STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

LESSON TIMETABLE
MODULE : VI. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Sub-Module : 1. Mean for Ungrouped and Grouped data
2. Median for Ungrouped and Grouped data
3. Mode for Ungrouped and Grouped data
4. Properties of Mean, Median, and Mode

COURSE/SUBJECT : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

DURATION : Five (4) Hours Lecture; laboratory

CONTENT/TOPIC STRATEGY/ REFRENCE/ EVALUATION

DURATION
ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
Introduction
● Opening Prayer
(Optional)
● Introducing the
instructor
● Leveling/ Lecture/
½ hour Laptop
Discussion
Motivation
● Articulating the
desired learning
outcomes for the
session

Presentation
● define measures
of central
tendency;
● recognize the
importance of Lecture/
measures of Discussion Laptop
2 ¼ hours central tendency
Power-point
● distinguish
Question Presentation
grouped and and Answer
ungrouped data
● solve problems
involving
measures of
central tendency.
Application
● Reinforcement
Laptop
● Recap of
1 ¼ hours Learning insights Recitation
Power-point
● Assessment
Presentation
● Closing Prayer
(Optional)

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

SESSION PLAN
Program/Year Level : 11- HUMSS, ABM, STEM, TVIA AND TVHE

MODULE : VI. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Sub-Module : 1. Mean for Ungrouped and Grouped data
2. Median for Ungrouped and Grouped data
3. Mode for Ungrouped and Grouped data
4. Properties of Mean, Median, and Mode

COURSE/SUBJECT : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion, Recitation, Seatwork, & Quiz

DURATION : Five (4) Hours Lecture; laboratory

LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs):

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

● define measures of central tendency;
● recognize the importance of measures of central tendency;
● distinguish grouped and ungrouped data; and
● solve problems involving measures of central tendency.
LEARNING AIDS:
● Laptop/ Computer
● PowerPoint presentation
● Hand outs

REFERENCES: (Preferably in Digital Form)

● David M. Lane. et al. Introduction to Statistics: pp. 656
● Coburn, J.W. (2016). Statistics (Cust. Ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
● Hon, K. (2015). An Introduction to Statistics

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

I. INTRODUCTION

Preparatory Activities
● Opening Prayer
● Introducing the instructor
● Leveling/Motivation
Developmental Activities
● Articulating the desired learning outcomes for the session

II. PRESENTATION (Lesson Proper)

Discuss the following specific subject areas, giving examples to make

points clear when necessary

● define measures of central tendency;

● recognize the importance of measures of central tendency;
● distinguish grouped and ungrouped data; and
● solve problems involving measures of central tendency.

*MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

- is a single value that summarizes a set of data.
- It is a value where the set of data tends to center.
- The measures of central tendency to be discussed are the mean, the median, and
the mode.

⮚ MEAN
- of a set of values is the arithmetic average of the values

How to find the Mean of Ungrouped data

1. Add the values of the observations in a data set.
2. Divide the sum by the number of observations.

Formula in Finding the Mean of Ungrouped Data.

∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑥
Sample Mean ⟹ 𝑥 = Population Mean ⟹ 𝜇 =
𝑛 𝑁

where x is the individual scores

n is the sample size
N is the population size

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Example 1. The daily income of the five (5) vendors is P3200, P2800, P4000, P3750, and
P2650 respectively. Find their average daily income.

∑ 𝑥 3,200+2,800+4,000+3,750+2,650
𝑥 = 𝑥 =
𝑛 5

16,400
𝑥 =
5

𝒙 = ₱3,280

⮚ WEIGHTED MEAN
- Is a special case of the arithmetic mean.
- It is computed by multiplying each value by an appropriate weight, add these
products, and then divide the result by the sum of the weights.

How to find the Mean Weighted Mean of Ungrouped Data

1. Multiply each value by the weight given.

2. Add the products of the values and the weights.
3. Divide the sum by the total weight.

Formula in Finding the Weighted Mean of Ungrouped Data

∑ 𝑋𝑊
Weighted Mean ⟹ 𝑥𝑤 =
∑ 𝑊

where x is the individual scores

𝑤 is the weight of each score/value

Example 1. In a statistics class of 40 students, 12 students got a grade of 82, 10 students

got a grade of 85, 15 students got a grade of 87, and the rest got 90. Find the average
grade of the students.

∑ 𝑋𝑊 12(82)+10 (85)+15(87)+3 (90) 3409

𝑥𝑤 = = = = 85.225 or 85.23
∑ 𝑊 40 40

How to find the Mean of Grouped Data

2. Given the frequency distribution table, determine the class mark (x).
3. Multiply each class mark by the corresponding frequency.
4. Add the products of the class marks and the frequencies.
5. Divide the sum by the total frequency.
Formula in Finding the Mean of Grouped Data

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∑ 𝑓𝑥 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
Sample Mean ⟹ 𝑥 = Population Mean ⟹ 𝜇 =
𝑛 𝑁

where x is the class mark

𝑓 is the frequency
n is the sample size
N is the population size or the total frequency.

Example 1. The table below shows the income distribution of the employees in XYZ
Company. Find the mean.

Income No. of Employees

251 – 300 8
301 – 350 13
351 – 400 15
401 – 450 5
451 – 500 7
501 – 550 2

N = 50 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 18,575.0

Properties of the Mean

1. A set of data has only one mean however, most of the time its value does not
appear in the data set.
2. It can be calculated for any set of numerical data especially interval and ratio data
should not be used for nominal data.
3. The mean is the only measure of central tendency where the sum of the deviations
of each value from the mean will always be zero.
4. It includes precise information from every score and therefore it is affected by a
change in any score.
5. It is affected by extremes values especially small sample because all values are
included in the computation.
6. Mean of separate distribution can be combined to get the mean of the total
distribution.
7. The mean is a useful measure for comparing two or more populations.

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⮚ MEDIAN
- Is the middlemost value in an ordered array of data. It is value of the observation
that divides the data set into two equal parts when the data are arranged in
increasing or decreasing order.
- Is not affected by every value in the data set especially by the extreme’s values.

How to find the Median of Ungrouped data

1. Arrange the values in increasing or decreasing order.
2. If there are odd numbers of data, there is only one number in the middle (Xm). This
middle value in the median.
3. If there are even numbers of data, there are two middle values (X M1 and XM2). The
average of these two values is the median.

Formula in Finding the Median of Ungrouped Data

𝑋𝑀1 + 𝑋𝑀2
Median (Md) = XM Median (Md) ⟹ 𝑥
̃ =
2

Where Xm is the middlemost value of the where 𝑋𝑀1 + 𝑋𝑀2 are the two middle
data when n is odd. Most values when n is even.
Example 1. The prices of certain books are set at 15, 12, 14, 16, 13, 18, and 17. Find the
median.
Solution:
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
XM (Odd) Median = 15

Example 2. The following are the ages of 10 employees of a certain company: 25, 21, 30,
25, 32, 46, 55, 40, 45, 58, 30, and 60 years old. What is the median age?
Solution:
21 25 25 30 30 32 40 45 46 55 58 60
XM1 XM2 (Even)
32+50
Median = = 36
2

How to Find the Median of Grouped data

1. Given a frequency distribution table, determine the less than cumulative frequency
(<cf).
𝑁
2. Compute the value of 2 .
𝑁
3. Look for the smallest value in the less than cumulative frequency (<cf) where is
2
counted.

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4. Locate the median class to identify lower boundary of the median class, the less
than cumulative frequency before the median class, the frequency of the median
class, and the class size.
5. Apply the formula for finding the median.
Formula in Finding the Median of Grouped Data
LBis the lower boundary of the median class
Median (Md) N is the Total frequencies
𝑁
2
− <𝑐𝑓𝑏 𝑓 is the frequency of the median class
𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝐵 + ( )i <cfb is the cumulative frequency of the class just
𝑓
before the median class
i is the class size
Median Class – is the class interval containing N/2 item in the less than cumulative
frequency.

Example 1. The following is a distribution of the starting monthly salaries of selected

graduates coming from a certain school. Compute the median.

Income No. of Graduates <cf

8,001 – 9,000 5 5
9,001 – 10,000 11 16
10,001 – 11,000 8 24
11,001 – 12,000 10 34
12,001 – 13,000 7 41
N = 41

Solution:
𝑁
− <𝑐𝑓𝑏
2
𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝐵 + ( )i
N/2 = 20.5 𝑓

f =8 𝑥̃ = 10,000.50 + (
20.5 − 16
) 1,000
8
<cfb = 16
9
Lb = 10,000.50 𝑥̃ = 10,000.50 + (16) 1,000
i = 1,000 𝑥̃ = 10,000.50 + (562.5)
̃ = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟓𝟔𝟑
𝒙

Properties of the Median

1. Median is unique; that is, like the mean, there is only one median for a set of data.
2. It minimizes the average distance between itself and the raw scores in the data
set.
3. It is not affected by extremely large or small values and is therefore a valuable
measure of central tendency when such values occur.
4. It is affected by the number of observations in the distribution.
5. It can be computed for the ratio-level, interval-level, and ordinal-level data.
6. Not all values in the distribution contribute to the value of the median.

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⮚ MODE
- Is the value that appears the most number of times in a data set.
- The mode of the ungrouped data can be seen by inspection. The value that occurs
most frequently is the mode.
- There is no modal (zero modal) value if all the values in the data occur with equal
frequency, where frequency may be equal or greater to one.
- If there are two modal values in a set of data, then the data may be referred to as
bimodal, if there are three modal values, the data is trimodal or multi-modal.

Example 1. The following grades were received by selected accounting students in a

short quiz in mathematics: 14, 10, 12, 16, 19, 15, 12, 17, 10, 11, 7, 12, 6, 15, 12, 12, 10,
9, 18, and 12.

- 6, 7, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
- The most frequently occurring value is 12, therefore the mode is 12 (unimodal).

Example 2. The members a certain jeepney drivers association earn daily net incomes
of 320, 450, 300, 290, 485, 400, 370, 325, and 500. What is the mode?

- 290, 300, 320, 325, 370, 400, 450, 485, 500

- Each value occurs only once, therefore the is no mode (zero modal).

How to find the Mode of Grouped data

1. Given a frequency distribution table, determine the highest frequency. The
class interval containing the highest frequency is the modal class.
2. Determine the lower boundary (Lb) of the modal class.
3. Where the intervals are arranged in increasing order from top to bottom, find
the difference between the highest frequency and the frequency just above.
The result is the value of ∆1 .
4. Compute the difference between the highest frequency and the frequency
just below. The difference is the value of ∆2 .
5. Determine the class size (i).
6. Apply the formula for finding the mode.

Formula in Finding the Mode of Grouped Data

LB is the lower boundary of the modal class
Mode ∆1 is the difference between the highest
∆1 frequency and the frequency just above.
𝑥̂ = 𝐿𝐵 + ( )i
∆1 + ∆2 ∆2 is the difference between the highest
frequency and the frequency just below.
i is the class size

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Example 3. The table shows the age distribution of the employees of R & M Company.

Age No. of Employees

21 – 25 6
26 – 30 4
31 – 35 9
36 – 40 11
41 – 45 8
46 – 50 10
51 – 55 5
56 - 60 7

The highest frequency is 11, therefore the modal class is 36 -40.

Lb = 35.5 ∆1
𝑥̂ = 𝐿𝐵 + ( )i
i =5 ∆1 + ∆2

∆1 = 11 – 9 =2
2
𝑥̂ = 35.5 + ( )5
2+ 3
∆2 = 11 – 8 =3 2
𝑥̂ = 35.5 + ( ) 5
5
10
𝑥̂ = 35.5 + ( )
5
𝑥̂ = 35.5 + 2
𝑥̂ = 37.5

Properties of the Mode

1. The mode may not exist especially when values in the data set have the same
frequency.
2. It may not be unique since there could be more than one mode in a data set.
3. For ungrouped data, it requires no calculation since the value may be obtained by
inspecting the raw data.
4. Most of the time, it is not affected by the extreme’s values.
5. Not all values contribute to the value of the mode.

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● Reinforcement Activity

A. Find the Mean for Ungrouped Data.

1. The grades of a student in 5 quizzes in an algebra course were 85, 83, 80,
89, and 91. Find the arithmetic mean of his grades in algebra.
2. The XYZ company is in need of casual workers. The managers interviewed
applicants who ages are 21, 25, 19, 24, 27, 25, 30, and 26 respectively.
Find the mean age of the applicants.

B. Find the Weighted Mean for Ungrouped Data.

In a company having 50 employees, 25 earn 40php per hour, 15 earn 45php

per hour, and 10 earn 50php per hour. Determine the mean earning per
hour.

C. Find the Mean for Grouped Data.

In a manufacturing company, the owner recorded the time needed by his
workers to finish a certain product. Find the average time each worker
needs to finish the product.
Time (in minutes) No. of Workers

25 - 30 6

31 - 36 9

37 – 42 13

43 – 48 7

49 – 54 11

55 - 60 4

D. Find the Median for Ungrouped Data.

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The average grades of a group of commerce students applying for

scholarships are 89.52, 91.3, 94.75, 89.04, 90.63, 93.41, and 92.84. Find
the median grades of these students.

E. Find the Median for Grouped Data.

A group of junior executives is given an intense course in the use of MS

Word. The table shows the number of participants who finished a given
number of exercises.

No. of Exercises No. of Participants

10 – 12 4

13 – 15 9

16 – 18 7

19 – 21 10

22 – 24 12

25 – 27 5

28 – 30 8

F. Find the Mode for Ungrouped Data.

The average grades of a group of commerce students applying for

scholarships are 89.52, 91.3, 94.75, 89.04, 90.63, 93.41, and 92.84. Find
the median grades of these students.

G. Find the Mode for Grouped Data.

A group of junior executives is given an intense course in the use of MS
Word. The table shows the number of participants who finished a given
number of exercises.
No. of Exercises No. of Participants

10 – 12 4

13 – 15 9

16 – 18 7

19 – 21 10

22 – 24 12

25 – 27 5

28 – 30 8

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

● Recapitulation of the lesson/Important points discussed

● MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

o is a single value that summarizes a set of data.
o It is a value where the set of data tends to center.
o The measures of central tendency to be discussed are the mean, the
median, and the mode.

● MEAN
o of a set of values is the arithmetic average of the values
● MEDIAN
o Is the middlemost value in an ordered array of data. It is value of the
observation that divides the data set into two equal parts when the data are
arranged in increasing or decreasing order.
o Is not affected by every value in the data set especially by the extreme’s
values.
● MODE
o Is the value that appears the most number of times in a data set.
o The mode of the ungrouped data can be seen by inspection. The value that
occurs most frequently is the mode.
o There is no modal (zero modal) value if all the values in the data occur with
equal frequency, where frequency may be equal or greater to one.

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

o If there are two modal values in a set of data, then the data may be referred to
as bimodal, if there are three modal values, the data is trimodal or multi-
modal.

III. ASSESSMENT
Solve the following problems involving measures of central tendency.
Find the MEAN, MEDIAN and MODE for ungrouped data.

1. Last year, Mr. Incredible received the following quarterly commissions:

23,500php, 32,000php, 45,100php and 30,700php. What was his average
quarterly commission?

2. The following are the IQ’s of 11 job applicants in a bank: 124, 142, 103, 98,
134, 137, 134, 127, 131, 130, and 96. Find the median IQ of the applicants.

3. The data below represents the monthly savings of 20 Economic students:

105 126 250 138 240 255 250 300 425 320
250 405 308 221 400 300 310 375 392 235
Find the mode of their savings.

Find the MEAN, MEDIAN and MODE for grouped data.

The table below shows the number of books sold in different branches of a
bookstore.
No. of books sold No. of branches

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5000 – 5999 14

4000 – 4999 11

3000 – 3999 20

2000 – 2999 9

1000 – 1999 6

IV. CLOSING PRAYER

Prepared by:
Noriel F. Bondoc
Teacher

Reviewed by:
Richard John W. Hernandez, MA*
Academic Coordinator, Senior High School

Approved by:
Vilma V. Esparrago, Ph.D
Principal, Basic Education

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