to the system of extralinguistic noises that accompany spoken
language.
b. Kinesics research has demonstrated that gender signals communicated through
posture are biologically based rather than learned.
c. Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are
greeting each other is similar all over the world.
d. All cultures have the same gestures for “yes” and “no.”
e. Anthropologists paid more attention to nonverbal communication prior to the
1950s.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
30. Edward Hall designated four categories of proxemically relevant spaces. Which of the
following is incorrect?
a. Intimate (0-18 inches)
b. Social-consultative (4-12 feet)
c. Conventional (7-10 feet)
d. Public distance (12 feet and beyond)
e. Personal-casual (1.5-4 feet)
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
31. _____ is the cross-cultural study of humankind’s perception and use of space.
a. Kinesics
b. Phonetics
c. Proxemics
d. Syntax
e. Ethnology
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
32. Paralanguage includes not only the way that people say things but also a variety of
extralinguistic noises called
a. phonemes.
b. kinesics.
c. vocalizations.
d. substitution frames.
e. syntax.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
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33. A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation
and meaning is called a
a. paralinguistic language.
b. tonal language.
c. linguistic subfamily.
d. dialect.
e. displacement.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
35. Displacement refers to the concept of being able to refer to things that are
a. not there.
b. visibly there.
c. in the process of being moved.
d. both symbolic and realistic.
e. arbitrary and changing.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 4 MSC: New
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37. A series of symbols representing sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order is called
a(n)
a. language.
b. dialect.
c. tonal language.
d. gesture.
e. alphabet.
ANS: E DIF: Factual
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
40. United Nations declared the period from 2003 to 2012 as the _____ Decade.
a. Technology
b. Communication
c. Paralanguage
d. Illiteracy
e. Literacy
ANS: E DIF: Factual
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup
TRUE/FALSE
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1. Humans are programmed for language.
5. Linguistic nationalism refers to the establishment of a nation where everyone speaks only one
language.
6. Over the past 500 years, about half of the world’s 12,000 languages have become extinct.
7. Anthropologists predict that by the year 2100, there will only be about 100 languages in the
world.
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11. Ethnolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the cultural setting in
which it is used.
12. Code switching refers to the tendency of people who speak more than one language to confuse
which language they are currently speaking in as they converse with others.
14. Passive bilingualism is when someone comprehends more than one language but is only able
to express him/herself in one of them.
18. It takes many years of practice for people to master the muscular movements needed to
produce the precise sounds of any particular language.
19. The mobile phone is a fast method of communicating, even in remote rural areas of the world.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Define language.
ANS: Will vary REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language MSC: New
7. How was anthropological linguistics applied to language development among the Arapaho?
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: Pickup
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: Pickup
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: New
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: New
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11. What is ethnolinguistics?
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: Pickup
12. What is code switching? Give an example from your own life to illustrate this concept.
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: New
ANS: Will vary REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System MSC: New
ANS: Will vary REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
MSC: Pickup
ANS: Will vary REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
MSC: New
ANS: Will vary REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
MSC: New
ESSAY
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2. How is language linked to gender? Use examples from the text and add some of your own.
3. What is linguistic nationalism? Should the United States encourage and support the use of
minority languages within its borders? Alternatively, is making English the official language
of the U.S. a good idea?
5. Discuss the process of linguistic divergence. What cultural forces are behind this process?
6. What is sociolinguistics? Propose two sociolinguistic projects that you think would be
interesting to do on a university campus.
10. Discuss the relationship of body language to understanding a culture and its various beliefs
and values.
11. Discuss the point of view that language mirrors or reflects, rather than determines, cultural
reality. Provide examples to support that view.
12. Explain the gesture-call system, including body language and paralanguage.
13. Discuss the importance of modern telecommunication and illiteracy in our globalizing world.
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ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
14. Although thousands of languages have existed in only spoken form, many have long been
documented in one form of writing or another. Discuss the emergence and development of
writing systems.
16. How did writing emerge as a system of communication? What impact did this have on our
world?
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