L..
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f~ PHYSICS LETTERS
Volume 65A. number 3
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..
ISOTOPE SHIFTS ANO HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF NATURAL OYSPROSIUM
o.,
W. HOGERVORST, G.J. ZAAL, J. BOUMAand J. BLOK
Natllurkundig l.aboratorium. Vrije Uni~'ersiteit, Amsterdam,
Received 25 November 1977
.\
I
Isotope shift and hypertine structure measurements for tive transitions in natural dysprosium have been performed using
a CW tunable dye laser and a collimated atomic beam. The consistency of experimental isotope shifts is tested and values of
the change in rms radius of the nuclear charge distribution are calculated.
.t
In a recent paper Childs et alo[1] report results on
the hyperfine structure and isotopé shift in the tran-
sition À =5988.562'Â-of-naturaldysprosium,whereas
Clark et alo [2] in a recent letter present accurate
values of hyperfme constants of the five transitions
À = 5988.562 A, 5974.487 A, 5652.009 A, 5639.492 A
and 5547.268 A in 161Dy and 163Dy.Both groups use
the technique of a high resolution CWtunable dye laser
intersecting a colliriiiited atomic beam at right'angles.
". Wehave performed similar experiments on five transi.
tions in natural dysprosium.Four transitions were also
- studied by Clark et aI. (À =5988 A, 5974 A, 5652 A
and 5639 A), the fifth transition is À =6~59.088 A.
The atomic beam is produced from a tantalum oven,
heated by electron bombardment. A Doppler width
of about 2 MHzis obtained with collimating slits. The
light of a free running tunable dye laser (Spectra
Physics model 580 A, pumped with a Spectra Physics
Ar+ laser) with a linewidth of about 7 MHz is irra-
diating the beam. Resonance light from the atomic
beam is collected and focussed onto a photomultiplier.
The naturallinewidth, the laser linewidth and the
Ooppler width of the atomic beam result in a total
resolution of9 MHz FWHM.
Laser scans are calibrated with a 1 m confocal
Fabry-Perot interferometer, made of super-invar and
thermaIly isolated. The free spectral range (FSR) of
the interferometer is determined from the very accu-
rately known hyperfine splitting of the atomic ground
states of 161Oy and 1630y [3], and independently
from the splitting of the sodium 0lline. The FSR is
220
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6 March 1978
The Netherlands
found to be 73.80(5) MHz. Laser scans can be made
over intervals up to 3 GHz. Widescans, eventually over-
lapping, are made !o obJaln cOII1pletespectra,whereas
smaller scans can be made to resolveclosely spaced---
peaks and to determine tine separations. From individ-
uallaser scans relative positions of spectrallines can be
measured with an accuracy better than 1 MHz,but
due to small changes in the calibration interferometer,
mainly affecting the reproducibility, an error of 3 MHz
has to be taken into account. An example of the com-
plete structure of the transition À = 6259.088 A, com-
posed from 3 overlapping 3 GHz scans is shown in
figo1. In figo2 an example of a narrow scan of a tine in
the À = 5988.562 A transition is shown. We observe a
strong peak with a smaller peak on both sides. These
peaks were not resolved in the spectrum taken by
Childs et aI. [1], but they predict a triplet with the -
two smaller peaks coinciding in front of the strong
peak. This is obviously not true and results in a change
of their values of hyperfine constants and isotope shift
for the isotope 1610y.
Our hyperfine constants are, although less accurate,
in good agreement with the values given by Cage et alo
[2] for four transitions. We can add values for the
excited state with electronic configuration 4f106s6p
and J = 9 connected to the ground state by the transi-
tion À =6259.088A. The valuesfor the two isotopes
are: 161Dy: a = -187.0(1) MHz,b =-317(4) MHz
and 163Dy: a = 261.7(2) MHz,b = -334(6) MHz.
The values of the isotope shifts /1v of all stable
isotopes obtained from the observed transitions are
-
 .1978 I Volume 65A. number 3 PHYSICS LETTERS 6 March 1978

'" N '" '" N '" '"

N
-
N N
M a .... ....
Lõ 0
t
N
t t t
N
t t
'" t t t
gg N N
M M M M M M M M _ Lõ M Õ1
'" $! '" -I! ':?
M ('")
<D <D lD

Dy I
5988.562 Â
J=8_J=7
1ed using ;t t
valuesof '"
- '" N
f f
'" N '"
z 18
M_ M M
:Q
_ _ o
:Q :Q DYSPROSIUM
"TIade I1 I Y 6259.088 Â
y 11" :I J=8 -+J=9
Jly over-
vhereas
,J..
lced _A_

individ- 73.8 MHz ~

, canbe Fig. 2. Example of a narrow scan of a line in the À = 5988.562 A
but transition of natural dysprosium. The peaks in the reference
Jmeter, NN

~~ spectrum have a 73.80 MHz spacing. The number 18 is refer-

f 3 MHz tt
N'"
ring to the numbering given by Childs et aI. [1] .
~ecom- &~
... o M ... 1"'1_\0 \O ... ..._
\., com- ~ ~ ':? ~ ~~~':? ~ ~ ':? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
given in table 1. These values can be compared with
lin - YI I \~)I I Y I I I previously published results [4-7]. In general a good
a tine in agreement is found, with only few exceptions. The
,erve a consistency of ourm~asured isotope shifts can be
These tested further according to a method due to King [8,
by 9] . Modifiedshiftscanbe calculatedby multiplying
. the
the experimental shifts with A 1A2/(A2 -A 1)' where
ong Fig. 1. Spectrum of the À =6259.088 Aline of natural dys- Ai and A 2 are mass numbers of the different isotopes.
change prosium. The peaks in the reference spectrum have a 73.80 MHz In a plot of these modified shifts in one transition
Ipe shift spacing. Contributions from the different isotopes are shown against the modified shifts in another transition the
and F va1ues for the odd isotopes are given.
points should lie on a straight line. In figo3 the modi-
xurate,
.e et ai. Table 1
the Isotope shifts in natural dysprosium in MHz.
J6s6p
transi. MA) óv(l64-162) óv(162-160) óv(l60-158) óv(l58-156) óv(l63-161) óv(l63-162)
Jtopes 6259.088 -962(3) -1036(3) -1026(3) -1518(3) -1073(3) -308(3)
v1Hz 5988.562 -860(3) -935(3) -924(3) -1344(3) -965(3) -279(3)
-Iz. 5974.487 -973(3) -1059(3) -1034(3) -1542(3) -1088(3) -308(3)
5652.009 +1121(3) +1234(3) +1216(3) +2003(3) +1301(3) +275(3)
ble 5639.492 -1013(3) -1089(3) -1068(3) -1604(3) -1125(3) -322(3)
) are

221

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 Volume 65A, number 3 PHYSICS LETTERS 6 Mareh 1978

Dy I Table 2
-5 5 10 15 5652i Experimental and theoretieal values of õ(r2) in (fm)2 and
values of the change in the deformation parameter õUP).

.;
:0........ Isotope Õ({32)
"i; ~'..

156 -0.497(35) -0.403 -0.0084(35)

158 -0.286(20) -0.269 -0.0012(20)
160 -0.144(11) -0.134 -0.0007(11)
... 162
164 +0.133(10) +0.134 +0.0004(10)
161 -0.108(8) +0.067 -0.0038(8)
163 +0.042(3) -0.067 +0.0026(3)

.. 100 MHz
Fig. 3. King plot for dysprosium lines. For the plot the modi-
fied shifts were multiplied by a facto r 2/162 X 164. At the
points the mass numbers o f the isotope pairs are given. Error
bars are toe smalI to be shown.
fied shifts in the transition À.=5652.009 A are plotted
against the shifts in.the otheÍ)ransitions. Within the
experimental error no deviations from a straight line
are observed.
The main contribtition to the isotope shift is due
to the field effect. Field shifts can be calculated from
the experimental isotope shift by subtracting the
normal mass shift and the specific mass shift. In
s2-sp transitions it is generally believed that the effect
of the specific mass shift is smali [9] and is tãken into
account by assuming an error of 50% in the normal
mass shift. In this way field shifts were calculated for
ali transitions except the transition À = 5652.009 A,
whichis of the type 4f106s2 ~ 4f95d6s2.The field
shift can in good approximation be expressed as a
" product of an electronic factor F and the change of
" 62A (1977) 439.
the rms value ofthe nuclear radius õ(r2>A1A2[9].
Problems in calculating F for optical transitions are
avoided most easily by calibrating F with measured
X-ray iSQtopeshifts. The factor F, which is nearly
" constant for the transitions considered, is detennined
to be (7.0:!: 0.5) GHz/(fm)2 by a comparison with
X-ray data givenby Boehm et ai. [10] . A direct cal-
culation along the lines given by Bonn et al. [11]
yields a value 8.2 GHz/(fm)2, which is in reasonable
good agreement with the experimental value. Values
of õ(r2>of the stable isotopes with respect to the
isotope 162Oy, calculated with the experimental value
of F, are given in table 2. ..
The change in the rms radius of the even isotopes
158-1640Y is largely due to a change in the nuclear
volume. This can be calculated in a straightforward
way, assuming a uniformly 'charged nucleus with con-
stant density [11]. Values of õ(r2) due to the volume
effect are also given in table 2. The change in rms
radius of the isotope 1560y compared to 1580y can
be explained by taking into account a change in the
nuclear defonnation. In table 2 this is expressed by
the fact that the change in the deformation parameter
~2, calculated according to Bonn et ai. [11] , differs
only significantly from zero in this case, in agreement
with earlier observations [4] . The odd~even staggering,
reflecting the nuclearsheli structure, is also clear1y
demonstrated.
References
(1] W.J. Childs and L.S. Goodman,1. Opt. Soe. Am. 67
(1977) 747.
(2] D.L. Clark, M.E. Cage and G.W. Greenlees, Phys. Lett.
(3) W.J. Childs, Phys. Rev. A2 (1970) 1692.
(4) P. Grundevik, M. Gustavsson and S. Svanberg, Phys.
Lett. 56A (1976) 25.
(5) 1.W.M. Dekker, P.F.A. Klinkenberg and 1.F. Langkemper,
Physica 39 (1968) 393.
(6) 1.S. Ross, 1. Opt. Soe. Am. 62 (1972) 548.
(7] A.R. Striganov, A.F. Golovin and M.P. Gerasimova, Opt.
Spectr. 14 (1963) 3.
(81 W.H. King,1. Opto Soe. Am. 53 (1963) 638.
(9] K. Heilig and A. Steudel, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14
(1974) 613.
(10] F. Boehm and P.L. Lee, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14
(1974) 605.
(11) 1. Bonn, G. Huber, H.-1.Klugeand E.W.Otten, Z. Phys.
A276 (1976) 203.

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