Essentials of College Algebra 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual 1

Essentials of College Algebra 11th
Edition Lial Solutions Manual
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Chapter 4
INVERSE, EXPONENTIAL, AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Section 4.1 Inverse Functions 11. y = 36 − x2
1. Yes, it is one-to-one, because every number in If x = 6, y = 36 − 62 = 36 − 36 = 0 = 0.
the list of registered passenger cars is used If x = − 6,
only once.
y = 36 − (−6) = 36 − 36 =
2
0 = 0.
2. It is not one-to-one because both Illinois and
Texas are paired with the same range element, Since two different values of x lead to the
49. same value of y, the function is not one-to-
one.
3. This is a one-to-one function since every
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more i t the−graph
100 x2 in two points.
than one point. n
6. This is not a one-to-one function since there
t
4. This is a one-to-one function since every isa horizontal line that intersects the graph
e
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more in more than one point. (Here a horizontal
r
than one point. line intersects the curve at two points.)
s
5. This function is not one-to-one because there e 7. This function is one-to-one because
are infinitely many horizontal lines that c everyhorizontal line will intersect the
414 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
graph in exactly one point. 12. y = −
8. This is a one-to-one function since every If x = 10, y = − 100 − 102 = − 100 − 100
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more
than one point. =− = −0 = 0. If x = −10,
y =− =−
=− = −0 = 0. Since two different values of
x lead to the same value of y, the function is
not one-to-one.
13. y = 2x3 − 1
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83,
we can see that it appears that any horizontal
line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in at most one place.
9. y = 2x − 8
Using the definition of a one-to-one function, Another way of showing that a function is one-
to-one is to assume that you have two equal
we have f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 2a − 8 = 2b − 8 ⇒
2a = 2b ⇒ a = b . So the function is one-to- y-values ( f (a) = f (b)) and show that they
one. must have come from the same x-value
10. y = 4x + 20
( a = b) .
Using the definition of a one-to-one function, f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 2a3 − 1 = 2b3 − 1 ⇒
3
a3 3
b3
we have f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 4a + 20 = 4b + 20 ⇒ 2a3 = 2b3 ⇒ a3 = b3 ⇒ = ⇒a=b
4a = 4b ⇒ a = b . So the function is one-to- So, the function is one-to-one.

one.
414 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 4.1 Inverse Functions 415
14. y = 3x3 − 6 We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies

Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83, a = b.
we can see that it appears that any horizontal f (a ) = f (b ) ⇒ 4
= 4
⇒
line passed through the function will intersect 4(b − 8) = 4(a − a −8 b −8 = a−8⇒ a =b
the graph in at most one place. 8) ⇒ b − 8

So, the function is one-to-one.
17. y = 2(x + 1)2 − 6

Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83,
line passed through the function will intersect
Another way of showing that a function is one- the graph in two places, except a horizontal
to-one is to assume that you have two equal line through the vertex. For example,
y- values ( f (a) = f (b)) and show that they f (0) = 2(0 + 1)2 − 6 = −4 and
must have come from the same x-value f (−2) = 2(−2 + 1)2 − 6 = −4
( a = b) .
f (a) = f (b) ⇒ 3a3 − 6 = 3b3 − 6 ⇒
3a3 = 3b3 ⇒ a3 = b3 ⇒ 3 a3 = 3 b3 ⇒ a = b
1 So, the function is not one-to-one.
15. y = −
x+2
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83, 18. y = −3(x − 6)2 + 8
we can see that it appears that any horizontal Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84,
line passed through the function will intersect we can see that it appears that any horizontal
the graph in at most one place. line passed through the function will intersect
the graph in two places, except a horizontal
line through the vertex. For example,
f (4) = −3(4 − 6)2 + 8 = −4 and
f (8) = −3(8 − 6)2 + 8 = −4.
We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies

a = b.
f (a ) = f (b ) ⇒ − 1
=− 1
⇒
a+2 b+2
b+2= a+2⇒b= a
So, the function is one-to-one. So, the function is not one-to-one.
4 19. y = −3
16. y =
x−8 Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84,
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83, we can see that it appears that any horizontal
we can see that it appears that any horizontal line passed through the function will intersect
line passed through the function will intersect the graph in at most one place.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

(continued on next page)

416 Chapter 4 Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions
(continued) 26. If the point (a, b) lies on the graph of f, and f

We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies has an inverse, then the point (b, a) lies on the
graph of f −1.
a = b.
f (a) = f (b) ⇒ –3= –3⇒ 27. It is false that if f (x) = x2, then
= ⇒ a +1 = b +1 ⇒ a = b
f − 1 (x ) = because f is not a one-to-one
function and, hence, does not have an inverse.
20. y = − 3 x + 2 − 8 28. If the function f has an inverse, then the graph
Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84, of f −1 may be obtained by reflecting the

line passed through the function will intersect graph of f across the line with equation y = x.
29. If a function f has an inverse and f (−3) = 6,
then f −1 (6) = −3.
30. If f (−4) = 16 and f (4) = 16, then f does not
have an inverse because it is not one-to-one.

We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies 31. The inverse operation of tying your shoelaces
a = b. would be untying your shoelaces, since
untying “undoes” tying.
f ( a) = f ( b) ⇒ − 3 a + 2 − 8 = − 3 b + 2 − 8 ⇒
32. The inverse operation of starting a car would
−3 a + 2 = −3 b + 2 ⇒ a + 2 = b + 2 ⇒ a = b
be stopping a car, since stopping “undoes”
So, the function is one-to-one. starting.
21. For a constant function defined over the set of 33. The inverse operation of entering a room
real numbers, f (x) = c for all values of c. would be leaving a room, since leaving
Therefore, the function is not one-to-one. “undoes” entering.
22. (a) Answers will vary. A polynomial of even 34. The inverse operation of climbing the stairs
degree has end behavior pointing in the would be descending the stairs, since
same direction. This would indicate that descending “undoes” climbing.
the function would not pass the horizontal
line test and cannot have an inverse. 35. The inverse operation of screwing in a light
bulb would be unscrewing the light bulb.
(b) Answers will vary. A polynomial of odd
degree has end behavior pointing in 36. The inverse operation of filling a cup would be
opposite directions. Depending on emptying a cup, since emptying “undoes”
whether or not the function has turning filling.
points, the function may or may not be 37. For each point (x, y) for the first function,
one-to-one. If the function has turning there is a point (y, x) for the second function,
points, then it is not one-to one. If it does so f (x) and g(x) are inverses of each other.
not have turning points, then it is one-to-
one. 38. The point (−2, −8) is on f (x), but the point
23. In order for a function to have an inverse, it (−8, −2) is not on g(x) (there are other
must be one-to-one. examples), so the functions are not inverses of
each other.
24. If f and g are inverses, then ( f ∘ g)(x) = x ,
and (g ∘ f )(x) = x . 39. The point (3, 5) is on f (x), but the point
(5, 3) is not on g(x) (there is another

25. The domain of f is equal to the range of f −1 , example), so the functions are not inverses of
and the range of f is equal to the domain of each other.

f −1 .

40. For each point (x, y) for the first function, 46. f (x) = xx −3
+4
, g (x ) = 4x +3
1− x
there is a point (y, x) for the second function,
so f (x) and g(x) are inverses of each other. 4x+3 −3 4 x+3−3(1− x)
( f ∘ g )( x ) = 1− x
= 1− x
+ 4 4 x+3+4(1− x)
4 x+3
41. f (x) = 2x + 4, g (x) = 1

x−2 1− x
4x + 3 − 3 + 3x x−17x
2
= = =x
( f ∘ g )( x ) = 2 ( 1 x − 2) + 4 = x − 4 + 4 = x 4x + 3 + 4 − 4x 7
2
(g ∘ f )( x ) =21 (2x + 4) − 2 = x + 2 − 2 = x 4 ( x+4 )

x−3 + 3 4 x−12
+3
(g ∘ f )( x ) = = x+4
Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these 1 x−3
x+4
x+4−( x−3)
x+4
−
functions are inverses. 4x−12+3( x+4) 4 x−12+3x+12
= x+4
= x+4
42. f (x) = 3x + 9, g (x) = 1
x−3 x7 4 x 74
3 + +
7x
( f ∘ g )( x ) = 3 ( − 3) + 9 = x − 9 + 9 = x
1
3x 7
= =x
(g ∘ f )( x ) =31 (3x + 9) − 3 = x + 3 − 3 = x Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these

Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these functions are inverses.
functions are inverses. 47. f (x) = 2
, g (x) = 6x + 2
43. f (x) = −3x + 12, g (x) = − 1 x − 12 x+6 x
2 2 2 x
( f ∘ g )( x ) =
3
= = ⋅
( f ∘ g )( x ) = −3 ( − 13 x − 12) + 12 6x+2
x
+6 6 x + 2+6 x
xx
1 12x + 2
= x + 36 + 12 = x + 48 2x ≠x
= =
Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not 12x + 2 6x + 1

inverses. It is not necessary to check Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not
(g ∘ f )( x ) . inverses. It is not necessary to check
(g ∘ f )( x ) .
44. f (x) = −4x + 2, g (x) = − 41 x − 2 48. f (x) = −1 , g (x) = 1− x
( f ∘ g )( x ) = −4 (− 14 x − 2) + 2 x +1
−1
x
−1
=
x + 8 + 2 = x + 10
( f ∘ g )( x ) = = 1− x + x
Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not +1
1− x
x x
−1
inverses. It is not necessary to check = = −1⋅ x = − x ≠ x
1 1
(g ∘ f )( x ) . x
Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not

45. f (x ) = x +1
x−2
, g (x ) = 2x +1
x −1 inverses. It is not necessary to check
2x +1
+1 2 x +1+ x −1
3x (g ∘ f )( x ) .
(f ∘ g )( x ) = x− 1
= x− 1
= =x
2 x +1 2 x +1− 2( x −1)
x −1 – 2 3
x −1 f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 , domain [0, );
( )
2 x +1 + 1 2x + 2
+1
49. ∞
(g ∘ f )( x ) = x−2
x +1 − 1 = x−2
x +1−( x − 2)
g ( x ) = x − 3, domain [3, ) ∞
x−2
2x + 2+ x − 2 x−2 (f ∘ g )( x ) = f ( x−3 = ) ( x−3 )
2
+3= x
x−2 3x
= = =x
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. x2 + 3 − 3
x +1−( x − 2)
x−2
3 ( g ∘ f )( x ) = g ( x 2 + 3) =
Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these = x = x = x for [0, ∞)

2
functions are inverses. Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these

functions are inverses.

50. f ( x ) = x + 8 , domain [–8, ); ∞

(b) The graph of the original function,
g ( x ) = x 2 − 8 , domain [0, ) ∞
f (x) = 3x − 4, is a line with slope 3 and
( f ∘ g )( x ) = y-intercept –4. Since f −1 (x) = 1 x + 4 ,

x −8+8 =
2 x = x for [0, ∞)
2
3 3
the graph of the inverse function is a line
( g ∘ f )( x ) = ( )
2 3 3
x +8 −8 with slope 1 and y-intercept 4 .
= x + 8 − 8 = x for [−8, ∞)
Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these
51. Since each y-value corresponds to only one x-
value, this function is one-to one and has an
inverse. The inverse is: {(6, −3),(1, 2),(8, 5)}.
52. Since each y-value corresponds to only one x- (c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
value, this function is one-to one and has an is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
{
inverse. The inverse is:
( )}
(−1, 3),(0, 5),(5, 0 ) , 2 , 4 . 60. y = 4x − 5
3 The function, f (x) = 4x − 5, is one-to-one.
53. Since the y-value −3 corresponds to two (a) Step 1: Interchange x and y: x = 4 y − 5
different x-values, this function is not one-to- Step 2 : Solve for y.
one.
x = 4 y − 5 ⇒ x + 5 = 4 y ⇒ x+45 = y ⇒
54. Since the y-value −4 (as well as −8) y = x 4+5 = 14 x + 54
corresponds to two different x-values, this
function is not one-to-one. Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).
55. These functions are inverses since their graphs f −1
(x ) = 1
4
x + 5
4
are symmetric with respect to the line y = x.
(b) The graph of the original function,
56. These functions are inverses since their graphs
f (x) = 4x − 5, is a line with slope 4 and
are symmetric with respect to the line y = x.
57. These functions are not inverses since their y-intercept –5. Since f −1 (x) = 1
x + 5 ,4
4
graphs are not symmetric with respect to the the graph of the inverse function is a line
line y = x. 14 4
with slope and y-intercept 5 .
58. These functions are not inverses since their
graphs are not symmetric with respect to the
line y = x.
59. y = 3x − 4
The function, f (x) = 3x − 4, is one-to-one.
(a) Step 1: Interchange x and y: x = 3y − 4

Step 2: Solve for y. (c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
x = 3 y − 4 ⇒ x + 4 = 3y ⇒ x+4
3
= y⇒ is (– , ) and the range is (– ,
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ).

y = x +34 = 13 x + f (x) = −4x + 3
4 61.
3
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ) . This function is one-to-one.
f −1 (x) = 31 x + 4
3 (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
interchange x and y.
y = −4x + 3
x = −4 y + 3

(continued) (c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
Step 2: Solve for y. is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
x = −4 y + 3 ⇒ x − 3 = −4 y ⇒ x−3
= y⇒ 3
x −3 1 3 −4 63. f (x ) = x + 1
y= −4
=− 4 x+ 4 This function is one-to-one.
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x) . (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
f −1 (x) = − 41 x + 34 interchange x and y.

(b) The graph of the original function, y = x3 + 1 ⇒ x = y3 + 1
Step 2: Solve for y.
f (x) = −4x + 3, is a line with slope –4
x = y3 + 1 ⇒ x − 1 = y 3 ⇒
and y-intercept 3. Since
f −1 (x) = − 1 x + 3 , the graph of the x −1 = y ⇒ y = 3 x −1
3
(x) .
4 4
Step 3: Replace y with f −1
inverse function is a line with slope − 14
f − 1 (x ) = 3
x −1
and y-intercept 34.

(b) Tables of ordered pairs will be helpful in
drawing the graphs of these functions.
x f (x ) x f −1(x)
–2 −7 −7 –2
–1 0 0 –1
0 1 1 0
1 2 2 1
(c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain 2 9 9 2
is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
62. f (x) = −6x − 8

This function is one-to-one.
(a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
y = −6x − 8 ⇒ x = −6 y − 8
Step 2 : Solve for y.
x = −6 y − 8 ⇒ x + 8 = −6 y ⇒ x+ 8
= y⇒ (c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
−6 is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
x +8
y= −6
= − 61 x − 34
64. f (x) = −x3 − 2
Step1 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ).
f − (x) = − 1 x − 4 This function is one-to-one.
6 3 (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
(b) The graph of the original function, interchange x and y.

f (x) = −6x − 8, is a line with slope –6 and y = −x3 − 2 ⇒ x = − y3 − 2
y-intercept −8. Since f −1 (x) = − 16x − 43, x = − y3 − 2 ⇒ x + 2 = − y3 ⇒
the graph of the inverse function is a line − x − 2 = y3 ⇒ = y⇒
with slope − 61 and y-intercept − 43. y=
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ).
f −1 (x ) =

(b) Tables of ordered pairs will be helpful in (b) Tables of ordered pairs will be helpful in
drawing the graphs of these functions. drawing the graph of this function
x f (x ) x f −1(x)
(in this case, f ( x) = f −1 ( x )) .
–2 –2
f (x) = f −1(x)
6 6
x
–1 −1 −1 –1
0 –2 –2 0 –2 – 12
1 –3 –3 1 –1 −1
2 –10 –10 2 – 1
–2
2
1
2
2
1 1
1
2 2
(c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
and range are both (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).

(c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
4
is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 68. y = , x≠0
x
65. y = x2 The function, f (x) = 4 , is one-to-one.
This is not a one-to-one function since two

(a) Step 1: Interchangex x and y.
different x-values can correspond to the same
y-value ( 22 = 4 and (−2)2 = 4, for example), y= 4 ⇒x= 4
x y
so this function is not one-to-one. Thus, the Step 2: Solve for y.

function has no inverse function. x = 4y ⇒ xy = 4 ⇒ y = 4
x
66. y = − x2 + 2 Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ) .

This is not a one-to-one function since two 4
different x-values can correspond to the same f − 1 (x ) = , x ≠ 0 = f (x )
x
y-value ( −22 + 2 = −4 + 2 = −2 and
(b) Tables of ordered pairs will be helpful in
−(−2)2 + 2 = −4 + 2 = −2, for example), so
drawing the graph of this function
(in this case f ( x) = f ( x )) .
this function is not one-to-one. Thus, the
−1
function has no inverse function.
1 x f (x) = f −1(x)
67. y = , x≠0 –2 −2
x –1 −4
The function, f (x) = 1 , is one-to-one. – 12 –8
x 1
2
8
(a) Step 1: Interchange x and y.
1 1 1 8
y= ⇒x=
x y 2 2
1 1
x = ⇒ xy = 1 ⇒ y =
y x (c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). and range are both (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
1
f − 1 (x ) = , x ≠ 0 = f (x ).
x

1 Using this information along with the

69. f ( x) = , x≠3 points (−1, 2) and (1, 4), we can sketch
x−3
f −1.
1 1
y= ⇒x=
x−3 y−3

x = 1 ⇒ x ( y − 3) = 1 ⇒ xy − 3x = 1 ⇒
y −3
1 + 3x
xy = 1 + 3x ⇒ y = (c) Domain of f = range of
x f −1 = (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞); Domain of
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x) . f −1 = range of f = (−∞,0) ∪ (0, ∞)

1 + 3x
f −1 (x) = , x≠0
1
x 70. f (x) = x + 2 , x ≠ −2
(b) To graph f (x) = 1

, we can determine This function is one-to-one.
x −3
that there are no x-intercepts. The (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
y-intercept is f (0) = 0−3
1
= − 13. There is interchange x and y.
1
a vertical aymptote when the denominator y= 1
is zero, x − 3 = 0, which implies x = 3 is x+2 ⇒ x= y+2
the vertical asymptote. Also, the Step 2: Solve for y.

horizontal asymptote is y = 0 since the 1
degree of the numerator is less than the x= ⇒ x (y + 2 )= 1 ⇒ xy + 2x = 1 ⇒
denominator. Examining the following y+2
1 − 2x
intervals, we have test points which will xy = 1 − 2x ⇒ y =
be helpful in drawing the graph of f as x
well as f −1
. Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ).
1 − 2x
f −1 (x) = , x≠0
Graph x
Above or
Test Value Sign of Below x-
Interval Point of f(x) f(x) Axis (b) To graph f (x) = 1
, we can determine
(– , 3)
∞ 2 –1 Negative Below x+2
(3, ∞) 4 1 Positive Above that there are no x-intercepts. The

y-intercept is f (0) = 0+12 = 21 . There is a
Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept, the graph of f.

and test points with a xsmooth curve to get To graph f −1 (x) = 1 +3x
, we can determine
3
that the x-intercept occurs when 1 + 3x = vertical aymptote when the denominator
0 ⇒ x = − 1 . There is no y- is zero, x + 2 = 0, which implies x = −2 is
intercept since 0 is not in the domain the vertical asymptote. Also, the
horizontal asymptote is y = 0 since the
degree of the numerator is less than the
denominator. Examining the following
intervals, we have test points which will
be helpful in drawing the graph of f as
f −1. There is a vertical aymptote when well as f −1.
the denominator is zero, namely x = 0.
Also, since the degree of the numerator is (continued on next page)
the same as the denominator, the
1
horizontal asymptote is y = 3
= 3.

(continued) Step 2: Solve for y.

y +1
Graph x= ⇒ x (y − 3 )= y + 1 ⇒
Above or y −3
Test Value Sign of Below xy − 3x = y + 1 ⇒ xy − y = 3x + 1 ⇒
3x + 1
Interval Point of f(x) f(x) x-Axis y(x − 1) = 3x + 1 ⇒ y =
(−∞, −2) −3 –1 Negative Below x −1
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).
(−2, ∞) −1 1 Positive Above
3x + 1
Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept, f −1 (x) = , x ≠1
x −1
and test points with a smooth curve to get
the graph of f. (b) To graph f (x) = x+ 1

, find the
x −3
To graph f −1 (x) = 1−x2x , we can x-intercept:
x +1
determine that the x-intercept occurs
x −3
= 0 ⇒ x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1.
when 1 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 12 . There is no
The y-intercept is f (0) = 0 +1
= − 13.
y-intercept since 0 is not in the domain 0−3
There is a vertical aymptote when the

f −1. There is a vertical aymptote when
denominator is zero, x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 is
the denominator is zero, namely x = 0. the vertical asymptote. Since the degree
Also, since the degree of the numerator is of the numerator equals the degree of the
the same as the denominator, the denominator, the horizontal asymptote is
horizontal asymptote is y = −12 = −2. 1

y = 1 = 1 . Examining the following
Using this information along with the intervals, we have test points which will
points (−1, −3) and (1, −1), we can be helpful in drawing the graph of f as
−1
−1 well as f .
sketch f .
Graph
Above or
Test Value Sign of Below
Interval Point of f(x) f(x) x-Axis
(−∞, −1) −3 1
3 Positive Above
(−1, 3) 1
2
– 35 Negative Below
(c) Domain of f = range of

(3, ∞) 4 5 Positive Above
Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept,
f −1 = (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞); and test points with a smooth curve to get
Domain of f −1 = range of the graph of f.

f = (−∞,0 ∪ 0, ∞ To graph f −1 (x) = 3x+1
we can
) ( ) interchange x and y.
x +1
71. f (x) = , x≠3
x−3

y-intercept is f (0) = 3(0)+1 = −1. There is
etermine thatx the x-
−
0−1
intercept occurs
1 when 3x
a vertical aymptote when the denominator
d + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − 1 . The is zero, x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 . Also, since the
x +1 degree of the numerator is3 the same as the
y= ⇒ x = y+1 denominator, the horizontal asymptote is
x−3 y −3
y = 13 = 3. Examining the following
be helpful in drawing the graph of f as
well as f −1.

(continued) (b) To graph f (x) = x+2

, find the
x −1
Graph x-intercept:
Above or x+2
= 0 ⇒ x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 .
Test Value Sign of Below x −1
Interval Point of f(x) f(x) x-Axis The y-intercept is f (0) = 0−1

0+2
= −2.
(−∞, − 3) 1
−2 5
3 Positive Above
(− 3 , 1)
1 1
2
−5 Negative Below denominator is zero, x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 is
the vertical asymptote. Since the degree
(1, ∞) 2 7 Positive Above of the numerator equals the degree of the
denominator, the horizontal asymptote is
Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept, y = 11 = 1 . Examining the following
−1
the graph of f . be helpful in drawing the graph of f as
−1
well as f .
Graph
Above or
(−∞, −2) −4 2
5 Positive Above
(−2, 1) −1 – 12 Negative Below

−1
f = (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞);
(1, ∞) 2 4 Positive Above
Domain of f −1 = range of and test points with a smooth curve to get
f = (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞) the graph of f.
x+2
72. f (x) = , x ≠1
x −1
x+2 y+2
y= ⇒x=
x −1 y −1 (c) Domain of f = range of
Step 2: Solve for y. f −1 = (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞);
y+2
x= ⇒ x ( y − 1) = y + 2 ⇒ Domain of f −1 = range of
y −1
xy − x = y + 2 ⇒ xy − yx += 2x + 2 ⇒ f = (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞)
y(x − 1) = x + 2 ⇒ y = 2x + 6
x −1 73. f (x) = , x≠3

Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). x−3

x+2
f −1 (x ) = , x ≠ 1 = f (x ). (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
x −1 interchange x and y.
2x + 6 2y + 6
y= ⇒x=
x−3 y−3

(continued) Examining the following intervals, we

Step 2: Solve for y. have test points which will be helpful in
−1
2y + 6 drawing the graph of f as well as f .
x= ⇒ x ( y − 3) = 2 y + 6 ⇒
y−3 Graph
Above or
xy − 3x = 2 y + 6 ⇒ xy − 2 y = 3x + 6 ⇒ Test Value Sign of Below
3x + 6 Interval Point of f(x) f(x) x-Axis
y(x − 2) = 3x + 6 ⇒ y =
x−2 (−∞, −2) −4 1 Positive Above
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x) . (−2, 2) −1 −1 Negative Below
f −1 (x )=
3x + 6
, x ≠ 2. (2, ∞) 3 15 Positive Above
x−2
(b) To graph f (x) = 2x+6

x −3
, find the Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept,
x-intercept: the graph of f.
2 x +6
x −3
= 0 ⇒ 2x + 6 = 0 ⇒ 2x = −6 ⇒ .
x = −3
0− +6
The y-intercept is f (0) =
2(0)
3 = −2.

of the numerator equals the degree of the
y = 2 = 2 . Examining the following (c) Domain
−1
of f = range of
1 f = (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞);
be helpful in drawing the graph of f as Domain of f −1 = range of
well as f −1
. f = (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
Graph −3x + 12
Above or 74. f (x) = , x≠6
Test Value Sign of Below x−6
(−∞, −3) −9 1 Positive Above
(−3, 3) −1 −1 Negative Below
(3, ∞) 6 6 Positive Above interchange x and y.
−3x + 12 −3y + 12
y= ⇒x=
x−6 y−6
Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept, Step 2: Solve for y.
and test points with a smooth curve to get −3y + 12
( )
the graph of f. x= ⇒ x y − 6 = −3y + 12 ⇒
y−6
To graph f −1 (x) = 3x + 6
x−2
, find the xy − 6x = −3y + 12 ⇒ xy + 3y = 6x + 12 ⇒
6x + 12
x-intercept:
3x + 6
y(x + 3) = 6x + 12 ⇒ y =
= 0 ⇒ 3x + 6 = 0 ⇒ 3x = −6 ⇒ x+3
x−2 x= −2
The y-intercept is
Step 3: f −1 (x).
f ( 0) = 3(0)+6
= −3. Repla
ce y
with
−1
12 +
6x
0− 2 f (x) = , x ≠ −3.
There is a vertical aymptote when the x+3
y = 13 = 3 .


(b) To graph f (x) = −3x+12
x−6
, find the and test points with a smooth curve to get
x-intercept: the graph of f.
−3x +12
x −6
= 0 ⇒ −3x + 12 = 0 ⇒ .
−3x = −12 ⇒ x = 4
0− +12
The y-intercept is f (0) =
−3(0)
6 = −2.

y = −13 = −3 . Examining the following (c) Domain of f = range of
intervals, we have test points which will f −1 = (−∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞);
be helpful in drawing the graph of f as Domain of f −1 = range of
−1
well as f .
f = (−∞, − 3) ∪ (−3, ∞)
Graph
Above or 75. f (x) = 6 + x
Interval Point of f(x) f(x) x-Axis This function is one-to-one.
(−∞, 4) 3 −1 Negative Below (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and
(4, 6) 5 3 Positive Above

(6, ∞) 7 −9 Negative Below y = 6+x ⇒ x =
Plot the vertical asymptote, y-intercept, Step 2: Solve for y. In this problem we must
and test points with a smooth curve to get consider that the range of f will be the
−1
the graph of f. domain of f .
To graph f −1 (x) = 6x+12

x +3
, find the x = 6+ y
( ) 2
x-intercept:
6 x +12 x2 = 6+ y , for x ≥ 0
= 0 ⇒ 6x + 12 = 0 ⇒ 6x = −12 ⇒ 2
x +3 x = 6 + y, for x ≥ 0
x = −2
x2 − 6 = y, for x ≥ 0
The y-intercept is f (0) = 6(0)+12
0+3
= 4. Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).
denominator is zero, x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 f −1 (x) = x2 − 6, for x ≥ 0
is the vertical asymptote. Since the degree
of the numerator equals the degree of the (b) Tables of ordered pairs will be helpful in
denominator, the horizontal asymptote is drawing the graphs of these functions.
y = 61 = 6 . x f (x ) x f −1(x)
Examining the following intervals, we –6 0 0 –6

have test points which will be helpful in –5 1 1 –5
−2 2 2 −2
−1 3 3 3 3
drawing the graph of f as well as f .

Graph
Above or
(−∞, −3) −4 12 Positive Above
(−3, −2) −2.5 −6 Negative Below
(−2, ∞) 3 5 Positive Above

(c) Domain of f = range of f −1 = [–6, ); ∞

77. Draw the mirror image of the original graph
across the line y = x.
Range of f = domain of f −1 = [0, ) ∞
76. f (x) = − x2 − 16, x ≥ 4

y = − x2 − 16 ⇒ x = − y2 − 16
Step 2: Solve for y. In this problem we 78. Draw the mirror image of the original graph
must consider that the range of f will be across the line y = x.
the domain of f −1. We must also
consider that the domain of f will be the

range of f −1.
x = − y2 − 16
( ) , for x ≤ 0
2
x 2 = − y 2 − 16
(restriction due to range of f ) 79. Carefully draw the mirror image of the
x = y2 − 16, for x ≤ 0
2
original graph across the line y = x.
x2 + 16 = y 2 , for x ≤ 0
x2 + 16 = y, for x ≤ 0
(positive square root due to
the domain of f )
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ) .
f − 1 (x ) = x2 + 16, for x ≤ 0
(b) Tables of ordered pairs will be helpful in 80. Draw the mirror image of the original graph
drawing the graphs of these functions. across the line y = x.
x f (x ) x f −1(x)
4 0 0 4
5 −3 −3 5
6 −2 5 ≈ −4.5 −2 5 ≈ −4.5 6
7 – 33 ≈ −5.7 – 33 ≈ −5.7 7
81. Draw the mirror image of the original graph

across the line y = x.

f −1 = [4, ∞);
f −1 = (– , 0]
∞
Range of f = domain of

82. Draw the mirror image of the original graph 91. If a line has slope a, the slope of its reflection
across the line y = x. in the line y = x will be reciprocal of a, which
is 1a.
92. f −1 ( f (2)) = f −1 (3) = 2.
93. f (x) = 6x3 + 11x2 − 6

The horizontal line test will show that this
function is not one-to-one.
83. To find f −1 (4), find the point with

y-coordinate equal to 4. That point is (4, 4).
The graph of f −1 contains (4, 4). Hence
f −1
( 4) = 4 .
84. To find f −1 (2), find the point with 94. f (x) = x4 − 5x2
y-coordinate equal to 2. That point is (3, 2). The horizontal line test will show that this
function is not one-to-one.
The graph of f −1 contains (2, 3).
Hence f −1
( 2) = 3 .
85. To find f −1
( 0) , find the point with
y-coordinate equal to 0. That point is (2, 0).
The graph of f −1 contains (0, 2). x−5
95. f (x) = , x ≠ −3
Hence f −1
( 0) = 2 . x+3
The horizontal line test will show that this

86. To find f −1 (−2), find the point with function is one-to-one.
y-coordinate equal to –2. That point is
(0, −2). The graph of f −1

contains (−2, 0).
Hence f −1 (−2) = 0 .
87. To find f −1 (−3), find the point with −1

y-coordinate equal to −3. That point is Find the equation of f .
(−2, −3). The graph of f −1 contains Step 1: Replace f (x) = x− 5

with y and
x +3
(−3, −2). Hence f −1
(−3) = −2. y = x −5 ⇒ x =
y −5
x +3 y +3
88. To find f −1
(−4), find the point with Step 2: Solve for y.
y-coordinate equal to −4. That point is x = yy−+35 ⇒ x ( y + 3) = y − 5 ⇒
(−4, −4). The graph of f −1 contains xy + 3x = y − 5 ⇒ xy − y = −5 −3x ⇒
x −1
(−4, −4). Hence f −1
(−4) = −4 . y(x − 1) = −5 − 3x ⇒ y = −5−3x
89.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. x −1
f −1 (1000) represents the number of dollars Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).
90.
required to build 1000 cars. f −1 (x) = −5−3x
, x ≠1
f −1 (5) represents the radius of a sphere with
a volume of 5 cu inches.

−x
96. f (x) = , x≠4 25; f −1 (25) = 25+ 2
3 64; f −1 (64) = 64+ 2
3
x−4 =
27
= 9; I =
66
= 22; V
3 3
The horizontal line test will show that this 13; f −1 (13) = 13+3 2 10; f −1 (10) = 10+ 2
3
function is one-to-one. = 3 = 5; E
15
=
12
= 4; D
3
The message is MIGUEL HAS ARRIVED.
98. Given f (x) = 2x − 9, find f −1 (x).

Step 1: Replace f (x) = 2x − 9 with y and
−1
Find the equation of f . interchange x and y.
Step 1: Replace f (x) = −x with y and y = 2x − 9 ⇒ x = 2 y − 9

x−4 Step 2: Solve for y.
−y x = 2y − 9 ⇒ x + 9 = 2y ⇒ x+29
=y
y = −x ⇒ x =
x−4 y−4 Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).

x= −y ⇒ x ( y − 4) = − y ⇒ xy − 4x = − y f −1
(x ) = x2+9
y−4
xy + y = 4x ⇒ y(x + 1) = 4x ⇒ y = 4x
x +1

f −1(x) = 4x
x +1
, x ≠ −1
−5; f −1 (−5) = −5+9 9; f −1 (9) = 9+9
2 2
=
4
= 2; B = 18 = 9; I
97. Given f (x) = 3x − 2, find f −1 (x). 2 2
5; f −1 (5) = 5+9
5; f −1 (5) = 5+9
2 2
= 14 = 7; G = 14 = 7; G
Step 1: Replace f (x) = 3x − 2 with y and 2 2
9; f −1 (9) = 9+9
27; f −1 (27) = 27+9
2 2
interchange x and y. = 18 = 9; I = 36
= 18; R
y = 3x − 2 ⇒ x = 3y − 2 2 2
Step 2: Solve for y. 15; f −1 (15) = 15+9

29; f −1 (29) = 29+9
2 2
x = 3 y − 2 ⇒ x + 2 = 3y ⇒ x +32 = y = 24
= 12; L = 38
= 19; S
2 2
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ). −1; f −1 (−1) = −1+9

2
21; f −1
(21) = 21+9
2
=
8
= 4; D = 30
= 15; O
f −1
(x ) = x+2
3 2 2
19; f −1 (19) = 19+9
31; f −1 (31) = 31+9
2 2
37; f −1 (37) = 37 + 2 25; f −1 (25) = 25+ 2 = 28 = 14; N
2
= 40 = 20; T
2
3 3
=
39
3
= 13; M = 27 = 9; I
3
−3; f −1 (−3) = −3+9
2
27; f −1 (27) = 27 +9
2
19; f −1 (19) = 19+2 61; f −1 (61) = 61+ 2 = 6 = 3; C
2
= 362
3 3
= 21 = 7; G = 63 = 21; U = 18; R
41; f −1 (41) =
3 3 41+9
13; f −1 (13) = 13+3 2 34; f −1 (34) = 34+ 2
3
2
= 50
= 25; Y
= = 5; E = 12; L
15 36
3
= 3
2
22; f −1
(22) = 22+ 2
3
1; f −1 (1) = 1+ 2
3
The message is BIG GIRLS DON’T CRY.
= 24
= 8; H = = 1; A 3
3 Copyright
3 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
55; f −1 (55) = 55+ 2 1; f −1 (1) = 1+ 2
3 3
=
57
= 19; S = 3 = 1; A
3 3
−1 52+ 2 −1 52+ 2
Section 4.2 Exponential Functions 429
99. Given f (x) = x3 − 1, we have the following. Given f (x) = (x + 1) , find f

3 −1 (x).
S = 19; Step 1: Replace f (x) = (x + 1) with y and

3
E = 5;
f (19) = 193 − 1
f (5) = 53
= 6859 − 1
= 125 − 1 = 124 interchange x and y.
= 6858
y = (x + 1 ) ⇒ x = ( y + 1 )
3 3
N = 14;
D = 4;
f (14) = 143 − 1 Step 2: Solve for y.
f ( 4) = 4 3 − 1
x = ( y + 1) ⇒
3
= 2744 − 1 3
x = y +1 ⇒ 3
x −1 = y
= 64 − 1 = 63 −
= 2743
H = 8; E = 5;
Step 3: Replace y with f 1
(x).
f (8 ) = 8 3 − 1 f (5 ) = 5 3 − 1 f −1 (x ) = 3 x −1
= 512 − 1 = 511 = 125 − 1 = 124
L = 12; P = 16; Section 4.2 Exponential Functions
f (12) = 123 − 1 f (16) = 163 − 1 x
= 1728 − 1 = 4096 − 1 For exercises 1−16, f ( x ) = 3 and g ( x ) = x

() 1
4 .
= 1727 = 4095
1. f (2 ) = 3 2 = 9
Given f (x) = x3 − 1, find f −1 (x ). 2. 3
f (3) = 3 = 27
Step 1: Replace f (x) = x3 − 1 with y and
3. f (−2) = 3−2 = 1 = 1
interchange x and y. 32 9
y = x3 − 1 ⇒ x = y3 − 1 – =
f (−3) = 3
1
4. 3
= 313
Step 2: Solve for y. 27
x = y3 − 1 ⇒ x + 1 = y3 ⇒ =y 2
g (2) =
⎛1⎞ 1
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). 5. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =
4 16
f − 1 (x ) = ⎛ 1 ⎞3 1
100. Given f (x) = (x + 1) , we have the following.

3 6. g (3) = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝4 ⎠ 64
S = 19; A = 1; ⎛ 1 ⎞ –2 2
f (19) = (19 + 1)
3
f (1) = (1 + 1)
3
7. g (−2) = ⎜ ⎟ = 4 = 16
⎝4 ⎠
= 203 = 8000 = 23 = 8 ⎛ 1 ⎞ –3 3
I = 9; L = 12;
8. g (−3) = ⎜ ⎟ = 4 = 64
f (9) = (9 + 1) f (12) = (12 + 1) ⎝4 ⎠
3 3
⎛3⎞ 3
= 103 = 1000 = 133 = 2197
O = 15; R = 18; 9.
⎝2 ⎠
( )
f ⎜ ⎟ = 3 = 27 = =3
f (15) = (15 + 1) f (18) = (18 + 1) ⎛ 5⎞
3 3 1
10. f − = 3−5/ 2 = = 1 1
= 163 = 4096 = 193 = 6859
⎝⎜ 2⎟⎠ ( 3)
5
243
B = 2; E = 5;
f (2) = (2 + 1) f (5) = (5 + 1)
3 3
= 33 = 27 = 63 = 216 = =
1⋅ 3
=
3
=
3
W = 23; A = 1; 9 3⋅ 9 ⋅ 3 27
f (23) = (23 + 1) f (1) = (1 + 1)
3 3
= 243 = 13, 824 = 23 = 8 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright
R = 18; E = 5;
f (18) = (18 + 1) f (5) = (5 + 1)
3 3
= 193 = 6859 = 63 = 216

9 3
⎛3⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3/ 2 1 1 1
g⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
11. =
⎝2⎠ ⎝4⎠
( 4) 3
=
23
=
8
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ −5/ 2 5
12. g − ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ = ( 4) = 25 = 32

13. f (2.34) = 32.34 ≈ 13.076

9
14. f (−1.68) = 3−1.68 ≈ 0.158 3
−1.68 ≈ 1.7
⎛1⎞
15. g (−1.68) = ⎜ ≈ 10.267 0 1
⎝
⎟⎠ ≈ 0.6
4 2.34
⎛1⎞ 1
≈ 0.3
16. g (2.34) = ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.039 1
⎝4 ⎠
2 1
≈ 0.1
17. The y-intercept of f (x) = 3x is 1, and the Plot these points and draw a smooth curve
x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table through them. This is a decreasing function.
of values. The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is (0, ∞)
x f (x ) and is one-to-one. Note: Since
( 13 )x = (3 )
x
−2 1
9
≈ 0.1 f (x) = −1 = 3− x , the graph of
≈ 0.3 f (x) = (1)

x
−1 1
3 is the reflection of the graph of
3
− 12 ≈ 0.6 f (x) = 3x (Exercise 17) about the y-axis.
0 1
20. The y-intercept of f ( x ) = ( 14)
x
1
2
≈ 1.7 is 1, and the
1 3 x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table

2 9 of values.
Plot these points and draw a smooth curve
through them. This is an increasing function.
The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is (0, ∞)
16
4
and is one-to-one.
2
18. The y-intercept of f (x) = 4x is 1, and the 0 1
x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table
of values.
1
x f (x ) 1
2
−2 0.0625 16
−1 0.25 Plot these points and draw a smooth curve

− 12 0.5 through them. This is a decreasing function.
0 1
1 and is one-to-one. Note: Since
2
( 14 )xx = (4 )
2 x
1 4 f (x) = −1 = 4− x , the graph of
2 16
Plot these points and draw a smooth curve f (x) = ( 14) is the reflection of the graph of
through them. This is an increasing function. f (x) = 4x (Exercise 18) about the y-axis.
and is one-to-one.
19. The y-intercept of

f ( x) = (1)
x
is 1, and
the 3
of values.


21. The y-intercept of f ( x ) = ()
x
3
2
is 1, and the through them. This is an increasing function.
x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is (0, ∞)
of values.
and is one-to-one.
≈ 0.4 24. The y-intercept of f ( x ) = ( 16 )− x is 1, and the

≈ 0.7
≈ 0.8 x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table
of values.
0 1
≈ 1.2
1 1.5
2 2.25 1
36
≈ 0.03
Plot these points and draw a smooth curve 1
≈ 0.2
≈ 0.4
0 1
and is one-to-one.
≈ 2.4
1 6
22. The y-intercept of f ( x ) = (5)
x
is 1, and the 2 36
3
x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table Plot these points and draw a smooth curve
of values.
x f (x)
and is one-to-one.
−2 0.36
−1 0.6 25. The y-intercept of f (x) = 4−x is 1, and the
− 12 ≈ 0.8 x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table

0 1 of values.
1
≈ 1.3 x f (x)
2
1 5 ≈ 1.7 −2 16
3
−1 4
2 ≈ 2.8 –1 2
2
through them. This is a decreasing function. 0 1
1
2
0.5
and is one-to-one. 1 0.25
⎛ 1 ⎞− x 2 0.0625
23. The y-intercept of f ( x ) = ⎜ ⎟ is 1, and the Plot these points and draw a smooth curve
⎝ 10 ⎠ through them. This is a decreasing function.
x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. Make a table The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is (0, ∞)
of values. and is one-to-one. Note: The graph of
f (x) = 4−x is the reflection of the graph of
0.01
f (x) = 4x (Exercise 18) about the y-axis.
0.1
≈ 0.3 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
0 1
≈ 3.2
1 10
26. The y-intercept of f (x) = 10−x is 1, and the

≈ 0.7 1
= 0.25
of values.
x f (x )
−2 100
−1 10
− 12 ≈ 3.2
0 1
1
2
≈ 0.3
1 0.1
2 0.01 Plot these points and draw a smooth curve
Plot these points and draw a smooth curve through them. The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the
through them. This is a decreasing function.
The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is (0, ∞) range is (0,1] and is not one-to-one. Note: For
and is one-to-one. Note: The graph of x < 0, x = – x, so the graph is the same as
f (x) = 10−x is the reflection of the graph of that of f (x) = 2−(− x) = 2x. For x ≥ 0, we
f (x) = 10x (Exercise 23) about the y-axis. have x = x, so the graph is the same as that
27. The y-intercept of f (x) = 2 x

is 1. Make a of f (x) = 2−x. Since − x = x , the graph is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

table of values.
For Exercises 29–40, refer to the following graph of
x f (x )
f (x ) = 2 x .
−2 4
−1 2
− 12 ≈ 1.4
0 1
1
2
≈ 1.4
1 2
2 4

through them. The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the
range is [1, ∞) and is not one-to-one. Note:
For x < 0, x = – x, so the graph is the same 29. The graph of f (x) = 2x + 1 is obtained by
as that of f (x) = 2−x. For x ≥ 0, we have translating the graph of f (x) = 2x up one
x = x, so the graph is the same as that of unit.
f (x) = 2x. Since – x = x , the graph is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

f (x ) = 2 − x
28. The y-intercept of is 1, and the

of values.
1
= 0.25 ≈ 0.7
1
= 0.5 1
= 0.5

30. The graph of f (x) = 2x − 4 is obtained by 34. The graph of f (x) = −2x−3 is obtained by
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x down four translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the right
units. 3 units and then reflecting the graph across the

x-axis.
31. Since f (x) = 2x+1 = 2x−( ), the graph is 35. The graph of f (x) = 2−x is obtained by
−1
obtained by translating the graph of reflecting the graph across the y-axis.
f (x) = 2 to the left one unit.
x
36. The graph of f (x) = −2−x is obtained by
reflecting the graph across the y-axis and then

reflecting it across the x-axis.
32. The graph of f (x) = 2 x − 4 is obtained by
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the right

four units.
37. The graph of f (x) = 2x−1 + 2 is obtained by
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the right
one unit and up two units.
33. The graph of f (x) = −2x+2 is obtained by
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the left 2
units and then reflecting the graph across the

x- axis. 38. The graph of f (x) = 2x+3 + 1 is obtained by
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the left

three units and up one unit.

42. The graph of f ( x ) = (1)

x
39. The graph of f (x) = 2 x + 2 − 4 is obtained by + 4 is obtained by
3
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the left translating the graph of f ( x ) = (1)
x
up 4
two units and down four units. 3

units.
x − ( −2 )
(1) (1)
x+2
40. The graph of f (x) = 2x−3 − 1 is obtained by 43. Since f ( x ) = = , the graph is
3 3
translating the graph of f (x) = 2x to the right obtained by translating the graph of
f ( x) = (1)
x
three units and down one unit. 2 units to the left.
3
x 41−52, refer to the following graph of

(1)
For Exercises x−4
44. The graph of f ( x ) =
()
f ( x) = 1 . is obtained by
3
(1)
3 x
3
translating the graph of f ( x ) = 4 units to
the right.
41. The graph of f ( x ) = ( 1 )x − 2 obtained by

3
45. The graph of
f ( x) = ( 1 )− x +1 is obtained by
( 13 )
3
translating the graph of f ( x ) =
x
down 2
translating the graph of f ( x ) = ( 13 )
x
left one
units.
unit and then reflecting the resulting graph

across the y-axis.

(1) ( 13 )
−x−2 x −1
46. The graph of f ( x ) = is obtained by 50. The graph of f ( x ) = + 3 is obtained by
3
translating the graph of f ( x ) = (1) translating the graph of f ( x ) = (1)

x x
two units one unit
3 3
to the right and then reflecting the resulting to the right and three units up.
graph across the y-axis.
( 13)
−x
47. The graph of f ( x ) = ( 13)
x+2
is obtained by 51. The graph of f ( x ) = − 1 is obtained by
reflecting the graph of f ( x ) = (1) ( 13 )

x
x
across the two units
3
y-axis. to the left and one unit down.
48. The graph of f ( x ) = − ( 1 )− x is obtained by

3
reflecting the graph of f ( x ) = (1)

x
across the 52. The graph of f ( x ) = ( 13 )x +3 − 2 is obtained by
3
(1)
y-axis, and then reflecting it across the x-axis.
x
three
3
units to the left and two units down.
(1)
x−2
49. The graph of f ( x ) = + 2 is obtained by
3
translating the graph of f ( x ) = (1)

x
two units
53. The graph of f (x) = a−x is the same as
3
to the right and two units up.
g(x) = ( 1a )x .
54. If a > 1, the graph of f (x) = ax rises from left
to right. If 0 < a < 1, then the graph of
g(x) = ax falls from left to right.

55. Since the horizontal asymptote is y = −1, the

graph has been shifted down one unit. So the
general form of the equation is
f (x) = a x + b − 1 . The base is either 2 or 3, so
try a = 2. Then substitute the coordinates of a
point in the equation and solve for b:
1 = 2−2+b − 1 ⇒ 2 = 2−2+b ⇒ 21 = 2−2+b ⇒
1 = −2 + b ⇒ 3 = b
So, the equation is f (x) = 2x+3 − 1. Verify
that the coordinates of other two points given

satisfy the equation. 57. Since the horizontal asymptote is y = 3, the
Alternate solution: Working backward and graph has been shifted up three units. The
graph has also been reflected across the x-axis.
shifting the graph up one unit and right three
So the general form of the equation is
units to transform the given graph into the
f (x) = −a x + b + 3 . The base is either 2 or 3, so
graph of y = 2x , it goes through the points
(3, 8), (1, 2), and (0, 1), which is the
y- intercept. 8 = 23 , so a = 2, and the equation −1 = −20+b + 3 ⇒ −4 = −2b ⇒ 4 = 2b ⇒
is f (x) = 2x+3 − 1. Verify by checking that the 2 b
coordinates of the points satisfy the equation. 2 =2 ⇒2=b
So, the equation is f (x) = −2x+2 + 3 . Verify

satisfy the equation.
Alternate solution: Working backward and
shifting the graph down three units and right
two units to transform the given graph into the
( )
graph of y = − 2 x , it goes through the points
(0, −1), (1, −2), and (2, −4). The y-intercept is
( )
(0, −1). −2 = − 21 , so a = 2, and the equation
is f (x) = −2 + 3 . Verify by checking that
x+ 1
56. Since the horizontal asymptote is y = 3, the the coordinates of the points satisfy the
graph has been shifted up three units. So the equation.
f (x) = a x + b + 3 . The base is either 2 or 3, so
4 = 2−1+b + 3 ⇒ 1 = 2−1+b ⇒ 20 = 2−1+b ⇒
0 = −1 + b ⇒ 1 = b
So, the equation is f (x) = 2x+1 + 3 . Verify

shifting the graph down three units and right
one unit to transform the given graph into the
graph of y = 2x , it goes through the points

(−1, 1), (0, 2), and (1, 4). The y-intercept is
(0, 2). 2 = 21 , so a = 2, and the equation is
f (x) = 2x+1 + 3 . Verify by checking that the
coordinates of the points satisfy the equation.

58. Since the horizontal asymptote is y = −3, the The y-intercept is (0, 1). 3 = 3−(−1) , so
graph has been shifted down three units. The
a = 3, and the equation is f (x) = 3−x + 1 .
graph has also been reflected across the y-axis.
So the general form of the equation is Verify by checking that the coordinates of the
points satisfy the equation.
f (x) = a − x + b − 3 . The base is either 2 or 3, so
1 = 2−(−2)+b − 3 ⇒ 4 = 22+b ⇒
22 = 22+b ⇒ 2 = 2 + b ⇒ 0 = b
So, the equation is f (x) = 2−x − 3 . Verify that
the coordinates of other two points given

shifting the graph up three units to transform
the given graph into the graph of y = 2− x , it
60. Since the horizontal asymptote is y = 5, the
goes through the points (−2, 4), (−1, 2), and
graph has been shifted up five units. The
(0, 1). The y-intercept is (0, 1). 4 = (−2) , so
2
graph has also been reflected across the x-axis
and the y-axis. So the general form of the
a = 2, and the equation is f (x) = 2−x − 3 .
Verify by checking that the coordinates of the equation is f (x) = −a − x + b + 5 . The base is
points satisfy the equation. either 2 or 3, so try a = 2. Then substitute the
coordinates of a point in the equation and
solve for b:
3 = −2−(−1)+b + 5 ⇒ −2 = −21+b ⇒
2 = 21+b ⇒ 21 = 21+b ⇒ 1 = 1 + b ⇒ 0 = b
So, the equation is f (x) = −2−x + 5 . Verify by
checking that the coordinates of the points

The figure below compares the graphs of
y = 2x , y = 2− x , y = −2− x , and
59. Since the horizontal asymptote is y = 1, the y = −2− x + 5 .
graph has been shifted up one unit. The graph
has also been reflected across the y-axis. So
the general form of the equation is
f (x) = a − x + b + 1 . The base is either 2 or 3, so
4 = 3−(−1)+b + 1 ⇒ 3 = 31+b ⇒ 31 = 31+b ⇒
1 = 1+ b ⇒ 0 = b
So, the equation is f (x) = 3−x + 1 . Verify by
checking that the coordinates of the other two

points satisfy the equation.
shifting the graph down one unit to transform
the given graph into the graph of y = 3− x , it x
goes through the points (−1, 3), (0, 1), and 61. 4 = 2 ⇒ 2
x
( )
2
= 21 ⇒ 22x = 21 ⇒

( 13 ) 2
1, . 2x = 1⇒ x = 1
Solution set: {} 1
2

( )
x
( )
62. 125 x = 5 ⇒ 53 = 51 ⇒ 53x = 51 ⇒ 72. x +1
26−3x = 8 x +1 ⇒ 26−3x = 23 ⇒
3x = 1 ⇒ x = 1
3 26−3x = 23(x +1) ⇒ 26−3x = 23x +3 ⇒
Solution set: {}
1
3
6 − 3x = 3x + 3 ⇒ 6 = 6x + 3 ⇒
3 = 6x ⇒ 12 = x
⎛ 5 ⎞x 4 ⎛ 2 ⎞− x ⎛ 2 ⎞2 Solution set: {} 1
63. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = ⇒ ⎜⎝ = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ −x = 2 ⇒
⎝5 ⎠
2
2 25 5
x +1
x = −2 ⎛ 1 ⎞− x ⎛ 1 ⎞
( ) = (e−2 )x +1 ⇒
−1 −x
Solution set: {−2} 73. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = ⎜ 2⎟ ⇒ e
e ⎝e ⎠
ex = e−2(x +1) ⇒ ex = e−2x − 2 ⇒ 2

( 23 ) ( 23 )2 = ( 32)
x x 2
64. = 9
4
⇒ ⇒ x = −2x − 2 ⇒ 3x = −2 ⇒ x = − 3
−2
2 −1 ⎤
2 x
=⎡ = ⇒ =−
2
⇒ 2
x
()
3 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ () (3) (3) x 2
Solution set: {− } 2
3
Solution set: {−2}
( ) ( )
x +1 x +1
65. 23− 2x = 8 ⇒ 2 3− 2 x = 23 ⇒ 3 − 2x = 3 ⇒ 74. e x −1 = 1
e4 ⇒ e x −1 = e −4 ⇒
–2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 ex −1 = e−4(x +1) ⇒ ex −1 = e−4 x − 4 ⇒

Solution set: {0} x − 1 = −4x − 4 ⇒ 5x − 1 = −4 ⇒
66. 52+2x = 25 ⇒ 52+2x = 52 ⇒ 2 + 2x = 2 ⇒ 5x = −3 ⇒ x = − 53
2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
{− }
5
3
Solution set:
Solution set: {0}
( 2) ( ) ( )
x+4 x+4 x
( ) ⇒ e4x−1 = e2x ⇒ 4x − 1 = 2x ⇒ 75. = 4 x ⇒ 21/ 2 = 22 ⇒

x
67. e 4x −1 = e2
−1 = −2x ⇒ 1
=x 2(1 /12)( x + 4) = 22x ⇒ 2(1/ 2)
3
x+2
=2 22 x ⇒ 4
2 x + 2 = 2x ⇒ 2 = 2 x ⇒ 3 ⋅ 2 = x ⇒ x =
2
3
Solution set: {}
1
2
Solution set: {}
4
3
68. e3− x = e ( ) 3 −x
⇒ e3− x = e−3x ⇒ −x x+2 −x x+2
3 − x = −3x ⇒ 3 = −2x ⇒ − 3
=x 76. ( 5)
3 = ( 15 ) ⇒ (51/ 3 ) ( )
= 5− 1 ⇒
2 −(1/ 3) x −(x + 2) −(1/ 3) x −x−2
5 =5 ⇒5 =5 ⇒
Solution set: { }
− 32 – x = −x − 2 ⇒ 3 x = −2 ⇒ x = −2 ⋅ 23 = −3
1
3
2

( ) ( )
4x x +1
69. 27 4x = 9 x +1 ⇒ 33 = 32 ⇒
1
33(4 x) = 32(x +1) ⇒ 312x = 32 x + 2 ⇒ 77.
27
= x −3 ⇒ 3 − 3 = x −3 ⇒ x = 3
12x = 2x + 2 ⇒ 10x = 2 ⇒ x = 15 Alternate solution:
Solution set: 1 {} 1
= x −3 ⇒
1
=
1
⇒ 27 = x3 ⇒
5
x −1 5 2x b27= 3 27 = 3 27 x3
2x 4 x −1

70. 32 = 16 ( )
⇒ 2 ( )
= 2 ⇒ Solution set: {3}
210 x = 24(x −1) ⇒ 210 x = 24x − 4 ⇒ 1 1 1

10x = 4x − 4 ⇒ 6x = −4 ⇒ x = − 2 78. = x− 5 ⇒ = ⇒ 32 = x5 ⇒ x = 2
3 32 32 x5
Solution set: {− }
2
3
Solution set: {2}
( ) x−2
71. 4 x − 2 = 23x +3 ⇒ 22 = 23x +3 ⇒
22(x − 2) = 23x +3 ⇒ 22x − 4 = 23x +3 ⇒
2x − 4 = 3x + 3 ⇒ −4 = x + 3 ⇒ −7 = x

Check x = 4.
( )
79. x 2/3 = 4 ⇒ x 2/3 3/ 2
= ±4 3/ 2
⇒ x5/ 2 = 32
( )
3
⇒ x = ( ±2 ) ⇒ x = ±8
3 ?
x= ± 4 45/ 2 = 32
Recall from Chapter 1 that it is necessary to

( 4)
5
check all proposed solutions in the original = 32 ⇒ 25 = 32 ⇒ 32 = 32
equation when you raise both sides to a power. This is a true statement.
Check x = −8. Solution set: {4}
4 = x2/ 3 2/ 3
4 = (−8)
?
( ) = 272/3 ⇒ x = 272/3 ⇒
2/ 3
82.
x3/ 2 = 27 ⇒
2 x3/ 2
4= ( 3
−8 )
2
⇒ 4 = ( −2 ) ⇒ 4 = 4
2
x= ( 3
27 ) ⇒ x = 32 ⇒ x = 9

This is a true statement. −8 is a solution.
check all proposed solutions in the original
Check r = 8. equation when you raise both sides to a power.
4 = x2/ 3 Check x = 9.
4 = 82/3
?
x3/3/22 =? 27
2 2
9 = 27
4= (8) 3
⇒4=2 ⇒4=4
( 9)
3
= 27 ⇒ 33 = 27 ⇒ 27 = 27
This is a true statement. 8 is a solution.
Solution set: {−8, 8} This is a true statement.
( ) Solution set: {9}

5/ 2
80. x
2/5
= 16 ⇒ x 2 /5
= ±16 5/ 2
⇒
1 1 1
5 5 83. x−6 = ⇒ = ⇒ x6 = 64 ⇒
x = ± 16 ( ) ⇒ x = ( ±4 ) ⇒ x = ±1024 64 x6 64
x6 = (±2) ⇒ x = ±2
6
check all proposed solutions in the original Solution set: {−2, 2}
equation when you raise both sides to a power.
Check x = −1024. 84. x−4 =

1 1
⇒ 4 =
1
⇒ x4 = 256 ⇒
x2/5 = 16 256 x 256
x4 = (±4) ⇒ x = ±4
4
(−1024) 2/5 ?
= 16
Solution set: {−4, 4}
( ) 2
= 16 ⇒ (−4 ) = 16 ⇒ 16 = 16
2
5
−1024
( ) 35
= ( −243)
35
85. x5 3 = −243 ⇒ x 5 3 ⇒
This is a true statement. −1024 is a solution.
Check x = 1024. x = (−3) = −27 3

x2/5 = 16 check all proposed solutions in the original
(1024)2/5 = 16
?
Check x = −27.
( ) 2
= 16 ⇒ (4 ) = 16 ⇒ 16 = 16
5 2
1024
x5/3 = −243
This is a true statement. 8 is a solution.
(−27 )5/ 35 = − 243
?
2/5 (−3) = −243
= 322/5 ⇒ x = 322/5 ⇒
( )
81. x5/ 2 = 32 ⇒ x5/ 2 This is a true statement. −27 is a solution.
( 32 ) Solution set: {−27}

2
x= 5
⇒ x = 22 ⇒ x = 4

( ) (b) Use the continuous compounding interest

57
= ( −128)
57
86. x 7 5 = −128 ⇒ x 7 5 ⇒ formula to find the future value,
x = (−2)5 = −32 A = Pert , given P = 56,780, r = 0.053,
Recall from Chapter 1 that it is necessary to and t = 15.
check all proposed solutions in the original (15)
A = Pert = 56, 780e.053 = 56, 780e.795
Check x = −32. ≈ 56, 780 (2.214441) = 125, 735.9598
Rounding to the nearest cent, the future
x7/5 = −128 value is $125,735.96. The amount of
(−32)7 / 5 = − 128
?
interest would be
$125,735.96 − $56,780 = $68,955.96.
(−2)7 = −128
This is a true statement. −32 is a solution. 89. Use the compound interest formula to find the
( )
tn
Solution set: {−32} present amount, A = P 1 + r
n
, given n = 4,
87. (a) Use the compound interest formula to A = 25,000, r = 0.06, and t = 11 .
4
r tn
find the future value, A = P 1 + ( n ) , A = P 1+( r
)
tn
n
given n = 2, P = 8906.54, r = 0.05, and (11/ 4) (4)
t = 9. (
25, 000 = P 1 + 0.06 )
( ) ( )
4
= (8906.54) 1 + 0.05 25, 000 = P (1.015)
tm 9(2) 11
A = P 1+ r
m 2
25, 000
= (8906.54)0 (1 + 0.025)
18
P= ≈ $21, 223.33083
≈ 13, 891.16276 (1.015)11
Rounding to the nearest cent, the future Rounding to the nearest cent, the present value
value is $13,891.16. The amount of is $21,223.33.
interest would be
90. Use the compound interest formula to find the
$13,891.16 − $8906.54 = $4984.62.
( )
tn
present amount, A = P 1 +rn , given n = 12,
(b) Use the continuous compounding interest
formula to find the future value, A = 45,000, r = 0.036, and t = 1.
A = Pert , given P = 8906.54, r = 0.05, ( rn )tn
A = P 1+
and t = 9.
45, 000 = P (1 + 12 ) = P (1.003)
1(12) 12
(9) 0.036
A = Pert = 8906.54e0.05 = 8906.54e0.45 45, 000
≈ 8906.54 (1.568312) ≈ 13, 968.23521 P= ≈ $43, 411.15267
Rounding to the nearest cent, the future (1.003)12
value is $13,968.24. The amount of Rounding to the nearest cent, the present value
interest would be is $43,411.15.
$13,968.24 − $898806.54 = $5061.70. 91. Use the compound interest formula to find the
( )
88. (a) Use the compound interest formula to tn
present value, A = P 1 + r
, given n = 4,
( ) tn n
find the future value, A = P 1 + r
n
, A = 5000, r = 0.035, and t = 10.
given n = 4, P = 56,780, r = 0.053, and

t = 23 .
( rn )tn
A = P 1+
( ) ( ) 5, 000 = P (1 + 4 ) = P (1.00875)
4 10(4) 40
A = P 1 + r , = (56, 780 ) 1 + 0.053
tn 23 0.035
n 4 5, 000 ≈ $3528.808535
= (56, 780)(1 + 0.01325)
23
P=
(1.00875)40
≈ 76, 855.9462 value is $76,855.95. The amount of interest would
Rounding to the nearest cent, the future be
$76,855.95 − $56,780 = $20,075.95. Rounding to the nearest cent, the present value
is $3528.81.

( )
n
92. Use the compound interest formula to find the Bank A: Calculate 1 + r
n
where n = 1 and
( )
tn
interest rate, A = P 1 + r
n
, given n = 12, r = 0.064.
1
A = 65,325, P = 65,000, and t = 612= 1 2. (1 + 0.064
)1 = (1 + 0.064)1 = (1.064)1 = 1.064
A = P 1+ ( r
n )tn Bank B: Calculate 1 + ( r
)n where n = 12 and
(1/ 2) (12)
( )
n
65, 325 = 65, 000 1 + r
⇒ r = 0.063.
12
65, 325 = 65, 000 1 + ( 12

r
)6 ⇒ (1 + 0.063
12 )12 = (1 + 0.00525)12 = (1.00525)12
≈ 1.064851339
(
1.005 = 1 + 12
r
)6 ⇒ (1.005)1 6 = 1 + 12 ⇒ r
( )
n
Bank C: Calculate 1 + r
where n= 4 and
(1.005) − 1 = 12 ⇒ 12 ⎡(1.005) − 1⎤ = r ⇒
16 r 16 n
⎣ ⎦ r = 0.0635.
r ≈ 0.0099792301
The interest rate, to the nearest tenth, is 1.0%. (1 + 0.0635
4 )4 = (1 + 0.015875)4 = (1.015875)4
≈ 1.06502816
93. Use the compound interest formula to find the Bank A will charge you the least amount of
( )
tn
interest rate, A = P 1 + r
n , given n = 4, interest, even though it has the highest stated
rate.
A = 1500, P = 1200, and t = 5.
A = P 1+ ( r
)tn 96. Given P = 10,000, r = 0.05, and t = 10, the
( )
n tn
5(4)
compound interest formula, A = P 1 + r
,
( r4)
1500 = 1200 1 + 0.05 10n n
1500 = 1200 (120+ 4 )

20 becomes A = 10, 000 1 + ( ) .
1.25 = (1 + )
r n
0.05 10(1)
r
4 (a) m = 1 ⇒ A = 10, 000 1 + ( 1 )

(1.25)1 20 = 1 + r4 ⇒ (1.25)1 20 − 1 = r4 ⇒ = 10, 000 (1 + 0.05)
10
4 ⎡(1.25) − 1⎤ = r ⇒ r ≈ 0.044878604
1 20
≈ 16, 288.94627
⎣ ⎦
The interest rate, to the nearest tenth, is 4.5%. value is $16,288.95.
interest rate, A = P 1 + ( r
)
tn
, given n = 4, (b) m = 4 ⇒ A = 10, 000 1 + ( 0.05
4 )10 (4)
n
= 10, 000 (1 + 0.0125)
40
A = 8400, P = 5000, and t = 8.
≈ 16, 436.19463
A = P 1+ ( r
n )tn Rounding to the nearest cent, the future
( r4 )8(4) ⇒
8400 = 5000 1 + value is $16,436.19.
8400 = 5000 (1 + 4 ) ⇒ 1.68 = (1 + 4) ( 12 )10 (12)

32 32
r r
(c) m = 12 ⇒ A = 10, 000 1 + 0.05
(1.68
) −)1⎤ == 1r +⇒4 r⇒≈ (0.0653777543
1.68) − 1 = 4r ⇒ = 10, 000 (1 + 12 )
1 1
r 120
⎡( 1 32 32
0.05
4 1.68 32 ≈ 16, 470.09498

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
The interest rate, to the nearest tenth, is 6.5%.
( )
n value is $16,470.09.
95. For each bank we need to calculate 1 + r . 10(365)
(d) = ⇒ = + 0.05
n m 365 (
A 10, 000 1 365 )
Since the base, 1 + rn , is greater than 1, we
( )
3650
= 10, 000 1 + 0.05
365
need only compare the three values calculated ≈ 16, 486.64814
to determine which bank will yield the least Rounding to the nearest cent, the future
amount of interest. It is understood that the value is $16,486.65.
amount of time, t, and the principal, P, are the
same for all three banks.

97. (a) 99. (a) Evaluate T = 50, 000 (1 + 0.06) where

n
n = 4.
T = 50, 000 (1 + 0.06)
4
= 50, 000 (1.06) ≈ 63,123.848

4
Total population after 4 years is about

63,000.
(b) From the graph above, we can see that the
(b) Evaluate T = 30, 000 (1 + 0.12) where

data are not linear but exponentially n
decreasing.
n = 3.
(c)
T = 30, 000 (1 + 0.12)
3
= 30, 000 (1.12) = 42,147.84

3
There would be about 42,000 deer after 3

years.
(d) P(x) = 1013e−0.0001341x (c) Evaluate T = 45, 000(1 + 0.08)n where

P(1500) = 1013e−0.0001341(1500) n = 5.
≈ 1013 (0.817790) ≈ 828 T = 45, 000 (1 + 0.08)
5
P(11, 000) = 1013e−0.0001341(11,000) = 45, 000 (1.08) ≈ 66,119.76346

5
≈ 1013(0.228756) ≈ 232 There would be about 66,000 deer after 5

When the altitude is 1500 m, the function years. Thus, we can expect about
P gives a pressure of 828 mb, which is 66,000 − 45,000 = 21,000 additional deer
less than the actual value of 846 mb. after 5 years.
When the altitude is 11,000 m, the −0.5t
function P gives a pressure of 232 mb, 100. p(t) = 250 − 120 (2.8)
which is more than the actual value of

(a) p(2) = 250 − 120(2.8)−0.5(2)
227 mb.
= 250 − 120(2.8)−1 ≈ 207.1428571
98. y = 6084e0.0120 x After 2 months, a person will type about
(a) 2010 is 10 years after 2000, so use x = 10. 207 symbols per minute.
y = 6084e0.0120( ) = 6084e0.120 ≈ 6860
10
−0.5(4)
(b) p(4) = 250 − 120 (2.8)
The function gives a population of about −2
6860 million, which differs from the = 250 − 120 (2.8) ≈ 234.6938776
actual value by 6860 − 6853 = 7 million. After 4 months, a person will type about
235 symbols per minute.
(b) 2020 is 20 years after 2000, so use x = 20.
−0.5(10)
y = 6084e0.0120( ) = 6084e0.24 ≈ 7734
20 (c) p(10) = 250 − 120 (2.8)
−5
The function gives a population of about = 250 − 120 (2.8) ≈ 249.3027459
7734 million in 2020. After 10 months, a person will type about
(c) 2030 is 30 years after 2000, so use x = 30. 249 symbols per minute.
y = 6084e0.0120( ) = 6084e0.36 ≈ 8720

30 (d) The number of symbols approaches 250.
The function gives a population of about
8720 million in 2030.
(d) Answers will vary.

101. 5e3x = 75
Solution set: {–0.5, 1.3}
104. x = 2x
Use a graphing calculator to graph the line and
the exponential function on the same screen.
These two graphs do not intersect, so the
given equation has no solution.
Since 5e3x = 75 ⇒ e3x = 15 we could also do

the following.
Solution set: ∅
105. Answers will vary.
f (x) = ax and f (3) = 27 together imply that

Solution set: {0.9}
106.
102. 6−x = 1 − x a3 = 27, so a = 3 and f (x) = 3x.
We can see from the following screens that

there are two solutions. (a) f (1) = 31 = 3
(b) f (−1) = 3−1 = 1

3
(c) f (2 ) = 3 2 = 9
(d) f (0 ) = 3 0 = 1
107. If the graph of the exponential function

f (x) = ax contains the point (3, 8), we have
a3 = 8. This implies a = 3 8 = 2. Thus, the
equation which satisfies the given condition is
Solution set: {0, 0.7} f (x) = 2x.
103. 3x + 2 = 4x 108. If the graph of the exponential function
We can see from the following screens that f (x) = ax contains the point (3, 125), we
there are two solutions.
have a3 = 125. This implies a = 3 125 = 5.
Thus, the equation which satisfies the given
condition is f (x) = 5x.

109. If the graph of the exponential 117. Yes; f (x) = ax is a one-to-one function.
function f (x) = ax contains the point Therefore, an inverse function exists for f.
(−3, 64), we have a−3 = 64. This implies

118. Since f (x) = ax has an inverse, the graph of
a3 = 1
⇒a= 3 1 = 1 . Thus, the equation f −1(x) will be the reflection of f across the
64
64 4
which satisfies the given condition is line y = x.
f (x) = ()
1
4
x
.
110. If the graph of the exponential function

f (x) = ax contains the point (−2, 36) we have
a−2 = 36. This implies
a2 = 1 ⇒ a = 1 = 1 . Thus, the equation
36
36 6
which satisfies the given condition is 119. Since f (x) = ax has an inverse, we find it as
f (x) = ( 16 )x . follows: y = ax ⇒ x = a y
120. If a = 10, the equation for f −1(x) will be

( ) t
111. f (t ) = 32t + 3 = 32t ⋅ 33 = 27 ⋅ 32 = 27 ⋅ 9t
given by x = 10 y.
( ) t
112. f (t ) = 23t + 2 = 23t ⋅ 2 2 = 4 ⋅ 23 = 4 ⋅ 8t 121. If a = e, the equation for f −1(x) will be
given by x = ey .
113.
f (t ) = ()1 1− 2t
= ( )( )
1 1 1 −2t
( 13 ) (3)2t = 3( 1 ) (33 2 ) = ( 1 ) 9t ( p, q)
t
= 122. If the point is on the graph of f, then the
−1
3 3 3 point (q, p) is on the graph of f .

114.
f (t ) = ( 1 )1− 2t = ( 1 )1 ( 1 )−2t
2 2 2 Section 4.3 Logarithmic Functions
= ( ) (2 )
1
2
2t
= ( ) (2 ) = ( ) 4
1
2
2 t 1
2
t
1. (a) C; log2 16 = 4 because 24 = 16.
12 13 14 15
115. e1 ≈ 1 + 1 + + + + (b) A; log 1 = 0 because 30 = 1.
2⋅1 3⋅2⋅1 4⋅3⋅2⋅1 5⋅4⋅3⋅2⋅1 3
= 1 + 1 + 12 + 16 + 124+ 1
120
≈ 2.717
(c) E; log10 0.1 = −1 because 10−1 = 0.1.
(d) B; log2 2 = 12 because 21/ 2 = 2.
(e) F; loge ( ) = −2 because e

e2
1 −2 = 1
e2
.
(−0.05)2 (−0.05)3 (f) D; log 8 = −3 because ( 1 )−3 = 8.

2⋅1 3⋅2⋅1
116. e−.05 ≈ 1 + (−0.05) + + 1/ 2 2

(−0.05)4 + (−0.05) 2. (a) F; log3 81 = 4 because 34 = 81.
5
+ 4⋅3⋅2⋅1
5⋅4⋅3⋅2⋅1
= 1 − 0.05 + 0.0025 − 0.000125 1 −1 1

2 6 (b) B; log3 3 = −1 because 3 = 3.
+ 0.00000625
24 − 0.0000003125
120
≈ 0.9512 (c) A; log10 0.01 = −2 because 10−2 = 0.01.
(d) D; log6 6 = 1
2
because 61/ 2 = 6.
(e) C; loge 1 = 0 because e0 = 1.

Section 4.3 Logarithmic Functions 445
(f) E; log3 273/ 2 = 9

2 because
19. x = 3log3 8
Writing as a logarithmic equation, we have

( ) 3/ 2
39 / 2 = 33 = 273 / 2. log3 8 = log3 x ⇒ x = 8
Using the Theorem of Inverses on page 440,

3. 34 = 81 is equivalent to log3 81 = 4. we can directly state that x = 8.
Solution set: {8}
4. 25 = 32 is equivalent to log2 32 = 5.
20. x = 12log12 5
5. ( 2 )−3 = 27 is equivalent to log 27

= −3. Writing as a logarithmic equation, we have
3 8 2 /3 8
log12 5 = log12 x ⇒ x = 5
6. 10− 4 = 0.0001 is equivalent to Using the Theorem of Inverses on page 440,

log10 0.0001 = − 4. we can directly state that x = 5.
Solution set: {5}
7. log6 36 = 2 is equivalent to 62 = 36.
21. x = 2log2 9
8. log5 5 = 1 is equivalent to 51 = 5. Writing as a logarithmic equation, we have
log2 9 = log2 x ⇒ x = 9
( 3)
8
9. log 81 = 8 is equivalent to = 81. Using the Theorem of Inverses on page 440,
3
we can directly state that x = 9.
10. log 1
= −3 is equivalent to 4−3 = 1
. Solution set: {9}
4 64 64
22. x = 8log8 11
11. Answers will vary. Writing as a logarithmic equation, we have
12. loga 1 = 0 for all real numbers a, because log8 11 = log8 x ⇒ x = 11
a0 = 1, (a ≠ 0) for all real numbers a. Using the Theorem of Inverses on page 440,
we can directly state that x = 11.
1 Solution set: {11}
13. x = log
1
⇒ 5x = 1
⇒ 5x = ⇒
5 625 625
54 23. log 25 = −2 ⇒ x−2 = 25 ⇒ x−2 = 52 ⇒
x
5 x = 5 −4 ⇒ x = − 4
⇒ x = 5 −1
(x ) ( )
Solution set: {–4} −2 −1/ 2 −1 / 2
= 52
Do not include a ± since the base,

14. x = log 3 1
81
⇒ 3x = 1
81
⇒ 3x = 1
34
⇒ x, cannot be negative.
3x = 3− 4 ⇒ x = − 4 x= 1
5
Solution set: {–4} Solution set: {}
1
5
15. log 1
= 5 ⇒ x5 = 1
⇒ x5 = 1
= ( 1 )5 ⇒ 1
x 32 32 24. log x 16 = −2 ⇒ x−2 = 16 ⇒ = 16 ⇒
x= 1
25 2 x2
Solution set:
2
{}
1 x2 = 1 ⇒ x 2 ( ) 1/ 2 =⎛ 1 ⎞
1/ 2
⇒x=
1

⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2
16 16 4
16. log 27 = 3 ⇒ x3 = 27 ⇒ x3 = 33 = ( 3 )3 ⇒ Do not include a ± since the base, x,
x 64 64 43 4 cannot be negative.
x= 4
{}
3
1
Solution set: {}
3
Solution set: 4
4
25. log4 x = 3 ⇒ 43 = x ⇒ 64 = x
17. x = log8 ⇒ 8x = ⇒ 8x = 81/ 4 ⇒ x = 1

Solution set: {64}
48 48
4
Solution set: {}1

4 26. log2 x = 3 ⇒ 23 = x ⇒ x = 8
5 5
7 7 5 Solution set: {8}
18. x = log 7 ⇒ 7x = ⇒ 7x = 7 15 ⇒ x = 1
Solution set: {}1

5

x = log4 ⇒ 4x = ⇒ 4x = (16)1/ 3 ⇒
27. 3
16 3
16 36. 4x − 24 = log x 1 (x > 0, x ≠ 1)
( ) Note that log x 1 = 0 since x0 = 1 for any

1/ 3
4 x = 42 ⇒ 4 x = 42 / 3 ⇒ x = 2
3
number x. Thus,
Solution set: {} 2
3 4x − 24 = log x 1 ⇒ 4x − 24 = 0 ⇒ 4x = 24 ⇒
x=6
1/ 4
28. x = log5 ⇒ 5x = ⇒ 5x = (25) ⇒ 5x Solution set: {6}
( )
1/ 4
= 52 ⇒ 5 x = 52 / 4 ⇒ 5 x = 51/ 2 ⇒ x = 1 37. Answers will vary.
2
Solution set: {} 1 38. Y (2.3219281) represents the exponent to

which 2 must be raised in order to obtain X
2
(5).
⇒ 95 2 = x ⇒ (3) = 243 = x
5
29. log 9 x = 5
2 For Exercises 39–41, refer to the following graph of
Note that we do not include 9 = −3 because f (x) = log2 x.

logarithms are not defined for negative
numbers.
Solution set: {243}
30. log4 x = 7
2
⇒ x = 47 2 = 27 = 128
Note that we do not include 4 = −2 because
logarithms are not defined for negative
numbers.
Solution set: {128}
−4
⎛1⎞ 39. The graph of f (x) = (log2 x) + 3 is obtained
31. log12 (x + 3) = −4 ⇒ x + 3 = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒
⎝2 ⎠
by translating the graph of f (x) = log2 x up 3
x + 3 = 24 ⇒ x + 3 = 16 ⇒ x = 13
units.
Solution set: {13}
−2
⎛1⎞
32. log13 (x + 6) = −2 ⇒ x + 6 = ⎜ ⎟ ⇒
⎝3 ⎠
x + 6 = 32 ⇒ x + 6 = 9 ⇒ x = 3
Solution set: {3}
33. log ( x +3) 6 = 1 ⇒ (x + 3) = 6 ⇒ x + 3 = 6 ⇒

1
x=3
Domain: (0, ∞) ; range: (−∞, ∞)
Solution set: {3}
19 = 1 ⇒ (x − 4) = 19 ⇒
1
34. log 40. The graph of f (x) = log2 (x + 3) is obtained
( x − 4)
x − 4 = 19 ⇒ x = 23 by translating the graph of f (x) = log2 x to
Solution set: {23} x=5

Solution set: {5}
35. 3x − 15 = log x 1 (x > 0, x ≠ 1)
Note that log x 1 = 0 since x0 = 1 for any
number x. Thus,
3x − 15 = log x 1 ⇒ 3x − 15 = 0 ⇒ 3x = 15 ⇒
t
h
e
l
e
f
t
3
u
n
Domain: (−3, ∞) ; range: (−∞, ∞)
i
t
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
h
a
s
a
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
a
s
y
m
p
t
o
t
e
a
t
x
=
–
3
.

41. To find the graph of f (x) = log2 (x + 3) , 43. The graph of f (x) = log1/ 2 (x − 2) is obtained
translate the graph of f (x) = log2 x to the left by translating the graph of f (x) = log1/ 2 x to
3 units to obtain the graph of log2 (x + 3). (See the right 2 units. The graph has a vertical
exercise 40.) For the portion of the graph asymptote at x = 2.
where f (x) ≥ 0, that is, where x ≥ −2, use the
same graph as in exercise 40. For the portion
of the graph in exercise 40 where f (x) < 0,
−3 < x < −2, reflect the graph about the
x-axis. In this way, each negative value of
f (x) on the graph in exercise 40 is replaced
by its opposite, which is positive. The graph
has a vertical asymptote at x = –3. Domain: (2, ∞) ; range: (−∞, ∞)
44. To find the graph of f (x) = log1/ 2 (x − 2)
translate the graph of f (x) = log1/ 2 x to the

right 2 units to obtain the graph of
log1/ 2 (x − 2). (See exercise 43.) For the

portion of the graph where f (x) ≥ 0, that is,
where 2 < x ≤ 3, use the same graph as in
exercise 43. For the portion of the graph in
Domain: (−3, ∞) ; range: [0, ∞) exercise 43 where f (x) < 0, x > 3, reflect the
For Exercises 42–44, refer to the following graph of graph about the x-axis. In this way, each
f (x) = log1/ 2 x. negative value of f (x) on the graph in
exercise 43 is replaced by its opposite, which

is positive. The graph has a vertical asymptote
at x = 2.
42. The graph of f (x) = (log1/ 2 x) − 2 is obtained
by translating the graph of f (x) = log1/ 2 x Domain: (2, ∞) ; range: [0, ∞)

down 2 units.
45. Because f (x) = log2 x has a vertical
asymptote, which is the y-axis (the line

x = 0 ), x-intercept of 1, and is increasing, the
correct choice is the graph in E.
46. Because f (x) = log2 2x has a vertical

asymptote, which is the y-axis (the line
x = 0 ), has an x-intercept when
Domain: (0, ∞) ; range: (−∞, ∞) 2x = 1 ⇒ x = 1 , and is increasing, the correct
2
choice is the graph in D.

47. Because f (x) = log2 1

= log2 x−1 = − log2 x, x y = log10 x
x
it has a vertical asymptote, which is the y-axis 1
100 = 0.01 −2
(the line x = 0 ), has an x-intercept 1, and is 1
= 0.1 −1
the reflection of f (x) = log2 x across the 10
x-axis, it is decreasing and the correct choice 1 0

is the graph in B. 10 1
100 2
48. Because f (x) = log2 ( 1 2x) has a vertical The graph can also be found by reflecting the
asymptote, which is the y-axis (the line graph of f (x) = 10x about the line y = x. The
x = 0 ), has an x-intercept when graph has the y-axis as a vertical asymptote.
x
2
= 1 ⇒ x = 2, and is increasing, the correct 53. f (x) = log1/ 2 (1 − x)
Since f (x) = y = log1/ 2 (1 − x), we can write
choice is the graph in C.
49. Because f (x) = log2 (x − 1) represents the the exponential form as
horizontal shift of f (x) = log2 x to the right 1 ( 1 )y ⇒ x = 1 − ( 1 )y

2 2
1− x = to find ordered
unit, the function has a vertical asymptote pairs that satisfy the equation. It is easier to
which is the line x = 1, has an x-intercept choose values for y and find the corresponding
when x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = 2, and is increasing, the values of x. Make a table of values.
correct choice is the graph in F.
50. Because f (x) = log2 (− x) represents a

x y = log1/ 2 (1 − x)
reflection of f (x) = log2 x over the y-axis, it −3 −2
−1 −1
has a vertical asymptote, which is the y-axis 0 0
(the line x = 0 ), and passes through (−1, 0),
1
= 0.5 1
2
the correct choice is the graph in A. 3
= 0.75 2
4
51. f (x) = log5 x The graph has the line x = 1 as a vertical
Since f (x) = y = log5 x, we can write the asymptote.
exponential form as x = 5y to find ordered 54. f (x) = log1/ 3 (3 − x)

pairs that satisfy the equation. It is easier to Since f (x) = y = log1/ 3 (3 − x), we can write
choose values for y and find the corresponding the exponential form as
values of x. Make a table of values.
x y = log5 x ( )y ( )y
3 − x = 13 ⇒ x = 3 − 13 to find ordered
pairs that satisfy the equation. It is easier to
1
= 0.04 −2
25 choose values for y and find the corresponding
1
5
= 0.2 −1 values of x. Make a table of values.
1 0 x y = log1/ 3 (3 − x)
5 1 −6 −2
25 2 0 −1
The graph can also be found by reflecting the 2 0
8
≈ 2.7
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
3
26
≈ 2.9 2
9
graph of f (x) = 5 about the line y = x. The
x
graph has the y-axis as a vertical asymptote.

52. f (x) = log10 x
Since f (x) = y = log10 x, we can write the The graph has the line x = 3 as a vertical
exponential form as x = 10y to find ordered asymptote.
pairs that satisfy the equation. It is easier to

choose values for y and find the corresponding
values of x. Make a table of values.

57. Since the vertical asymptote is x = −1, the

55. f (x) = log3 (x − 1) + 2
graph has been shifted left one unit. So the
Since f (x) = y = log3 (x − 1) + 2, we can general form of the equation is
write the exponential form as f (x) = loga (x + 1) + k . The base is either 2 or

y − 2 = log3 (x − 1) ⇒ x − 1 = 3 y − 2 ⇒ 3, so try a = 2. Then substitute the coordinates
of a point in the equation and solve for k:
x = 3y− 2 + 1 to find ordered pairs that satisfy
the equation. It is easier to choose values for y −2 = log2 (1 + 1) + k ⇒ −2 − k = log2 2 ⇒
and find the corresponding values of x. Make 2−2−k = 2 ⇒ 2−2− k = 21 ⇒
a table of values. −2 − k = 1 ⇒ −3 = k
y = log3 (x − 1) + 2 So, the equation is f (x) = log2 (x + 1) − 3 .

x = 3y−2 + 1
82
≈ 1.01 −2
81 Verify that the coordinates of other two points
28
≈ 1.04 −1 given satisfy the equation.
27 Alternate solution: Working backward and
10
≈ 1.11 0 shifting the graph up three units and right one
9
unit to transform the given graph into the
4
≈ 1.33 1
3 graph of y = log2 x , it goes through the
1 2
4 3 points (1, 0), which is the x-intercept, (2, 1),
10 4 and (8, 3). 3 = log2 8 , so a = 2, and the
equation is f (x) = log2 (x + 1) − 3 . Verify by
checking that the coordinates of the points
shown on the graph satisfy the equation.
The vertical asymptote is x = 1.

56. f (x) = log2 (x + 2) − 3
Since f (x) = y = log2 (x + 2) − 3, we can
write the exponential form as

58. Since the vertical asymptote is x = 3, the graph
y + 3 = log2 (x + 2) ⇒ 2y +3 = x + 2 ⇒ has been shifted right three units, and b = 3.
x = 2 y+3 − 2 to find ordered pairs that satisfy So the general form of the equation is
the equation. It is easier to choose values for y f (x) = loga (x − 3) + k . The base is either 2 or
and find the corresponding values of x. Make 3, so try a = 2. Then substitute the coordinates
a table of values. of a point in the equation and solve for k:
x = 2 y+ 3 − 2 y = log2 (x + 2) − 3 −1 = log2 (4 − 3) + k ⇒ −1 − k = log2 1 ⇒
−1.5 −4 2−1− k = 1 ⇒ 2−1− k = 20 ⇒
−1 −3 −1 − k = 0 ⇒ −1 = k
0 −2 So, the equation is f (x) = log2 (x − 3) − 1 .
2 −1
6 Verify that the coordinates of other two points
0 given satisfy the equation.
The vertical asymptote is x = −2. Alternate solution: Working backward and
shifting the graph up one unit and left three
graph of y = log2 x , it goes through the
points (1, 0), which is the x-intercept, (2, 1),

and (4, 2).

(continued) 60. The graph has been reflected across the x-axis,
so the general form of the equation is
2 = log2 4 , so a = 2, and the equation is
f (x) = − loga (x − b) + k . Since the vertical
f (x) = log2 (x − 3) − 1 . Verify by checking asymptote of the original graph is x = −3, the
that the coordinates of the points shown on the graph has been shifted left three units, and
graph satisfy the equation. b = −3. So the general form of the equation is
f (x) = − loga (x + 3) + k . The base is either 2
or 3, so try a = 2. Then substitute the
solve for k:
−2 = − log2 (1 + 3) + k ⇒
–(−2 − k ) = log2 4 ⇒ 22+k = 4 ⇒
22+ k = 22 ⇒ 2 + k = 2 ⇒ k = 0
So, the equation is f (x) = − log2 (x + 3) .
Verify that the coordinates of other two points

given satisfy the equation.
59. The graph has been reflected across the y-axis, Alternate solution: Working backward and
so the general form of the equation is
shifting the graph right three units, it goes
f (x) = loga (− x − b) + k . Since the vertical through the points (1, 0), which is the x-
asymptote of the graph is x = 3, the graph has intercept, (2, −1), and (4, −2). −2 = − log2 4 ,
been shifted right three units, and b = −3. So
so a = 2, and the equation is
the general form of the equation is
f (x) = − log2 (x + 3) . Verify by checking that
f (x) = loga (− x + 3) + k . The base is either 2
the coordinates of the points shown on the
graph satisfy the equation.
solve for k:
−1 = log2 (−1 + 3) + k ⇒ −1 − k = log2 2 ⇒
2−1− k = 2 ⇒ 2−1− k = 21 ⇒
−1 − k = 1 ⇒ −2 = k
So, the equation is f (x) = log2 (−x + 3) − 2 .

shifting the graph up two units and left three
graph of y = log2 x , it goes through the 61. The graph has been reflected across the x-axis,
points (−1, 0), which is the x-intercept, (−2, 1), so the general form of the equation is
and (−4, 2). 2 = log2[−(−4)] , so a = 2, and the f (x) = − loga (x − b) + k . Since the vertical
asymptote of the original graph is x = 1, the
equation is f (x) = log2 (−x + 3) − 2 . Verify by
graph has been shifted right one unit and
checking that the coordinates of the points b = 1. So the general form of the equation is
shown on the graph satisfy the equation. f (x) = − loga (x − 1) + k . The base is either 2
solve for k:
−1 = − log3 (4 − 1) + k ⇒
–(−1 − k ) = log3 3 ⇒ 31+ k = 3 ⇒
31+ k = 31 ⇒ 1 + k = 1 ⇒ k = 0
So, the equation is f (x) = − log3(x − 1) .


(continued) 63. log2 6xy = log2 6x − log2 y

Alternate solution: Working backward and = log2 6 + log2 x − log2 y
shifting the graph left one unit, it goes through
the points (1, 0), which is the 64. log 4p
= log 4 p − log q
3 q 3 3
( )
x-intercept, 13 ,1 , and (3, −1). −1 = − log 3 3 , = log3 4 + log3 p − log3 q
so a = 3, and the equation is 65. log 5 7

= log 5 7 − log 3
f (x) = − log3(x − 1) . Verify by checking that 5 3 5 5
the coordinates of the points shown on the = log5 5 + log5 7 − log5 3

graph satisfy the equation. = 1 + log5 71/ 2 − log5 3
= 1 + 21 log5 7 − log5 3
66. log2 2 3
= log2 2 – log2 5
5
3
= log2 2 + log2 3 − log2 5
= 1 + log2 31/ 2 − log2 5 = 1 + 21 log2 3 − log2 5
67. log4 (2x + 5 y)

Since this is a sum, none of the logarithm
properties apply, so this expression cannot be
simplified.
62. The graph has been reflected across the x-axis, 68. log6 (7m + 3q)
and then reflected across the y-axis, so the
Since this is a sum, none of the logarithm
properties apply, so this expression cannot be
f (x) = − loga (−x − b) + k . Since the vertical simplified.
asymptote of the original graph is x = 5, the
( )
1/ 2
5r 3
graph has been shifted right five units. So the 69. log z5 = log = 1 log 5r3
general form of the equation is m m z5 2 m z5
f (x) = − loga (−x + 5) . The base is either 2 or = 1

2 (log m 5r 3 − log m z 5 )
3, so try a = 2. Then substitute the coordinates
of a point in the equation and solve for k:
= 1
2 (log m 5 + log m r 3 − log m z 5 )
2(
−1 = − log2 (−3 + 5) + k1+⇒ = 1
logm 5 + 3 logm r − 5 logm z)
–(−1 − k ) = log 2 ⇒ 2 k = 2 ⇒ 1/ 3
2
t2 ( ) ( )
m5 n4 m5 n4
1
21+k = 2 ⇒ 1 + k = 1 ⇒ k = 0 70. log p = log p t2
= 13 log p t2
So, the equation is f (x) = − log2 (−x + 5) . =

3
1
(log p m5 + log p n 4 − log p t 2 )
= 1
3 (5 log p m + 4 log p n − 2 log p t )
The figure below compares the graphs of 71. log ab = log (ab) − log (cd )
y = log2 x, y = log2 (−x), y = − log2 (− x), and 2 cd 2 2
y = − log2(− x + 5) . = log2 a + log2 b − (log2 c + log2 d )

= log2 a + log2 b − log2 c − log2 d
xy
72. log2 tqr = log2 (xy) − log2(tqr)
= log2 x + log2 y
– (log2 t + log2 q + log2 r)
= log2 x + log2 y − log2 t
– log2 q − log2 r

73. log
x3 y
= log ( x1 2 y1 3 ) − log (w2 z1 2 ) 81. 2 loga (z + 1) + loga (3z + 2)
3
w2
3 3 = log (z + 1)2 + log (3z + 2)
= log3 x1 2 + log3 y1 3 = log a⎡(z + 1) (3z +a2)⎤
2
(
– log 3 w2 + log 3 z1 2 ) a
⎣ ⎦
= 1 log3 x + 1 log3 y 82. 5 loga (z + 7) + loga (2z + 9)
2 3
(
– 2 log3 w + 1 log3 z
2
) = log (z + 7)5 + log (2z + 9)
a a
= log a ⎡(z + 7) (2z + 9)⎤

5
= 1 log
2 3 x+ 1 log
3 3 y ⎣ ⎦
– 2 log3 w − 12 log3 z 83. – 2 log5 5m 2 + 1 log5 25m2
(a1 3b1 4 ) − log (c1 2d 2 3 ) ( ) ( )

3 2 /3
−2 1/ 2
74. log 3 a4b
= log = log 5m 2 + log 25m 2
5 5
4 3 4 4
c d2 = log ⎡
(5m ) ( )
2 −2 / 3 1/ 2 ⎤
= 13 + 14
⋅ 25m 2
log4 a log4 b 5⎢ ⎥⎦
⎣
(
– log 4 c 12
+ log 4 d 23
) (
= log 5−2 / 3 m −4 / 3 ⋅ 5m
5 )
= 1 log4 a + 1 log4 b
3 4
= log 5 (5 −2 / 3
⋅ 51 ⋅ m −4 / 3 ⋅ m1 )
– (112 log4 c + 23 log4 d ) (
= log 5 51/ 3 ⋅ m −1/ 3 = log ) 5
1/ 3
= log
3 5
5 m1/ 3 5
= 1 log4 a + log4 b
3 4
– 1 log4 c − 2 log4 d 84. – 34 log3 16 p4 – −3/
2
log3 8 p3
2 3 = 4 3 4 3 2/3
75. log x + log y − log m = log xy − log m (

log 3 16 p ) – log 3 8 p ( )
a a a a a
⎡ 4 −3/ 4 ⎤
= log xy
= log3 ⎢ (16 p )2/ 3 ⎥ = log3 16−3/ 4 2p−3 = log3 22−3 3
a m
⎢⎣ (8 p ) 3
⎥⎦
4p
4p ⋅p
76. logb k + logb m − logb a = logb (km) − logb a = log 1

= log 1
= log 1
3 23 ⋅4 p2+3 3 8⋅4 p5 3 32 p5
= log b km
a
77. log m − log n − log t 85. log10 6 = log10 (2 ⋅ 3) = log10 2 + log10 3
a a a
= 0.3010 + 0.4771 = 0.7781
= loga m − (loga n + loga t )
= loga m − loga (nt ) = loga mnt (
86. log10 12 = log10 3 ⋅ 22 = log10 3 + 2 log10 2 )
78. log p − log q − log r = 0.4771 + 2 (0.3010)
b b b
= 0.4771 + 0.6020 = 1.0791
= logb p − (logb q + logb r )
= log p − log (qr ) = log p 87. log10 3
= log10 3 − log10 2
b b b qr 2
1
logb x4 y5 − 3 logb x2 y = 0.4771 − 0.3010 = 0.1761
79. 2 2
3 4
13 34
88. log10 9 ( )
= log10 2 − log10 9 = log10 2 − log10 3
(
= log b x 4 y 5 ) ( )
− log b x 2 y = log10 2 − 2 log10 3
= logb x4 3 y5 3 − logb x 3 2 y 3 4 = 0.3010 − 2 (0.4771) = −0.6532
x4 3 y 5 3
= 4 3−3 2 5 3−3 4 9 2 2
logb = logb x y 89. log10 4

= log10 9 − log10 4 = log10 3 – log10 2
x3 2 y3 4 = 2 log10 3 − 2 log10 2
= logb x−1 6 y11 12
= 2 (0.4771) − 2 (0.3010)
80. 1
log y p3q4 − 2 log y p4q3 = 0.9542 − 0.6020 = 0.3522
2 3
( ) ( )
1/ 2 2/3
= log y p q 3 4
− log y p 4 q 3 90. log10 20
27 = log10 20 − log10 27
= log10 (2 ⋅10) − log10 33
= log (p q )
3 4 1/ 2
= log p3/ 2 q2
= log
p9 / 6 = log 2 + log 10 − 3log 3
y
(p q )
4 3 2/3 y p8 / 3 q2 y p16 / 6
= 0.3010
10
+ 1 − 10
3(0.4771) 10
( )
= log y p (9 / 6) − (16 / 6) = log y p −7 / 6 ( ) = 0.3010 + 1 − 1.4313 = −0.1303

f (9) = log 9 ⇒ y = log 9⇒

91. log10 = log10 301/ 2 = 1 log10 30 (c) 3 3
30
( 3) ( )
2 y
= 1 log10 (10 ⋅ 3)
y
= 9 ⇒ 31 / 2 = 32 ⇒
2
= 12 (log10 10 + log10 3)
3y / 2 = 32 ⇒ y
=2⇒ y=4
= 1 (1 + 0.4771) = 1 (1.4771)
2 2
≈ 0.7386
(d) f ( ) = log ( ) ⇒ y = log ( ) ⇒
3
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
( 3)
y
92. log10 361/3 = 1 log10 36 = 1 log10 62 = ⇒ (31/ 2 )y = 31 2 ⇒
= 2 log
3
(2 ⋅ 3) 3= 2 (log 2 + log 3) 1/ 2
y 33 31
3 10 3 10 10
= 2 (0.3010 + 0.4771) = 2 (0.7781) (3 ) = 31 2−1 = 3−1 2 ⇒

3 3
≈ 0.5187 3 y / 2 = 3 −1 2 ⇒ y
= − 12 ⇒ y = −1
2
93. (a) If the x-values are representing years, 3 2
months is 312 = 1 4= 0.25 yr and 6 months 96. (a) 100log 3 = 102 log 3 = 10log 3 = 10log 9 = 9
is 6
= 1
= 0.5 yr.
log10 0.013 = log10 10−2 ( ) 3
12 2 (b)
= log10 10− 6 = − 6
log10 0.00015 = log10 10−4 5 ( )
(c)
= log10 10− 20 = − 20
3
(d) 1000log10 5 = 103log10 5 = 10log10 5
= 10log10 125 = 125
97. In the formula A = P 1 + ( r

)tn we substitute
n
A = 2P since we want the present value to be
(b) A logarithmic function will model the doubled in the future. Thus, we need to solve
data best.
for t in the equation 2P = P 1 + ( r
n )tn .
94. (a) From the graph, log3 0.3 = −1.1
(b) From the graph, log3 0.8 = −0.2
2P = P 1+ ( r
n
tn
)1
⇒ 2 = 1+ ( r
n )tn
f (x) = log x and f (3) = 2
2 tn = ⎡ 1+
1
( r
) tn ⎤ tn
⇒ 2 tn = 1+
1
( r
)
95. ⎣⎢ n ⎥⎦ n
a log (1+ r ) = 1 ⇒ tn = 1
( )
1/ 2
2 = log a 3 ⇒ a = 3 ⇒ a 2 2
=3 1/2
⇒a=
3
2 n tn log2 1+ rn ( )
t= 1
⇒t = 1
( )
n
n log2 1+ r ( ) log 1+ r
(There is no ± because a must be positive and n 2 n
not equal to 1.) We now have f (x) = log 3 x.
98. (5, 4) is equivalent to stating that when x = 5
(a) f ( 1 ) = log 3
1
⇒ y = log
3
1
⇒ we have y = 4. So for f (x) = loga x or
( 3) ( ) y = loga x, we have 4 = loga 5.

9y 9 9
1/ 2 y
= 1
⇒ 3 = 1
⇒

9 32 99. f (x) = x log10 x
3 y /2
= 3− 2 ⇒ y
2
= −2 ⇒ y = − 4
(b) f (27) = log 3

27 ⇒ y = log 3
27 ⇒
2
( 3) ( )
y y
= 27 ⇒ 31/ 2 = 33 ⇒
3y / 2 = 33 ⇒ y2 = 3 ⇒ y = 6

100. f (x) = x2 log10 x 104. Prove: loga xr = r loga x.

Let m = loga x. Changing to exponential form
we have am = x. Raising both sides to the
( )
r
power r, we have a m = x r . This
implies xr = amr . Changing to logarithmic
101. log10 x = x − 2 form, we have loga xr = mr. Substituting for
The x-coordinates of the intersection points m we have loga xr = r loga x.

will be the solutions to the given equation.
There are two points of intersection, hence
Summary Exercises on Inverse,
there are two possible solutions.
Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions
1. f (x) = 3x − 4, g (x) = 1
3
x+ 4
3
( f ∘ g )( x ) = f ⎡⎣ g ( x )⎤⎦ = 3 ( 1
3x + 3
4
) − 4 Since
= x+4−4= x
( g ∘ f )( x ) = g ⎡⎣ f ( x )⎤⎦ = 13(3x − 4) + 43
= 3x
3
=x
( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these
2. f (x) = 8 − 5x, g (x) = 8 + 15 x

( )
Solution set: {0.01, 2.38}
−x ( f ∘ g)(x) = f [g(x)] = 8 − 5 8 + 1
x
102. 2 = log10 x 5
The x-coordinate of the intersection point will = 8 − 40 − x = −32 − x ≠ x

be the solution to the given equation. There is Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not
one point of intersection, hence there is one inverses. It is not necessary to check (g ∘ f )( x ) .
possible solution.
3. f (x) = 1 + log2 x, g (x) = 2x−1
( f ∘ g )( x ) = ( )
f ⎡⎣ g ( x )⎦⎤ = f 2 x −1 = 1 + log 2 2 x −1
= 1 + (x − 1)log2 2 = 1 + x − 1 = x
( g ∘ f )( x ) = g ⎡⎣ f ( x )⎤⎦ = g (1 + log 2 x )
= 2(1+log2 x −1) = 2log2 x = x
Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these
4. f (x) = 3x / 5 − 2, g (x) = 5 log3 (x + 2)

Solution set: {1.87} ( f ∘ g )( x ) =f ⎡⎣ g ( x )⎤⎦ = f (5 log 3 ( x + 2))
3( )⎦
1 ⎡5 log x + 2 ⎤
103. Prove that loga x
= loga x − loga y. = 35 ⎣ −2
y
= 3log3 (
x + 2)
Let m = log x and n = log y. Changing to − 2 = (x + 2 ) − 2 = x
( g ∘ f )( x ) = g ⎡⎣ f ( x )⎤⎦ = g (3x / 5 − 2)
exponential form we have am = x and
a a
an = y. Since x
y =
a
m
an
we have xy = a m − n . (
= 5 log 3 ⎡ 3 x / 5 − 2 + 2⎤ )
⎣ ⎦
Changing to logarithmic form, we have ( )
= 5 log 3 3 x / 5 = 5 ⋅ x5 = x
loga xy= m − n. Substituting for m and n we Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these
have loga xy = loga x − loga y. functions are inverses.

Summary Exercises on Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions 455
5. Since any horiztontal line when passed 11. Because f (x) = log2 (5 − x) has a vertical
through the graph of this function will touch
asymptote when 5 − x = 0 ⇒ x = 5,
the graph in at most one place, the function is
one-to-one. A sketch of the graph of the x-intercept when 5 − x = 1 ⇒ x = 4. The
inverse function is as follows. correct choice is the graph in C.
12. The function f (x) = 3x − 2 is the graph of
f (x) = 3x , shifted down 2 units. It has a

y-intercept of f (0) = 30 − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 and a
horizontal asymptote of y = −2. The correct

choice is the graph in A.
6. Since any horiztontal line when passed
through the graph of this function will touch 13. The functions in Exercises 9 and 12 are
the graph in at most one place, the function is inverses. The functions in Exercises 10 and 11
one-to-one. A sketch of the graph of the are inverses.
inverse function is as follows. 14. f (x) = log5 x

Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and interchange
x and y. y = log5 x ⇒ x = log5 y
Step 2: Solve for y. x = log5 y ⇒ 5x = y

Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). f −1 (x ) = 5 x
7. Since a horizontal line when passed through
the graph of this function will touch the graph 15. f (x) = 3x − 6
in more than one place, the function is not
one-to-one.
8. Since any horiztontal line when passed
x and y. y = 3x − 6 ⇒ x = 3y − 6
through the graph of this function will touch
the graph in at most one place, the function is Step 2: Solve for y.
one-to-one. A sketch of the graph of the x = 3 y − 6 ⇒ x + 6 = 3 y ⇒ x +36 = y
inverse function is as follows.

Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x) :
f −1
(x ) = x +6
3
= 1
3
x+2
For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain is
(– , ) and the range is (– , ).

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
f (x) = 2 (x + 1)
3
16.
9. Because f (x) = log3 (x + 2) has a vertical Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and interchange
asymptote when x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2, increasing, the correct choice is the graph inB.
x-intercept when x + 2 = 1 ⇒ x = −1 , and is
x and y. y = 2 (x + 1) ⇒ x = 2 ( y + 1) x = 2 ( y + 1) ⇒ x = ( y + 1) ⇒
3 3 3 3
2
Step 2: Solve for y. 3x 3x
2 2
10. The function f (x) = 5 − 2x is a reflection = y +1⇒ −1 = y
about the x-axis of f (x) = 2x , shifted up 5 Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).

units. It has a y-intercept of
f −1 (x) = 3x −1
f (0) = 5 − 20 = 5 − 1 = 4 and a horizontal 2
For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain is

asymptote of y = 5. The correct choice is the
graph in D. (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

17. f (x) = 3x2 x2 = y2 − 9, for x ≥ 0
x2 + 9 = y 2 , for x ≥ 0
If x = 1, f (1) = 3(1) = 3(1) = 3. Also if
2
x2 + 9 = y, for x ≥ 0
x = −1, f (−1) = 3(−1) = 3(1) = 3.
2
(positive square root because
Since two different values of x lead to the of the domain of f )

same value of y, the function is not one-to-
one.
2x − 1 f −1 (x) = x2 + 9, for x ≥ 0
18. f (x ) =
5 − 3x Domain of f = range of f −1 = [3, ∞)
Range of f = domain of f −1 = [0, ∞)
x and y. y = 2 x −1
⇒x=
2 y −1 21. ( 1 )−3 = 1000 is equivalent to
5−3x 5−3 y 10
Step 2: Solve for y. log1/ 10 1000 = −3.
2 y −1
x= ⇒ x (5 − 3y )= 2 y − 1 ⇒ 22. ab = c is equivalent to loga c = b.
5x − 3xy = 25 y− −3y1 ⇒ 5x + 1 = 2 y + 3xy ⇒ 4
( 3)
3
5x + 1 = (2 + 3x) y ⇒ y = 2+3x
5x+1 23. = 9 is equivalent to log 9 = 4.
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). 24. 4− 3/ 2 = 1

is equivalent to log 4 1
= − 32 .
8 8
f −1
(x ) = 5x +1
2+3x
25. 2x = 32 is equivalent to log2 32 = x.
Domain of f = range of
(
f −1 = −∞, 53 ∪ ) ( 53 , ∞) ; 26. 27 4/3 = 81 is equivalent to log27 81 = 4 .
3
Domain of f −1 = range of 27. 3x = 7log7 6 ⇒ 3x = 6 ⇒ x = 2
(
f = −∞, − 2 ∪ − 2 , ∞
3
) ( 3
) Solution set: {2}
19. f (x) = 3
5 − x4 28. x =x log10−30.001 ⇒ 10x = 0.001 ⇒
10 = 10 ⇒ x = −3
3
5 − 14
If x = 1, f (1) = = = 3 4. Also if Solution set: {−3}
x = −1, f (−1) = = = 3
4. 29. x = log 6 216 1 ⇒ 6x = 6−3 ⇒
1 ⇒ 6x = 216
Since two different values of x lead to the x = −3

same value of y, the function is not one-to- Solution set: {−3}
( )
one. 2
30. log 5 = ⇒ x1/ 2 = 5 ⇒ x1 / 2 = 52 ⇒ x = 25
1

x 2
20. f (x) = x2 − 9, x ≥ 3

Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and interchange equation when you raise both sides to a power.
x and y. y = x2 − 9 ⇒ x = y2 − 9 Check x = 25.
Step 2: Solve for y. In this problem we must logx 5 = 12

consider that the range of f will be the domain log 5 =? 1
of f −1. We must also consider that the 25 2

−1 log25 25 = 1
⇒ log25 251/ 2 = 1
⇒
domain of f will be the range of f . 2 2
1
log25 25 = ⇒ ⋅1 =
1 1 1
⇒ 1
= 1
( ) , for x ≥ 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x= y2 − 9 ⇒ x 2 = y2 − 9 This is a true statement.
Solution set: {25}
(restriction because of range of f )

Section 4.4 Evaluating Logarithms and the Change-of-Base Theorem 457
31. log10 0.01 = x 39. 2x − 1 = log6 6x ⇒ 2x − 1 = x ⇒

10x = 0.01 ⇒ 10x = 10−2 ⇒ x = −2 −1 = − x ⇒ 1 = x
Solution set: {–2} Solution set: {1}
−1
32. log 3 = −1 ⇒ x = 3 ⇒ x =
−1 1 −1 ⇒
() 2
1
log1 2 16 1
log1 2 16
x=1
x 3 40. x = 2
⇒ x x=2 ( )⇒
3
Solution set: 1 {} x 2 = log1 2 1 ⇒ 1 () 1
= 16 ⇒
() ()
3
1 x2
= 1 4
0 16⇒ x2 2= 4 ⇒ x = ±2
33. log x 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 2 2
This is a true statement for all real numbers Reject the negative solution.
greater than 0, excluding 1. Solution set: {2}
Solution set: (0,1) ∪ (1, ∞) x (2 x ) (2 x ) 4
41. 2 = log2 16 ⇒ 2 = 16 ⇒ 2 =2 ⇒
34. x = log2 8 ⇒ 2x = 8 ⇒ 2x = 81/ 2 ⇒ 2x = 4 ⇒ 2x = 22 ⇒ x = 2
( ) ⇒ 2 x = 23(1 / 2) ⇒
1/ 2
2 x = 23 Solution set: {2}
2x = 23/ 2 ⇒ x = 3
42. log x = −2 ⇒ 3−2 = x ⇒ 1
=x⇒x= 1
2 3 32 9
Solution set: {} 3
2 Solution set: {}1
9
3
35
43. () =9 ⇒ 3 ( ) ( )
= 3 ⇒
35. log x 3 53 = 1 ⇒ x31/ 3 = ⇒ x1/ 3 = 51/ 3 ⇒
( ) ( )
x1/ 3 = 51/ 3 ⇒ x = 5 1 x +1
3
x −1 x+1 2 x
3(−1)( x+1) = 32x ⇒ 3− x−1 = 32x ⇒

Recall from Chapter 1 that it is necessary to − x − 1 = 2x ⇒ x = − 13
equation when you raise both sides to a power. Solution set: − 13 { }
Check x = 5.
log x 3 5 = 1
3 44. 52x −6 = 25 x−3 ⇒ 52x −6 = 52 x−3 ⇒
( )
52x −6 = 52x−6 ⇒ 2x − 6 = 2x − 6
3 ? 1
log5 5 =3 This statement is true for every value of x.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
log5 51/ 3 = 1
⇒ 1 log5 5 = 1
⇒ 1 ⋅1 = 1
⇒ 1
= 1
This is a true statement.

Solution set: {(−∞, ∞)}
Solution set: {5}
Section 4.4 Evaluating Logarithms and
1 −5 5
36. log1 3 x = −5 ⇒ 3
= x ⇒ 3 = 243 = x the Change-of-Base
Solution set: {243} Theorem
37. log10
log 2
(log )
210 = x ⇒
(10 log 2) = x ⇒ log
1. F omain.
o
(10 ⋅ r
1) =
x⇒ f
(
x
)
=
a
x
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
>
0
,
t
h
e
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d
10 2 10
log10 10 = x ⇒ x = 1 2. For g(x) = loga x, where a > 1, the function is
Solution set: {1} increasing over its entire domain.
⇒ ( 4 )x = 25 ⇒ x
=
−1
()
⇒
3. f (x) = 5x
38. x = log 4 /5 25 4 16
16 5 16 5
( ) 25 This function is one-to-one.
−1
−2
=⎡
x 2⎤ x
() () ⇒ = ⇒ x = −2
()
4 4 4 4
⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
()
5 5 5
Solution set: {−2} x and y. y = 5x ⇒ x = 5y

x = 5y ⇒ y = log5 x

Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). 26. log 643 − log 287 ≈ 0.3503
f −1 (x) = log5 x 27. log (387 × 23) = log 387 + log 23 by the
product property of logarithms.
4. Since 4log4 11 = 11, the exponent to which 4
must be raised to obtain 11 is log4 11. 584
28. log = log 584 − log 296 by the quotient
296
5. A base e logarithm is called a natural property of logarithms.
logarithm, while a base 10 logarithm is called
a common logarithm. 29. Grapefruit, ⎣⎡ H 3O + ⎦⎤ = 6.3 × 10 −4

6. log3 12 = ln12
ln 3 (
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ = − log 6.3 × 10− 4 )
7. log2 0 is undefined because there is no power ( )
= − log 6.3 + log10 − 4 = − (0.7793 − 4)
of 2 that yields a result of 0. In other words, = −0.7993 + 4 ≈ 3.2
the equation 2x = 0 has no solution.
8. Let log2 12 = x. This implies 2x = 12.

Since 23 = 8 and 24 = 16, log2 12 must lie
between 3 and 4.
9. log 8 = 0.90308999 The answer is rounded to the nearest tenth
because it is customary to round pH values to
10. ln 2.75 = 1.0116009 the nearest tenth. The pH of grapefruit is 3.2.
11. log1012 = 12 30. Limes, ⎡⎣ H 3O + ⎤⎦ = 1.6 × 10−2
12. log107 = 7 (
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ = − log 1.6 × 10−2 )
13. log 0.1 = log10−1 = −1
=− ( log1.6 + log10 −2 ) = − (0.2041 − 2)
= − (−1.7959) ≈ 1.8
14. log 0.01 = log10−2 = −2
15. log 63 ≈ 1.7993
16. log 94 ≈ 1.9731
17. log 0.0022 ≈ −2.6576

The pH of limes is 1.8.
18. log 0.0055 ≈ −2.2596
31. Crackers, ⎣⎡ H 3O + ⎤⎦ = 3.9 × 10-9
19. log (387 × 23) ≈ 3.9494

(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦ = −log 3.9 × 10-9 )
20. log (296 × 12) ≈ 3.5505 (
= − log 3.9 + log10 −9
) = − (0.59106 − 9)
⎛ 518 ⎞ = − (−8.409) ≈ 8.4
21. log ⎜ ≈ 0.1803
⎝ 342 ⎠⎟
⎛ 643 ⎞
22. log ⎜ ≈ 0.3503
⎝ 287 ⎠⎟

23. log 387 + log 23 ≈ 3.9494
The answer is rounded to the nearest tenth
24. log 296 + log12 ≈ 3.5505 because it is customary to round pH values to
the nearest tenth. The pH of crackers is 8.4.
25. log 518 − log 342 ≈ 0.1803

32. Sodium hydroxide (lye), ⎣⎡ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦ = 3.2 × 10−14
(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦ = − log 3.2 × 10 −14 )
(
= − log 3.2 + log10−14 ) = − (0.5052 − 14)
= − (−13.49) ≈ 13.5
⎡ H 3 0+ ⎤ ≈ 1.6 × 10 −5
⎣ ⎦
36. Drinking water, 6.5
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦
6.5 = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦
The pH of sodium hydroxide is 13.5. – 6.5 = log ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦ ⇒ ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦ = 10 −6.5
33. Soda pop, 2.7
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦
2.7 = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦
−2.7 = log ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦ ⇒ ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦ = 10 −2.7
⎡ H 3 0+ ⎤ ≈ 3.2 × 10−7
⎣ ⎦
37. Wetland, 2.49 × 10−5

(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ = − log 2.49 × 10 −5 )
⎡H 0+ ⎤ ≈ 2.0 × 10−3 (
= − log 2.49 + log10 −5 )
⎣ ⎦
= − log 2.49 − (−5) = − log 2.49 + 5
3
34. Wine, 3.4 pH ≈ 4.6

pH = − log ⎡⎣ H3 0+ ⎤⎦ Since the pH is between 4.0 and 6.0, it is a
poor fen.
3.4 = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦
38. Wetland, 6.22 × 10−5
−3.4 = log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ ⇒ ⎡⎣ H3 0 + ⎤⎦ = 10 −3.4

(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦ = − log 6.22 × 10 −5 )
(
= − log 6.22 + log10−5 )
= − log 6.22 − (−5) = − log 6.22 + 5
pH ≈ 4.2
Since the pH is between 4.0 and 6.0, it is a
poor fen.
⎡ H 3 0+ ⎤ ≈ 4.0 × 10− 4
⎣ ⎦
39. Wetland, 2.49 × 10−2
35. Beer, 4.8 (
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦ = − log 2.49 × 10 −2 )
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦
(
= − log 2.49 + log10−2 )
4.8 = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎤⎦
= − log 2.49 − (−2) = − log 2.49 + 2
– 4.8 = log ⎡⎣ H3 0 + ⎤⎦ ⇒ ⎡⎣ H 3 0+ ⎤⎦ = 10−4.8 pH ≈ 1.6
Since the pH is 3.0 or less, it is a bog.

40. Wetland, 3.14 × 10−2 52. ln 0.0077 ≈ −4.8665
(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ = − log 3.14 × 10−2 ) 53. ln (27 × 943) ≈ 10.1449
=− ( log 3.14 + log10−2 ) 54. ln (33 × 568) ≈ 9.8386
= − log 3.14 − (−2) = − log 3.14 + 2
pH ≈ 1.5 ⎛ 98 ⎞
55. ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 2.0200
Since the pH is 3.0 or less, it is a bog. ⎝ 13 ⎠
41. Wetland, 2.49 × 10−7 ⎛ 84 ⎞
56. ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.5976
(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ = − log 2.49 × 10 −7 ) ⎝ 17 ⎠
(
= − log 2.49 + log10−7 ) 57. ln 27 + ln 943 ≈ 10.1449
= − log 2.49 − (−7) = − log 2.49 + 7
58. ln 33 + ln 568 ≈ 9.8386
pH ≈ 6.6
Since the pH is greater than 6.0, it is a rich 59. ln 98 − ln13 ≈ 2.0200
fen.
60. ln 84 − ln17 ≈ 1.5976
42. Wetland, 5.86 × 10−7
61. ln (27 × 943) = ln 27 + ln 943 by the product
(
pH = − log ⎡⎣ H 3 0 + ⎦⎤ = − log 5.86 × 10−7 ) property of logarithms.
(
= − log 5.86 + log10 −7
) ⎛ 98 ⎞
= − log 5.86 − (−7) = − log 5.86 + 7 62. ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 98 − ln13 by the quotient
⎝ 13 ⎠
pH ≈ 6.2 property of logarithms.
Since the pH is greater than 6.0, it is a rich
I
fen. 63. d = 10 log I0
, where d is the decibel rating.
43. (a) log 398.4 ≈ 2.60031933 100I0

(a) d = 10 log I
(b) log 39.84 ≈ 1.60031933
0
= 10 log10 100 = 10 (2) = 20

(c) log 3.984 ≈ 0.6003193298
1000I0
(d) The whole number parts will vary, but the (b) d = 10 log I0
decimal parts will be the same. = 10 log10 1000 = 10 (3) = 30
44. log 25, 000 ≈ 4.3979 . The pattern continues 100,000I
(c) d = 10 log I0
0
because each number in the pattern is of the

= 10 log10 100, 000 = 10 (5) = 50
form 2.5 × 10n , n = 1, 2, 3, … The whole
number portion of the logarithm (called the 1,000,000I0
characteristic) is the power of 10. (d) d = 10 log I0
= 10 log10 1, 000, 000 = 10 (6) = 60

45. ln e1.6 = 1.6
(e) I = 2I0
46. ln e5.8 = 5.8
d = 10 log 2II 0 = 10 log 2 ≈ 3.0103
⎛1⎞ 0
47. e −2 The described rating is increased by about

ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ln e = −2 3 decimals.
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 ⎞ 64. d = 10 log
I
, where d is the decibel rating.
48. ln ⎜ 4 ⎟ = ln e = −4
−4
I0
⎝e ⎠
(a) d = 10 log 115I0

49. ln 28 ≈ 3.3322 I0
= 10 log115 ≈ 21
50. ln 39 ≈ 3.6636
9,500,000I
(b) d = 10 log 0
51. ln 0.00013 ≈ −8.9480 I0

= 10 log 9, 500, 000 ≈ 70

1,200,000,000I0 f(4) = 1393 + 69.49 ln 4 1489 ≈
(c) d = 10 log I0 The model predicts that there were about
= 10 log1, 200, 000, 000 ≈ 91 1489 million person-trips in 2006. This is

895,000,000,000I
very close to the actual number.
(d) d = 10 log I0
0
(b) Answers will vary.

= 10 log 895, 000, 000, 000 ≈ 120
71. If a = 0.36, then
(e) d = 10 log
109,000,000,000,000I0
( )
S (n) = a ln 1 + n = 0.36 ln 1 + ( n
).
I0 a 0.36
= 10 log109, 000, 000, 000, 000 ≈ 140

(
(a) S (100) = 0.36 ln 1 + 0.36
100
)
≈ 2.0269 ≈ 2
65. r = log10 I , where r is the Richter scale
I0
rating of an earthquake. (
(b) S (200) = 0.36 ln 1 + 0.36
200
)
≈ 2.2758 ≈ 2
10 1000I 10
( ) ≈ 2.1725 ≈ 2
I0 0 0.36
(a) r = log = log 1000 = 3 (c) S (150) = 0.36 ln 1 + 150
(b) r = log
1,000,000I0
= log 1, 000, 000 = 6 (d) S (10) = 0.36 ln 1 +( 10
) ≈ 1.2095 ≈ 1
10 I0 10 0.36
(c) r = log 100,000,000I0 72. If a = 0.88 then
10 I0 ( )
S (n) = a ln 1 + n = 0.88 ln 1 + ( n
).
= log10 100, 000, 000 = 8 a 0.88
66. From exercise 65, the magnitude of an (

(a) S (50) = 0.88 ln 1 + 0.88
50
)
≈ 3.5704 ≈ 4
( )
earthquake, measured on the Richter scale, is
(b) S (100) = 0.88 ln 1 + 0.88
100
≈ 4.1728 ≈ 4
r = log10 I , where I is the amplitude
I0
registered on a seismograph 100 km fro the
epicenter of the earthquake, and I0 is the
(
(c) S (250) = 0.88 ln 1 + 0.88
250
)
≈ 4.9745 ≈ 5
amplitude of an earthquake of a certain small 73. The index of diversity H for 2 species is given
size. So, 9.1 = log10 I ⇒ I = 109.1 ⇒ by H = − [ P1 log 2 P1 + P2 log 2 P2 ] . When
I0 I0
100 100
I = 109.1 I0 = 1, 258, 925, 412I0 P1 = 50
= 0.5 and P2 = 50
= 0.5 we have
H = −[0.5 log2 0.5 + 0.5 log2 0.5].

67. From exercise 65, the magnitude of an
earthquake, measured on the Richter scale, is Since log2 0.5 = log2 12 = log2 2−1 = −1, we
r = log10 I
I0
, where I is the amplitude have H = −[0.5(−1) + (−1)] = −(−1) = 1.
registered on a seismograph 100 km fro the Thus, the index of diversity is 1.
epicenter of the earthquake, and I0 is the 74. H = [ P1 log 2 P1 + P2 log 2 P2
amplitude of an earthquake of a certain small + P3 log2 P3 + P4 log2 P4 ⎤⎦
size. So, 8.8 = log10 I ⇒ I = 108.8 ⇒
I0 I0
= − [0.521log 2 0.521 + 0.324 log 2 0.324
I = 108.8 I0 ≈ 603, 957, 345I0 + 0.081log2 0.081 + 0.074 log2 0.074]

We need the change-of-base theorem to
109.1 100.3 ≈ 1.995 calculate each term. Using the natural log we
68. = have the following.
108.8
The force of the 2004 earthquake was about H = − [0.521log 2 0.521 + 0.324 log 2 0.324
1.995 times greater than the force of the 2005 + 0.081log2 0.081 + 0.074 log2 0.074]
earthquake. = − ⎡⎣ 0.521 lnln0.521
2
+ 0.324 ln 0.324
ln 2
69. The year 2012 is represented by 62. f(62) = + 0.081 ln ln0.081 + 0.074 ln ln0.074 ⎤
2 ⎦
−228.1 + 78.19 ln 62 94.6 thousand 2
[0.521log 2 0.521 + 0.324 log 2 0.324
≈
We must assume that the model continues to

be logarithmic. + 0.081log2 0.081 + 0.074 log2 0.074]
=−
70. (a) f(t) = 1393 + 69.49 ln t, t ≥ 1 ln 2
The year 2006 is represented by t = 4. (continued on next page)

(continued)
The index of diversity approximately 1.59.

C
75. T (k ) = 1.03k ln C
0
Since 10 ≤ k ≤ 16 and C
C0
= 2, the range for C is an exponential function, and T is a
T = 1.03k ln C will be between T (10) and linear function over the same time period.
C 0 While the carbon dioxide levels in the
T (16). Since T (10) = 1.03(10)ln 2 ≈ 7.1 atmosphere increase at an exponential

rate, the average global temperature will
and T (16) = 1.03(16)ln 2 ≈ 11.4, the
rise at a linear rate.
predicted increased global temperature due to
the greenhouse effect from a doubling of the (c) The slope of the graph of T can be
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is between approximated using two points. Since
7°F and 11°F. T(1990) 1.5033615 and
≈
T(2275) 12.566395, the slope is

≈
76. (a) T (C ) = 6.489 ln 280

C
and 12.566395 − 1.5033615
m= = 0.0388.
x −1990 2275 − 1990
C(x) = 353(1.006)
To find T as a function of x, we need to
find T ⎡⎣C ( x )⎤⎦ .
T ⎡⎣C ( x )⎤⎦ = T ( x )
353(1.006)
⎡ x −1990 ⎤
= 6.489 ln ⎢ ⎥ This means that temperature is expected
280 ⎥⎦ to rise at an average rate of .04°F per year
from 1990 to 2275.
(b)
(d) Graph y = T(x) and y = 10 on the same
screen.
To graph T, you can either type the

function in directly, or use Y1 as defined
before. From the VARS menu, choose Their graphs intersect when
Y-VARS, choose Function, then choose x ≈ 2208.8859 ≈ 2208.9.
C(2208.8859) = 353(1.006)
2208.8859−1990
Y1 to be inserted into Y2 . Be sure to
press the equal sign on Y1 so that it ≈ 1307 ppm. Since C0 = 280, this would
doesn’t graph as well.
280
be about 1308 ≈ 4.67 times above
preindustrial carbon dioxide levels.

(
77. t = 1.26 × 109 ) ln[1+8.33(0.103)
ln 2
]
≈ 1.126 × 109
For Exercises 79−90, the solutions will be evaluated
at the intermediate steps to four decimal places.
The rock sample is approximately 1.126 However, the final answers are obtained without
billion years old. rounding the intermediate steps.
78. (a) In L1 and L2 enter the natural D and P, ln 5 1.6094

79. log 2 5 = ≈ ≈ 2.3219 or
respectively. ln 2 0.6931
log 5 0.6990
log 5 = ≈ ≈ 2.3219
2
log 2 0.3010
ln 9 2.1972
80. log 9 = ≈ ≈ 3.1699 or
2
ln 2 0.6931
log 9 0.9542
log 9 = ≈ ≈ 3.1699
2
log 2 0.3010
log 0.59 −0.2291
81. log 0.59 = ≈ ≈ −0.2537 or
8
log 8 0.9031
ln 0.59 −0.5276
log 0.59 = ≈ ≈ −0.2537
If we let x = ln D and y = ln P, then the 8
ln 8 2.0794
data points appear to be linear. Note: log 0.71 −0.1487
There is one more point graphed that is 82. log8 0.71 = ≈ ≈ −0.1647 or
not shown in the list, namely log 8 0.9031
(3.4045, 5.1047). log8 0.71 = ln 0.71
≈ −0.3425 ≈ −0.1647
ln 8 2.0794
(b) Choose two points from the list and find
the equation through them. If we use (0, log 3 0.4771

0), representing Earth and
83. log1 2 3 = log 1 ≈
2
()
−0.301
0
≈ −1.5850 or
(2.9549, 4.4308) representing Uranus, we ln 3 1.0986

4.4308 − 0 log1 2 3 = ≈ ≈ −1.5850
obtain m =
2.9549 − 0
≈ 1.5. Since the ln (1 ) −0.6931
2
log 2 0.3010
y-intercept is 0, the equation is 84. log 2= ≈ ≈ −0.6309 or
y = 1.5x or ln P = 1.5 ln D. Note: Since

the points lie approximately but not
13
log ( 13 ) −0.4771
exactly on a line, a slightly different ln 2 0.6931

log1 3 2 = ≈ ≈ −0.6309
equation will be found if a different pair
of points is used.
ln ()
1
3
−1.098
6
ln e 1
(c) For Pluto, D = 39.5, so 85. log π e = ≈ ≈ 0.8736 or
ln P = 1.5 ln D = 1.5 ln 39.5. Solve this ln π 1.1447
log e 0.4343
equation for P. logπ e = ≈ ≈ 0.8736
P = e1.5 ln 39.5 = eln 39.5 = (39.5) log π

1.5 1.5
≈ 248.3 0.4971
The linear equation predicts that the period of the planet Pluto is 248.3 years,

which is 86. Since = 2 12 , we have
very close to the true value of 248.5 years. ln 2 12 1
ln 2 0.3466
logπ = = 2
≈ ≈ 0.3028
ln π ln π 1.1447
or
1
ln 2 0.1505
log 2
logπ = = 2
≈ ≈ 0.3028
log π ln π 0.4971

⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
13 = 13 , we have
87. Since 1/ 2
ln(1/ e) 1
ln12 ln12 2.4849 (c) g ⎣⎢ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎦ = e =

log 12 = = ≈ ≈ 1.9376 ⎝e⎠ e
13 1
ln 13 2
ln13 1.2825
or 96. f (x) = 3 x
f (log3 2) = 3log3 = 2
2
log12 log12 1.0792 (a)
log 13 12 = log 13 = 1 log13 ≈ 0.5570
2
(ln 3)
≈ 1.9376 (b) f ⎡⎣log 3 (ln 3)⎤⎦ = 3log3 = ln 3
88. Since 19 = 191/ 2, we have (c) f ⎡⎣log3 (2 ln 3)⎤⎦ == 3

log3 (2 ln 3)
ln 5 ln 5 1.6094
log 5= = ≈ ≈ 1.0932 2 ln 3 or ln 9
19 1
ln 19 2
ln19 1.4722
or 97. f (x) = ln x
log 19
5=
log 5
=
log 5
≈
0.6990 (a) ( )
f e 6 = ln e 6 = 6
1 log19 0.6394
log 19 2
≈ 1.0932 (b) ( )
f eln 3 = ln eln 3 = ln 3
log 5 0.6990
89. log0.32 5 = ≈
log 0.32 −0.494
≈ −1.4125 (c) ( )
f e 2 ln 3 = ln e2ln 3 = 2 ln 3 or ln 9.
9
ln 5 1.6094 f (x) = log2 x

or log0.32 5 = ln 0.32 ≈ −1.139
4 ≈ −1.4125 98.
log 8 0.9031
(a) ( )
f 2 7 = log 2 27 = 7
90. log0.91 8 = ≈ ≈ −22.0488
log 0.91 −0.041 (b) f (2 ) = log
log 2 2
2 2log 2 2 = log 2 2 = 1
0
ln 8 2.0794
or log0.91 8 = ≈ ≈ −22.0488
ln 0.91 −0.094
3
(c) ( )
f 2 2 log 2 2 = log 2 2 2 log2 2
( ) (
91. ln b4 a = ln b 4 a1/ 2 = ln b 4 + ln a1/ 2 ) = 2 log2 2 = 2 ⋅1 = 2
2 2 99. 2 ln 3x = ln (3x ) = ln 3 x ( ) = ln 9x
= 4 ln b + 1 ln a = 4v + 1 u 2 2 2 2
3
a 3 2 It is equivalent to D.
92. ln = ln a – ln b = 3ln a − 2 ln b = 3u − 2v
b2 4x = ln 4
100. ln (4x) − ln (2x) = ln = ln 2
1/ 2 ⎛ a3 2 ⎞ 2
⎛ a3 ⎞ 2x
93. ln = ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ It is equivalent to D.
a3
b5 ⎝ b5 ⎠ ⎝ b5 2 ⎠ ln a3/ 2 − ln b5/ 2 = 3 ln a − 5 ln b
=
101. f (x) = ln x
2 2 The domain of f is all real numbers except 0:

= 32 u − 52 v
(− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) and the range is (−∞, ∞).
94. ln ( 3
) ( )
a ⋅ b 4 = ln a1/ 3 ⋅ b 4 = ln a1/ 3 + ln b 4 Since f (− x) = ln − x = ln x = f ( x ) , this is
= 13 ln a + 4 ln b = 13 u + 4v an even function and symmetric with respect

to the y-axis.
95. g (x) = ex 102. f (x) = log3 x
(a) g (ln 4) = eln 4 = 4 (a) The domain of f is all real numbers

except 0, (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) .
⎣ ⎦ ( )
(b) g ⎡ ln 52 ⎤ = eln 5 = 52 or 25
2

Chapter 4 Quiz 465
(b) To graph f (x) = log3 x , we must use Chapter 4 Quiz

the change-of-base theorem to graph (Sections 4.1−4.4)
either Y = ln x or Y = log x
. 1. Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and interchange x
1 ln 3 1 log 3
and y: y = 3 3x − 6 ⇒ x = 3 3y − 6

3 x3 + 6
x = 3y − 6 ⇒ x = 3y − 6 ⇒
3
=y
3
or Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ).
x3 + 6
f −1 (x) =
3
2. 4 2x +1 = 83x −6 ⇒ 22 ( )2 x+1 = (23 )3x−6 ⇒

22(2x +1) = 23(3x −6) ⇒ 24 x+ 2 = 29 x −18 ⇒
(c) The graph appears to show a point with 4x + 2 = 9x − 18 ⇒ −5x = −20 ⇒ x = 4
x-value zero, indicating a domain of Solution set: {4}
(−∞, ∞), which is incorrect. If we trace
3.
on either function (ln or log) we will see
that there is not a y-coordinate, given the
x-coordinate of 0.
Domain: (−∞, ∞) ; range: (−∞, 0)
4.
103. ( )
f ( x ) = ln e 2 x = ln e 2 + ln x = 2 + ln x
f ( x ) = ln (e x ) is a vertical shift of the graph

2
of g (x) = ln x, 2 units up.
104. f (x) = ln ex = ln x − ln e = ln x − 1 Domain: (−2, ∞) ; range: (−∞, ∞)
f (x) = ln ex is a vertical shift of the graph of

g (x) = ln x, 1 unit down. future value (the amount in the account).
⎛ tn
f (x) = ln x
= ln x − 2 ln e = ln x − 2 A = P 1 + r⎟⎞ , P = 15, 000, r = 0.035, t = 8
105. e2 ⎜⎝ n ⎠
f (x) = ln x
e2
is a vertical shift of the graph of (a) n = 1
g (x) = ln x, 2 units down. ⎛

A = 15, 000 1 + 0.035 ⎞⎟ ⋅
81
⎝⎜ 1 ⎠
= (15, 000)(1.035) ≈ $19, 752.14
8

There will be about $19,752.14 after one
year.

(b) n = 4 10. Given logb 9 = 3.1699 and logb 5 = 2.3219
⎛ 0.035 ⎞8⋅ 4 log 225 = log (9 ⋅ 25) = log 9 ⋅ 52 ( )

A = 15, 000 ⎜1 + ⎟⎠ b b b
⎝ 4 = logb 9 + 2 logb 5
= (15, 000)(1.00875) ≈ $19, 822.79

32
= 3.1699 + 2(2.3219) = 7.8137
There will be about $19,822.79 after one
log 40
year. 11. log3 40 = log 3 ≈ 1.6021
.4771
≈ 3.3578
(c) n = 12 We could also have used the natural
⎛ ln 3 1.0986
A = 15, 000 1 + 0.035 ⎞⎟ ⋅ logarithm. log3 40 = ln 40 ≈ 3.689 ≈ 3.3578
8 12
⎜
⎝ 12 ⎠
= (15, 000)(1.0029) ≈ $19, 838.86
96
12. f ( x ) = 4x
There will be about $19,838.86 after one f (log4 12) = 4log4 12 = 12
year.
(d) n = 365
⎛ 0.035 ⎞8⋅365 Section 4.5 Exponential and
Logarithmic Equations
A = 15, 000 ⎜1 + 365 ⎟⎠

⎝
1. Since x is the exponent to which 7 must be

= (15, 000)(1.0001) ≈ $19, 846.68
2920
raised in order to obtain 19, the solution is
There will be about $19,846.68 after one log19 ln19
year. log7 19 or or .
log 7 ln 7
6. (a) log 34.56 ≈ 1.5386

2. Since x is the exponent to which 3 must be
(b) ln 34.56 ≈ 3.5427 raised in order to obtain 10, the solution is
7. The expression log 25 represents the log 10 or log10 = 1 or ln10 .

6 3
log 3 log 3 ln 3
exponent to which 6 must be raised in order to
obtain 25. 3. Since x is the exponent to which 1

must be
2
8. (a) Writing as a logarithmic equation, we raised in order to obtain 12, the solution is
have log 12 or log12 or ln12 .
x = 3log3 4 ⇒ log3 x = log3 4 ⇒ x = 4
1/ 2
log (1) ln (1 )
2 2
Solution set: {4}
1
2 2 2 4. Since x is the exponent to which must be
(b) log x 25 = 2 ⇒ x = 25 ⇒ x = 5 ⇒ 3
raised in order to obtain 4, the solution is

x=5 log 4 ln 4
or .
Solution set: {5} log1/ 3 4 or log 1 ()ln 1
()
−2 3 3
(c) log4 x = −2 ⇒ 4 = x ⇒
1 = x
5. 3x = 7
16
Solution set: { }
1
16 ln 3x = ln 7
x ln 3 = ln 7
x ⋅y
9. log3
pq4
= log 3 ( )
⋅ y − log 3 pq( )4 ln 7
x = ln 3 ≈ 1.771
x
( )
= log 3 x1 2 + log 3 y Solution set: {1.771}
(
– log 3 p + log3 q 4 ) 6. 5x = 13
= 12 log3 x + log3 y ln 5x = ln13

– log3 p − 4 log3 q x ln 5 = ln13
ln13
x= ≈ 1.594
ln 5
Solution set: {1.594}

Section 4.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 467
⎛ 1 ⎞x ⎛ 1 ⎞x 1 14. 3x − 4 = 72 x +5
= 5 ⇒ ln ⎟
2 ⎠ = ln 5 ⇒ x ln = ln 5
7. ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
ln 5
2 ( )
ln 3x − 4 = ln 7 2 x +5( )
x= ≈ −2.322 (x − 4)ln 3 = (2x + 5)ln 7
ln 12 x ln 3 − 4 ln 3 = 2x ln 7 + 5 ln 7
Solution set: {–2.322} x ln 3 − 2x ln 7 = 4 ln 3 + 5 ln 7
x(ln 3 − 2 ln 7) = 4 ln 3 + 5 ln 7
⎛ 1 ⎞x ⎛ 1 ⎞x 1 4 ln 3 + 5 ln 7
= 6 ⇒ ln ⎟ x= ≈ −5.057
8. ⎜ ⎟ 3 ⎠ = ln 6 ⇒ x ln = ln 6
ln 3 − 2 ln 7
⎝3 ⎠ 3
x
()
ln 61 ≈ −1.631
= ln Solution set: {−5.057}
2 2
3
Solution set: {–1.631}
15. e x = 100 ⇒ ln e x
( ) = ln100
x2 = ln100 ⇒ x = ± ln100 = ±2.146
9. 0.8 = 4 ⇒ ln 0.8
x
( ) = ln 4 ⇒ x ln 0.8 = ln 4 ⇒
x
Solution set: {±2.146}
ln 4
x=
ln 0.8
≈ −6.213 4
16. e = 1000 ⇒ ln e
x x
( ) = ln1000
4
Solution set: {−6.213}

x4 = ln1000 ⇒ x = ± 4 ln1000 = ±1.621
( )
10. 0.6 x = 3 ⇒ ln 0.6 x = ln 3 ⇒ x ln 0.6 = ln 3 ⇒ Solution set: {±1.621}
ln 3
x= ≈ −2.151 17. e3x−7 ⋅ e−2x = 4e ⇒ e x − 7 = 4e
ln 0.6
Solution set: {–2.151} ( )
ln e x − 7 = ln (4e ) ⇒ ( x − 7 ) ln e = ln 4 + ln e
x − 7 = ln4 + 1 ⇒ x = ln4 + 8 ≈ 9.386
11. ( )
4 x −1 = 32 x ⇒ ln 4 x −1 = ln 32 x ⇒ ( ) Solution set: {9.386}
(x − 1)ln 4 = 2x ln 3
x ln 4 − ln 4 = 2x ln 3 18. e1−3x ⋅ e5x = 2e ⇒ e1+2x = 2e
x ln4 − 2x ln 3 = ln4 ⇒ x(ln4 − 2 ln 3) = ln4 ⇒ ( )
ln e1+ 2 x = ln ( 2e) ⇒ (1 + 2x ) ln e = ln 2 + ln e
ln 4 ln 2
x= ≈ −1.710 1 + 2x = ln 2 + 1 ⇒ x = ≈ 0.347
ln 4 − 2 ln 3 2
Solution set: {−1.710} Solution set: {0.347}
12. 2x +3 = 52x 19. ( 1 )x = −3 has no solution since 1

raised to
( )
ln 2 x + 3 = ln 52 x ( ) 3
any power is positive.
3
(x + 3)ln 2 = 2x ln 5 Solution set: ∅

x ln 2 + 3ln 2 = 2x ln 5
x ln 2 − 2x ln 5 = −3ln 2 20. ( 1 )x = −9 has no solution since 1
raised to
9 9
x (ln 2 − 2 ln 5) = −3ln 2 any power is positive.
−3ln 2 Solution set: ∅
x= ≈ 0.823
ln 2 − 2 ln 5 5
Solution set: {0.823} ln 6 = 2x ln 4 − ln 4ln 6 + ln4 = 2x
x
l ln4 − x ln 6ln 6 + ln4 = x (2 ln4 − ln
13.
( )
6 x +1 = 4 2x −1 ⇒ ln 6 x +1 = ln 4 2x −1 ( n
) 6)
(x + 1)ln 6 = (2x − 1)ln 4 6
+ ln 6 + ln 4 2 ln 4 − ln
x= ≈ 3.240
21. 6 0.05(
Solut 1.15)
ion
x
=5
set: ⇒
1.15x
{3.2 =
40}
=
100
⇒
0
.
0 ( )
5
log
1.15
x
=
log1
00
⇒x
log1
.15
=
log1
00
⇒
x
=
l
o
g
1
0
0
=
≈
3
2
.
9
5
0
l
o
g
1
.
1
5
l
o
g
1
.
1
5
Solut
ion
set:
{32.
950}

0.6 29. e2x − 6ex + 8 = 0

22. 1.2(0.9) = 0.6 ⇒ 0.9 = = 0.5 ⇒
x x
1.2 Let u = e x .
( )
ln 0.9 x
= ln 0.5 ⇒ x ln 0.9 = ln 0.5 ⇒ u2 − 6u + 8 = 0
ln 0.5
x= ≈ 6.579 (u − 4)(u − 2) = 0
ln 0.9 u−4=0 u−2=0
Solution set: {6.579} u=4 u=2
23. 3(2)x−2 + 1 = 100 ⇒ 3(2)x−2 = 99 ⇒ e =4
x
ex = 2
( ) ln e = ln 4 ln ex = ln 2
x
2 x − 2 = 33 ⇒ ln 2 x − 2 = ln 33 ⇒
ln 33 x ln e = ln 4 x ln e = ln 2
(x − 2) ln 2 = ln 33 ⇒ x = ln 2 + 2 ≈ 7.044 x = ln 4 x = ln 2
Solution set: {ln 2, ln 4}

30. e2x − 8ex + 15 = 0
24. 5(1.2)3x−2 + 1 = 7 ⇒ 5(1.2)3x−2 = 6 ⇒
1.23x−2 = 1.2 ⇒ 3x − 2 = 1 ⇒ x = 1 Let u = e x .
Solution set: {1} u2 − 8u + 15 = 0
25. 2(1.05)x + 3 = 10 ⇒ 2(1.05)x = 7 ⇒ (u − 5)(u − 3) = 0
u −5= 0 u−3= 0
(
1.05 x = 3.5 ⇒ ln 1.05 x = ln 3.5 ⇒ ) u=5 u=3
x ln1.05 = ln 3.5 ⇒ x =
ln 3.5
≈ 25.677 ex = 5 ex = 3
ln1.05 ln ex = ln 5 ln ex = ln 3
Solution set: {25.677} x ln e = ln 5 x ln e = ln 3
26. 3(1.4)x − 4 = 60 ⇒ 3(1.4)x = 64 ⇒ x = ln 5 x = ln 3
1.4 x =
64
( )
⇒ ln 1.4 x = ln
⎛ 64 ⎞
⇒ Solution set: {ln 3, ln 5}
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
3 3 31. 2e2x + ex = 6 ⇒ 2e2x + ex − 6 = 0
ln 64 − ln 3
x ln1.4 = ln 64 − ln 3 ⇒ x = ≈ 9.095 Let u = e x .
ln1.4 2u2 + u − 6 = 0

(2u − 3)(u + 2) = 0
27. 5(1.015)x−1980 = 8 ⇒ 1.015(x−1980) = 1.6 2u − 3 = 0 u+2=0
(
ln 1.015(x −1980) = ln1.6 ) 2u = 3 u = −2
(x − 1980) ln1.015 = ln1.6 u = 23 ex = −2
x=
ln1.6
+ 1980 ex = 32 Disregard this value
ln1.015 ln ex = ln 3 because ex is always
≈ 2011.568 2
positive.
Solution set: {2011.568} x ln e = ln 32
x = ln 32
x −1900 x −1900
6 (1.024) = 9 ⇒ (1.024) = 1.5
{ln }
28.
( )
3
x −1900
Solution set:
ln (1.024)
2
= ln1.5
(x − 1900)ln1.024 = ln1.5
ln1.5
x − 1900 =
ln1.024
ln1.5
x= + 1900
ln1.024
≈ 1917.096

1.5
32. 3e2x + 2ex = 1 ⇒ 3e2x + 2ex − 1 = 0 37. ln(4x) = 1.5 ⇒ 4x = e1.5 ⇒ x = e
4
Let u = e x .
3u2 + 2u − 1 = 0
Solution set: { } e1.5
4
(3u − 1)(u + 1) = 0 38. ln(2x) = 5 ⇒ e5 = 2x ⇒ e

5
=x
2
3u − 1 = 0 u +1 = 0
3u = 1 u = −1 Solution set: {} e5
2
u = 31 ex = −1 0.5
ex = 1
Disregard this value 39. log(2 − x) = 0.5 ⇒ 2 − x = 10 ⇒
3
because ex is always 2 − x = 10 ⇒ x = 2 − 10
ln ex = ln 13
x ln e = ln 13 positive. Solution set: {2 − 10}
x = ln 31 40. log(3 − x) = 0.75 ⇒ 10 0.75 = 3 − x ⇒
4 1000
Solution set: {ln }
1
3
x = 3 − 100.75 = 3 − 103 4 = 3 −
33. 52x + 3(5x ) = 28 ⇒ 52x + 3(5x ) – 28 = 0

Solution set: {3 − 4 1000
}
Let u = 5x. 41. log6 (2x + 4) = 2 ⇒ 2x + 4 = 62 ⇒
u2 + 3u − 28 = 0 2x + 4 = 36 ⇒ 2x = 32 ⇒ x = 16
(u − 4)(u + 7) = 0 Solution set: {16}
u−4=0 u+7=0 42. log5 (8 − 3x) = 3
u=4 u = −7 8 − 3x = 53 = 8 − 3x = 125
5x = 4 5x = −7 −3x = 117 ⇒ x = −39

log 5x = log 4 Disregard this Solution set: {−39}
x log 5 = log 4
x=
log 4
= log 4
value because 5x
is always positive. ( )
43. log 4 x 3 + 37 = 3 ⇒ x 3 + 37 = 43 ⇒
log 5 5 x3 = 27 ⇒ x = 3
Solution set: {log5 4} Solution set: {3}
34. 32x − 12 (3x ) = −35 ⇒ 32x − 12 (3x ) + 35 = 0

( )
44. log 7 x 3 + 65 = 0 ⇒ x 3 + 65 = 7 0 ⇒
x3 = −64 ⇒ x = −4
Let u = 3x. Solution set: {−4}

u2 − 12u + 35 = 0
(u − 7)(u − 5) = 0 ( )
45. ln x + ln x 2 = 3 ⇒ ln x ⋅ x 2 = 3 ⇒ ln x 3 = 3 ⇒
u−7=0 u−5= 0 x =e ⇒x=e
3 3
u=7 u=5 Solution set: {e}
3x = 7 3x = 5
log 3x = log 7 log 3x = log 5 (
46. log x + log x 2 = 3 ⇒ log x ⋅ x 2 = 3 ⇒ )
x log 3 = log 7 x g = log3 7
= 7
lo log 3
x log 3 = log 5 l
log 5 o
x=
log 3 g
= log3 5 47.
x
3
=
3
⇒
x
3
=
1
0
3
⇒
x
=
1
0
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
e
t
:
{
1
0
}
log 3 ⎡⎣( x +
5)( x − 3)⎤⎦
=2
(5x )(
x+
−
33)2 =
Solution set: {log3 5, log3 7}
x2 + 2x − 15 = 9
35. 5 ln x = 10 ⇒ ln x = 2 ⇒ e2 = x x2 + 2x − 24 = 0
{}
Solution set: e2 (x + 6)(x − 4) = 0
x+6=0 x−4=0
36. 3ln x = 9 ⇒ ln x = 3 ⇒ x = e3 x = −6 x=4

Solution set: {e }
3

48. log 4 ⎡⎣(3x + 8)( x − 6)⎤⎦ = 3 2x + 5 = 0 x−2=0

(3x + 8)(x − 6) = 43 x = − 52 x=2
3x2 − 10x − 48 = 64 ( )
Since log − 25 is undefined, we reject this
3x2 −10x − 112 = 0 proposed solution.
(3x + 14)(x − 8) = 0 Solution set: {2}
3x + 14 = 0 x−8= 0 53. log (x + 25) = log (x + 10) + log 4

x = − 143 x=8
log ( x + 25) = log ⎡4
⎣ ( x + 10 )⎤⎦
Solution set: {− 14
3, 8 } log (x + 25) = log (4x + 40)
x + 25 = 4x + 40
49. log 2 ⎡⎣( 2x + 8)( x + 4 )⎤⎦ = 5 −3x = 15 ⇒ x = −5
(2x + 8)(x + 4) = 25 Solution set: {−5}
2x2 + 16x + 32 = 32 54. log (3x + 5) − log (2x + 4) = 0
2x2 + 16x = 0 ⎛ 3x + 5 ⎞
log ⎜ =0
2x (x + 8) = 0 ⎝ 2x + 4 ⎠⎟
2x = 0 x + 8 = 0 3x + 5
= 100 = 1
x=0 x = −8 2x + 4
Solution set: {−8, 0} 3x + 5 = 2x + 4 ⇒ x = −1

50. log 5 ⎡⎣(3x + 5)( x + 1)⎤⎦ = 1

55. log (x − 10) − log (x − 6) = log 2
(3x + 5)(x + 1) = 51 ⎛ x − 10 ⎞
log = log 2
3x2 + 8x + 5 = 5 ⎜ x − 6 ⎠⎟
⎝
3x2 + 8x = 0 x − 10
x (3x + 8) = 0 x−6
= 102 = 100
x = 0 3x + 8 = 0 x − 10 = 100 (x − 6)
x = − 38 x − 10 = 100x − 600
590 = 99x
Solution set: { − , 0}
8
3
590
99
≈ 5.96 = x
51. log x + log (x + 15) = 2

When the proposed solution is substituted for
x in log (x − 10), a negative argument results.
log ⎡⎣ x (x + 15)⎤⎦ = 2 Since this is not allowed, we reject this
x2 + 15x = 102 = 100 proposed solution.
x2 + 15x − 100 = 0 Solution set: ∅
(x − 5)(x + 20) = 0 ( )
56. log x + 10x − 39 − log ( x − 3) = log10
2
x−5= 0 x + 20 = 0 ⎛ x2 + 10x − 39 ⎞
x=5 x = −20 log x−3 ⎟ = log10
⎠
Since log (−20) is undefined, we reject this
x2 + 10x − 39
proposed solution. x−3 = 10

Solution set: {5} x2 + 10x − 39 = 10x − 30
52. log x + log (2x + 1) = 1 x2 − 9 = 0
log ⎡⎣ x (2x + 1)⎤⎦ = 1
(x + 3)(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = ±3
When x = 3 is substituted for x in
2x2 + x = 101 = 10
2x + x − 10 = 0
2 ( )
log x 2 + 10x − 39 , the argument becomes 0.
(2x + 5)(x − 2) = 0 When x = −3 is substituted, the argument
becomes log(−6). Since these arguments are
not allowed, we reject these proposed
solutions. Solution set: ∅

57. ln (5 − x) + ln (−3 − x) = ln (1 − 8x) If −10 is substituted for x in log2 (x + 10), the

ln ⎡⎣(5 − x )(−3 − x )⎤⎦ = ln (1 − 8x )
argument becomes 0. Since this is not
allowed, we reject this proposed solution.
−15 − 2x + x2 = 1 − 8x Solution set: {12}
x2 + 6x − 16 = 0
(x + 8)(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = −8, 2 62. log2 (x − 2) + log2 (x − 1) = 1

If 2 is substituted for x in ln (−3 − x) , the log 2 ⎡⎣( x − 2)( x − 1)⎤⎦ = 1
argument becomes −5. Since this is not x2 − 3x + 2 = 21 = 2
allowed, we reject this proposed solution. x2 − 3x = 0
Solution set: {−8} x (x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 3
58. ln (10 − x) + ln (−6 − x) = ln (−34 − 15x) If 0 is substituted for x in log2 (x − 2), the
ln ⎡⎣(10 − x )( −6 − x )⎤⎦ = ln ( −34 − 15x) argument is negative. Since this is not
−60 − 4x + x2 = −34 − 15x
Solution set: {3}
x2 + 11x − 26 = 0
(x + 13)(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = −13, 2 63. log x + log (x − 21) = log100 ⇒
If 2 is substituted for x in ln (−6 − x), the ( )
log ⎡⎣ x ( x − 21)⎦⎤ = 2 ⇒ log x 2 − 21x = 2 ⇒
argument becomes −8. Since this is not x − 21x = 10 ⇒ x − 21x − 100 = 0 ⇒
2 2 2
allowed, we reject this proposed solution. (x − 25)(x + 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 25 or x = −4

Since the negative solution (x = −4) is not in
59. log8 (x + 2) + log8 (x + 4) = log8 8 the domain of log x, it must be discarded.
log8 ⎡⎣( x + 2 )( x + 4)⎤⎦ = log 8 8 Solution set: {25}
x2 + 6x + 8 = 8 64. log x + log (3x − 13) = log10
x2 + 6x = 0 log ⎣⎡ x (3x − 13)⎤⎦ = log10
x (x + 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, − 6 x (3x − 13) = 10 ⇒ 3x2 − 13x = 10
If −6 is substituted for x in log8 (x + 2), the 3x2 − 13x − 10 = 0 ⇒ (3x + 2)(x − 5) = 0
argument becomes −4. Since this is not
allowed, we reject this proposed solution. 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = − 23 or x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5
Solution set: {0} Since the negative solution (x = − 3) is not in
2
60. log2 (5x − 6) − log2 (x + 1) = log2 3 the domain of log x, it must be discarded.
log ⎛ 5x − 6 ⎞ = log 3 Solution set: {5}
2 ⎜⎝ ⎟
x +1 ⎠ 2
65. log (9x + 5) = 3 + log (x + 2)
5x − 6 log (9x + 5) − log (x + 2) = 3
=3
x +1 9x + 5
5x − 6 = 3x + 3 9 log =3
2x = 9 ⇒ x = x+2
9x + 5
2
= 103 = 1000
x+2
( )
61. log 2 x 2 − 100 − log2 (x + 10) = 1 9x + 5 = 1000x + 2000
⎛ x2 − 100 ⎞ −991x = 1995

=
⎟ 1 1995
log2 ⎜ x + 10 ⎠ x=− ≈ −2.013
⎝ 991
x2 − 100
= 21 = 2 If −
1995
is substituted for x in log2 (x + 2),
x + 10 991
x2 − 100 = 2x + 20 the argument is negative. Since this is not
x − 2x − 120 = 0
2
Solution set: ∅
(x + 10)(x − 12) = 0
x = −10, 12

66. log (11x + 9) = 3 + log (x + 3) 71. log2 (2x − 3) + log2 (x + 1) = 1

log (11x + 9) − log (x + 3) = 3 log2 [(2x − 3)(x + 1)] = 1
log 11x +9
=3⇒ 11x +9
= 103 2x2 − x − 3 = 21
10 x +3 x +3 2x2 − x − 5 = 0
11x + 9 = 1000 (x + 3)
11x + 9 = 1000x + 3000 −(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4(2)(−5) 1 ± 41
9 = 989x + 3000 x= =
2(2) 4
−2991 = 989x
x = − 2991
989
≈ −3.0243 Since the negative solution x = ( 1− 41
4 ) is not
Since x ≈ −3.0243, x + 3 is negative. in the domain of log (x + 1), it must be
Therefore log (x + 3) is not defined. This discarded.
proposed solution must be discarded.
Solution set: ∅
Solution set: { }
1+ 41
4
72. log5 (3x + 2) + log5 (x − 1) = 1

67. ln (4x − 2) − ln 4 = − ln (x − 2)
log5 [(3x + 2)(x − 1)] = 1
ln 4 x4− 2 = − ln (x − 2) ⇒ 4x4− 2 = 1
x−2 3x2 − x − 2 = 51
2
(4x − 2)(x − 2) = 4 ⇒ 4x − 10x + 4 = 4 3x2 − x − 7 = 0

4x2 − 10x = 0 ⇒ 2x(2x − 5) = 0 ⇒
2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or 2x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5
= 2.5 −(−1) ± (−1)2 − 4(3)(−7) 1 ± 85
2 x= =
Since x = 0 is not in the domain of ln (x − 2), it 2(3) 6
must be discarded.
Solution set: {2.5}
(
Since the negative solution x = 1− 685 is not)
in the domain of log (x − 1), it must be
68. ln (5 + 4x) − ln (3 + x) = ln 3 discarded.
+4x = ln 3 ⇒
ln 53+ x
5 + 4x = 3(3 + x)
5 + 4x
3+ x
=3
Solution set: { }
1+ 85
6
5 + 4x = 9 + 3x ⇒ x + 5 = 9
73. ln ex − 2 ln e = ln e4 ⇒ x − 2 = 4 ⇒ x = 6
x=4 Solution set: {6}
Solution set: {4}
69. log5 (x + 2) + log5 (x − 2) = 1 74. ln ex − ln e3 = ln e3 ⇒ x − 3 = 3 ⇒ x = 6
2 1 Solution set: {6}
log5 [(x + 2)(x − 2)] = 1 ⇒ x − 4 = 5
x2 − 9 = 0 75. log2 (log2 x) = 1 ⇒ log2 x = 21 ⇒
(x − 3)(x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = ±3 log2 x = 2 ⇒ x = 22 ⇒ x = 4
−3 is not in the domain, so reject it. Solution set: {4}
Solution set: {3}
log x = log x
(log x)2 = ( )
76. 2
⇒ (log x ) = log x
2
70. log2 (x − 7) + log2 x = 3 2⇒ log x
⎡ ⎤ 3
log2 ⎣ x (x − 7)⎦ = 3 ⇒ x − 7x = 2 ⇒
x2 − 7x − 8 = 0 ⇒ (x − 8)(x + 1) = 0 ⇒ (log x)2 − log x = 0 ⇒ log x (log x − 1) = 0
x − 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 8 or x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 log10 x = 0 or log10 x − 1 = 0
Since the negative solution (x = −1) is not in the domain of log x, it must be
discarded. x = 100 log10 x = 1
x =1 x = 101 = 10
Solution set: {8} Since the work involves squaring both sides,
both proposed solutions must be checked in
the original equation.

Check x = 1. Check x = 2.
log x = log x log2 = 32
2 (2 ) =? 3
2
log1=? log1 log
2 2
0= 0
0=0 log2 2 (4 ) = 3
This is a true statement; therefore, 1 is a log2 8 = 3

2
solution. log2 23 = 3
2
Check x = 10.
log2 2 3/ 2 = 32 ⇒ 3
2 = 32
log x = log x This is a true statement; therefore, 2 is a

log10 = log10
? solution.
Solution set: {–2, 2}
1= 1
1=1 79. Answers will vary.One should not
This is a true statement; therefore, 10 is a immediately reject a negative answer when

solution. solving equations involving logarithms. One
Solution set: {1, 10} must examine what happens to an answer
when substituted back into the original
77. log x2 = (log x) ⇒ 2 log x = (log x) ⇒
2 2
equation. An answer (whether negative,
positive, or zero) must not allow a nonpositive
(log x)2 − 2 log x = 0 ⇒ log x (log x − 2) = 0 value in the argument of the logarithm. If it
log10 x = 0 or log10 x − 2 = 0 does, regardless of its sign, it must be rejected.
x = 100 log10 x = 2
x =1 x = 102 = 100 80. loga (4x − 7) + loga (x2 + 4) = 0
loga t is defined when t is in the interval

Solution set: {1, 100}
(0, ), but it is undefined when t is in the
∞
78. log2 2x2 = 3

⇒ = 23/ 2 ⇒ interval (– , 0]. Since
∞
2
x 2 + 4 is positive for all
2
( ) ( )
2 2
2x 2 = 23 / 2 ⇒ 2x 2 = 23 ⇒ values of x, loga (x + 4) will be defined for
all values of x. However, loga (4x − 7) will be

2x = 8 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ x = ± 2
2 2
undefined when 4x – 7 is in the interval
Since the solution involves squaring both (– , 0]. 4x − 7 ≤ 0 ⇒ 4x ≤ 7 ⇒ x ≤ 7
∞
sides, both proposed solutions must be

4
checked in the original equation. (

Thus, the numbers in the interval − ∞, 74 ⎤⎦
Check x = −2. could not be solutions of the given equation.
log2 2x2 = 3
k
2 ? 23 81.
log 2 (−2) = p=a+ , for kx
2 2 pln−xa =
log2 2 ( 4) = 3
2
ln x
log2 8 = 3 (ln x)( p − a) = k

2 k
log 23 = 3 ln x =

2 2 p−a
log2 23/ 2 = 3
x=e ( )
2 k / p −a
3
2
= 3
2
82. r = p − k ln t, for t
This is a true statement; therefore, −2 is a
solution. r − p = −k ln t
p − r = k ln t
p−r
= ln t
k
e( p − r ) / k = t

83. T = T0 + (T1 − T0 )10−kt , for t

K
86. y = , for b
T − T = (T − T )10−kt 1 + ae−bx
− 0 1 0 (
y 1 + ae − bx = K )
T T0 = 10−kt K
1 + ae−bx =
T1 − T0
log ⎛ T − T0 ⎞ y
= −kt
10 ⎜ T − T ⎟ K K−y
⎝ ⎠ 1 0 ae−bx = −1 =
log ( ) T −T0 y y
T1 −T0 −kt K−y

= −k e−bx =
−k 1 ⎛ T − T0 ⎞ ⎛ayK − y⎞
t = − log −bx = ln
⎜⎝ T − T ⎟⎠
k 1 0 ⎝⎜ ay ⎟⎠
84. A =
Pr
, for n b=
ln ( )
K−y
ay
1 − (1 + r)−n −x
(
A 1 − (1 + r) − n = Pr
Pr
) (
87. y = A + B 1 − e − Cx , for x )
1 − (1 + r)−n =
A
y − A = B 1 − e− Cx ( )
1−
Pr
= (1 + r)−n y− A
= 1 − e−Cx
⎛ PrA⎞ B
log 1 − = −n log (1 + r ) y−A y − A− B
−1 = = −e−Cx
⎝⎜ ⎟
A ⎠ B B
A + B − y −Cx
(
log 1 − PrA ) ( A− Pr )
= − log A = n =e
– log (1 + r) log (1 + r ) B
⎛ A+ B− y⎞
ln ⎜
⎝ ⎟⎠ = −Cx
(1 − ) , for t
E B
85. I = e − Rt / 2 ⎛ A+ B− y⎞
ln ⎜
R ⎝ B ⎠⎟
RI = R
⎡E
( 1 − e − Rt / 2 )⎤
−C
=x
⎢⎣ R ⎥⎦
⎛ M ⎞
(
RI = E 1 − e − Rt / 2 ) 88. m = 6 − 2.5 log , for M
⎜⎝M ⎟⎠
RI 0
= 1 − e − Rt /2 ⎛ M⎞
RI E m = 6 − 2.5 log
− 1 = −e− Rt /2 ⎜⎝M ⎟⎠
0
E ⎛ M ⎞
RI
1− = e− Rt /2 m − 6 = −2.5 log
E ⎜⎝ M ⎠⎟
0
⎛ RI ⎞
ln 1 − = ln e−Rt /2 6−m ⎛M ⎞

⎛ RI ⎞
⎝⎜ ⎟
ERt⎠ 2.5 = log ⎜
⎝ M ⎟⎠
0
− = ln ⎜1 − ⎟ 10(6− m) 2.5 =
M
2 ⎝ E⎠
2 ⎛ Rt ⎞ 2 ⎛ RI ⎞ M
– − = − ln 1 − 10(6− m) 2.5 ⋅ M = M 0
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
R⎝ 2 ⎠ R ⎝ E ⎠
0
2 ⎛ RI ⎞
t =− ln 1 − 89. log A = log B − C log x , for A
⎜⎝ ⎟
R E⎠ log A = log B − C log x
B
log A = log
xC
B
A=
xC

⎛I ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞ tn
90. 95. A = P 1 +
d = 10 log ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎠ , for I ⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎝ I
⎛ I ⎞ To solve for t, substitute A = 30,000,
d = 10 log P = 27,000, r = 0.04, and n = 4.
⎜⎝ I ⎠⎟
0 ⎛
d ⎛I⎞ 30, 000 = 27, 000 1 + 0.04 ⎟⎞ t(4)
⎜
= log ⎜ ⎟
10 ⎝I ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
0 30, 000 10
I = (1 + 0.01) 4t ⇒ = 1.014t ⇒
10d 10 = 27, 000 9
I0 10 10
( )
I0 ⋅10 d 10
=I ln = ln 1.014t ⇒ ln = 4t ln1.01 ⇒
9 9
tn ln 10
⎛ r⎞
91. A = P 1 + , for t t= ≈ 2.6
9
⎜
⎝ n⎠⎟ 4 ln1.01
To the nearest tenth of a year, Tom will be
⎛ tn
A = 1+ r ⎞ ⎟ ready to buy a car in 2.6 yr.
P ⎜⎝ n ⎠ ⎛ r ⎞ tn
⎛ A⎞ ⎛ r⎞
log = nt log 1 + 96. A = P ⎜1 + ⎟
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎝ n⎠
P ⎝⎜ n ⎟⎠
( AP)
To solve for t, substitute A = 2063, P = 1786,
log =t r = 0.026, and n = 12.
⎛ r⎞
n log 1 + ⎛ 0.026 ⎞ t(12)
2063 = 1786 1 +
⎝⎜ n⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟
12 ⎠
⎛ 0.026 ⎞12t
92. D = 160 + 10 log x , for x 2063 = 1 + ⎟
D − 160 = 10 log x 1786 ⎝ 12 ⎠

⎜
D − 160 2063
= log x ≈ 1.00216712t
10 1786
10( D −160) 10 = 10( D 10)−16 = x ln
2063
1786
≈ ln 1.00216712t( )
⎛ r⎞ tn 2063
= 12t ln1.002167
93. A = P ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ln
⎝ n⎠ 1786
ln 2063
To solve for A, substitute P = 10,000, r = 0.03, t= 1786
≈ 5.55
n = 4, and t = 5. 12 ln1.002167
⎛ (4)(5) To the nearest hundredth, t = 5.55 yr.

A = 10, 000 1 + 0.03 ⎟⎞
⎜ tn
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎛ r⎞
97. A = P ⎜1 +
A = 10, 000 (1.0075) ≈ 11, 611.84
20
⎝ ⎟
n ⎠
There will be $11,611.84 in the account. To solve for r, substitute A = 2500, P = 2000,
94. A = Pert t = 4.5, and n = 2.

⎛ (4.5)(2)
2500 = 2000 1 + r ⎞ ⇒
To solve for A, substitute P = 5000, r = 0.04, ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
and t = 8. 2
A = 5000e(0.04)(8) ⎛ r ⎞9 9
1.25 r
1.25 = 1 +
A = 5000e0.32 ≈ 6885.64 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ = 1+
2
There will be $6885.64 in the account. 9 r
( )
1.25 − 1 = ⇒ r = 2 1.25 − 1 ≈ 0.0502
2
9
The interest rate is about 5.02%.

⎛ r ⎞ tn (b) (
10 = 11.65 1 − e− t /1.27 )
98. A = P ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠ 10
= 1 − e −t /1.27
To solve for r, substitute A = 20,000, 11.65
−t
P = 16,000, t = 5.25, and n = 4. 10
e /1.27
= 1− 11.65
⎛
20, 000 = 16, 000 1 + r ⎟⎞
(5.25)(4) – t
1.27 (
= ln 1 − 10
11.65 )
⇒
⎜⎝ 4 ⎠ (
t = −1.27 ln 1 − 11.65
10
≈ 2.4823 )
⎛ r ⎞ 21 r After 2.4823 sec, he was running at a rate
⎜
1.25 = 1 + ⎟ ⇒ 1.25 = 1 + ⇒
21
⎝ 4⎠ 4 of 10 m per sec.
21 1.25
−1 =
r
( )
⇒ r = 4 21 1.25 − 1 ≈ 0.0427 103. f (x) =
67
4 1 + 1.081e− x / 24.71
The interest rate is about 4.27%.
(a) In 2008, x = 58.
99. (a) f (3000) = 86.3ln 3000 − 680 ≈ 10.9 67
f ( 58) = ≈ 60.7
At 3000 ft, about 10.9% of the moisture 1 + 1.081e−58/ 24.71
falls as snow. In 2008, about 61% of U.S. women were
in the civilian labor force.
(b) f (4000) = 86.3ln 4000 − 680 ≈ 35.8
At 4000 ft, about 35.8% of the moisture 67

(b) = 55
falls as snow. 1 + 1.081e− x / 24.71
(c) f (7000) = 86.3ln 7000 − 680 ≈ 84.1 (

67 = 55 1 + 1.081e− x / 24.71 )
At 7000 ft, about 84.1% of the moisture 67 = 55 + 59.455e−x/ 24.71
falls as snow. 12 = 59.455e−x/24.71
100. Note that x refers to the number of thousands 12

= e− x / 24.71
of catalogs sent. 59.455
⎜ 12 ⎟⎠⎞
(a) T (5) = 5000 log(5 + 1) ≈ 3891
The total sales are about $3891.
ln
⎛ ⎝ 59.455
(
= ln e − x / 24.71 )
(b) T (24) = 5000 log(24 + 1) ≈ 6990 ⎛ 12 ⎞ x
ln =−
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
59.455 24.71
The total sales are about $6990. ⎛ 12 ⎞
−24.71ln ≈ 39.5 = x
⎜⎝ ⎟
(c) T (49) = 5000 log(49 + 1) ≈ 8495 59.455 ⎠
The total sales are about $8495. 55% of U.S. women were in the civilian
labor force during 1989.
101. Double the 2002 value is 2 (9,119) = 18, 238. D 3, the cost of a year’s tuition, room
u
f (x) = 9318 (1.06)
x
18, 238 r
18, 238 = 9318 (1.06) x ⇒ = 1.06x ⇒ i
9318 n
18, 238 18, 238
ln = ln1.06x ⇒ ln = x ln1.06 g
9318 9318 2
ln 18, 238
0
x= 9318
≈ 11.53 1
ln1.06
f x vertical axis of the tower; the graph of f (−
104.
= x) is exactly the reflection of the graph of
−30 f (x) across the
1ln y-axis.
x
(b)( )x is half the length. We have
2
0 2
7
(a) T
h
e
l
e
f
t
s
i
d
e
i
s
a
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e

and board, and fees at a public university will x= 15.7488
= 7.8744. The height is
be double the cost in 2002.
f (7.8744) = −301ln 7.8744 ≈ 984 ft.

207
102. (
f (t ) = 11.65 1 − e − t /1.27 )
(a) At the finish line t = 9.86.
( )
f (9.86) = 11.65 1 − e−9.86 /1.27 ≈ 11.6451
He was running approximately 11.6451 m
per sec as he crossed the finish line.

(c) Let y = 500 and solve for x. 106. (a) Substituting C

= 2 in R = 6.3ln C
, we
x 500 x C0 C0
500 = −301ln ⇒− = ln ⇒ have R = 6.3 ln 2 ≈ 4.4 w/m2.

207 301 207
x
e−500/ 301 = ⇒ x = 207e−500 / 301 ≈ 39 (b) T (R) = 1.03R
207
The height is 500 feet, about 39 feet from T (4.4) = 1.03(4.4) ≈ 4.5°F
the center. While this is less than that predicted by
Arrhenius in 1896, his values are still
105. ln (1 − P) = −0.0034 − 0.0053T consistent with some current computer
(a) Change this equation to exponential form, models.
then isolate P.
107. Step 1: Replace f (x) = ex+1 − 4 with y and
1 − P = e−0.0034−0.0053T
P(T ) = 1 − e−0.0034−0.0053T
y = ex + 1 − 4 ⇒ x = ey + 1 − 4
(b) Step 2: Solve for y.
x = ey + 1 − 4 ⇒ x + 4 = ey + 1
ln (x + 4) = y + 1 ⇒ ln (x + 4) − 1 = y
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ) .
f −1(x) = ln (x + 4) − 1
Domain: (−4, ∞) ; range: (−∞, ∞)
108. Step 1: Replace f (x) = 2 ln 3x with y and
y = 2 ln 3x ⇒ x = 2 ln 3y
From the graph one can see that initially Step 2: Solve for y.
there is a rapid reduction of carbon x
x = 2 ln 3y ⇒ = ln 3y ⇒ 3y = e x/ 2
dioxide emissions. However, after a while 2
there is little benefit in raising taxes y = 31 ex /2
further.

( )≈ 0.275 or 27.5%
(c) P 60 = 1 − e−0.00340− 0.0053(60)
f −1
(x) = 13 e x / 2
l 0.0053T
n ln 0.5 + 0.0034 = −0.0053T
−0.005
0 T = ln 0.5+0.0034 ≈ 130.14
3 .
The value T = $130.14 will give a
5
50%reduction in carbon emissions.
=
−
The reduction in carbon emissions from a
0
tax of $60 per ton of carbon is 27.5%.
.
(d) We must determine T when P = .5. 0
0.5 = 1 − e−0.0034− 0.0053T 0
0.5 − 1 = −e−0.0034− 0.0053T 3
4
−0.5 = −e−0.0034− 0.0053T
−
0.5 = e−0.0034−0.0053T
Domain:
(−∞, ∞) ;
109. range: (0,
∞)
ex + ln x =
5
The
two
grap
hs
inter
sect
at
appr
oxim
ately
(1.52
, 5).
The
x-
coor
dinat
e of
this
point
is the
solut
ion
of
the
equat
ion.
Solution
set: {1.52}

110. ex − ln(x + 1) = 3 113. log x = x2 − 8x +14
The two graphs intersect at approximately The two graphs intersect at approximately
(−0.93, 3) and (1.35, 3). The x-coordinate of (2.45, 0.39) and (5.66, 0.75). The x-coordinate
these points represent the solution of the of these points represent the solution of the
equation. Solution set: {2.45, 5.66}
equation. Solution set: {–0.93, 1.35}
114. ln x = − 3 x + 3
111. 2ex +1 = 3e−x
The two curves intersect at the point (0, 3). The two graphs intersect at approximately
The x-coordinate of this point is the solution (0.23, −1.48). The x-coordinate of this point is
of the equation. Solution set: {0} the solution of the equation.
112. ex + 6e−x = 5 115. In the last line, 2 < 1, the sign should have
flipped because the value of log 31 ≈ −.4771 is
negative and whenever you divide (or
multiply) both sides of an inequality by a
negative value, the sign flips.
Section 4.6 Applications and Models of

Exponential Growth and
Decay
1. The equation 2e0.02x = 6 represents an initial
The two graphs intersect at approximately amount of 2 and a final amount 6 (triple that
(0.69, 5) and (1.10, 5). The x-coordinate of of 2). The correct choice is B.
these points represent the solution of the
2. The equation 2e0.02x = 3 represents a final
equation. Solution set: {0.69, 1.10}
amount of 3 (million). The correct choice is D.
3. The equation y = 2e0.02(3) represents the

amount after 3 yr. The correct choice is C.

Section 4.6 Applications and Models of Exponential Growth and Decay 479
4. The equation y = 2e0.02(1/ 3) represents that 12. A(t) = 500e−0.053t
yr = 4 months. The correct (a) t = 4 ⇒ A (4) = 500e−0.053(4) ≈ 404

1
amount after 3
choice is A. After 4 yr, about 404 g remain.
For exercises 5−10, use the function for exponential (b) t = 8 ⇒ A (8) = 500e−0.053(8) ≈ 327
growth or decay, y = y0ekt . After 8 yr, about 327 g remain.
5. 20 = 60e3k ⇒ = e3k ⇒ ln 13= 3k ⇒ (c) t = 20 ⇒ A (20) = 500e−0.053(20) ≈ 173

1
3
k = ln 3
1
3
1
After 20 yr, about 173 g remain.
6. 10 = 30e6k ⇒ 1
= e6k ⇒ ln 13= 6k ⇒ (d) Find t when A(t) = 250.
3
k = 16 ln 13 250 = 500e−0.053t
0.5 = e−0.053t
7. Since the half-life is 100 days, after 100 days
ln 0.5 = ln e−0.053t ⇒ ln 0.5 = −0.053t
there are 5 mg remaining. ln 0.5
t= ≈ 13.08
5 = 10e100k ⇒ 12 = e100k ⇒ ln 12 = 100k ⇒
−0.053
k= 1
100
ln 12 The half-life is about 13.08 yr.
8. Since the half-life is 200 days, after 200 days 13. A(t) = A0e−0.00043t
there are 10 mg remaining. Find t when A (t ) = 1
A.
10 = 20e200k ⇒ 1 = e200k ⇒ ln 1 = 200k ⇒ 2 0

1 1 2 2 1 A = A e−0.00043t
k= 200
ln 2 2 0 0
1 1
= e−0.00043t ⇒ ln = ln e−0.00043t
9. 0.64 = 2.56e2k ⇒ 1
= e2k ⇒ ln 1 = 2k ⇒ 2 2
4 4
1 ln 12
k = 12 ln 41 ln = −0.00043t ⇒ t = ≈ 1611.97
2 −0.00043
10. 0.9 = 8.1e4k ⇒ 91 = e4k ⇒ ln 19 = 4k ⇒ The half-life is about 1611.97 yr.

k = 14 ln 91 14. A(t) = A0e−0.087t
11. A(t) = 500e−0.032t Find t when A(t) = 0.25 A0.
0.25A0 = A0e−0.087t
(a) t = 4 ⇒ A (4) = 500e−0.032(4) ≈ 440 0.25 = e−0.087t
After 4 years, about 440 g remain. ln 0.25 = ln e−0.087t ⇒ ln 0.25 = −0.087t
ln 0.25
(b) t = 8 ⇒ A (8) = 500e−0.032(8) ≈ 387 t= ≈ 15.93
−0.087
After 8 years, about 387 g remain. It will take about 15.93 days to decay to 25%
(c) t = 20 ⇒ A (20) = 500e−0.032(20) ≈ 264 of the initial amount.
After 20 years, about 264 g remain. 15. First find the given values to find y0 and then
(d) Find t when A(t) = 250. k: 12 = y0ek(0) ⇒ 12 = y0

y = 12ekt ⇒ 6 = 12e4k ⇒ 0.5 = e4k ⇒
250 = 500e−0.032t
ln 0.5 = 4k ⇒ ln 40.5 = k ⇒ k ≈ −0.173
0.5 = e−0.032t
ln 0.5 = ln e−0.032t ⇒ ln 0.5 = −0.032t The exponential decay equation is
ln 0.5 y = 12e−0.173t
t= ≈ 21.66
−0.032 To find the amount present after 7 years, let
The half-life is about 21.66 yr. t = 7. y = 12e−0.173(7) ≈ 3.57
After 7 years, about 3.57 g of the substance

will be present.

5 I
16. M = 6 − log 19. Since y = y0e−0.0001216t , where y0 is the initial
2 I0 amount present. If we let y = 0.15 y0, we can
Find I when M = 1 solve for t.

5 I 5 I
1= 6− log ⇒ −5 = − log 0.15 y0 = y0e−0.0001216t
2 I0 2 I0 0.15 = e−0.0001216t ⇒ ln 0.15 = ln e−0.0001216t ⇒

I I I
2 = log ⇒ = 10 ⇒
2
= 100 ln 0.15 = −0.0001216t ⇒
I0 I0 1
I0 ln 0.15 ≈ 15, 601.32 = t
I = 100 I0 −0.0001216
Find I when M = 3. The paintings are about 15,600 yr old.
5 I 5 I
3 = 6 − log ⇒ −3 = − log ⇒ 20. A (t) = 10e
0.0095t
2 I0 2 I0
1.2 = log
I
⇒
I
= 101.2 ⇒ Solve A(t ) = 15 for t.
I0 I0 15 = 10e0.0095t ⇒ 1.5 = e0.0095t ⇒
I = 101.2 I0 ≈ 15.85I0 ln1.5 = ln e0.0095t ⇒ ln1.5 = 0.0095t ⇒

ln1.5
Now find the ratio of light intensities. t= ≈ 42.68
100 I0 0.0095
≈ 6.3
15.85 I0 15 g of the chemical will dissolve at about
The light intensity of a magnitude 1 star is 43°C.

about 6.3 times as great as that of a magnitude
3 star. 21. (a) A point on the graph of f (x) = A0ax−1970
appears to be (1970, 31,000)

17. From Example 5, we have the amount of
Since f (1970) = A0a1970−1970 = 31, 000,
radiocarbon present after t years is given by
y = y0e−0.0001216t , where y0 is the initial we have A0a0 = 31, 000 ⇒ A0 = 31, 000.
amount present. Letting y = 13y0 , solve for t. Thus, we have the function
f (x) = 31, 000ax−1970. Since the point
1 1
y = y 0e−0.0001216t ⇒ = e−0.0001216t ⇒ (2008, 11,500) is also on the graph of the
3 0 3 function, we have
1 1
ln = ln e−0.0001216t ⇒ ln = −0.0001216t ⇒
3 3 f (2008) = 31, 000a2008−1970
1 1 11, 500 = 31, 000a2008−1970
ln ≈ 9034.64 = t
−0.0001216 3 a38 ≈ 0.3710 ⇒
The Egyptian died about 9000 yr ago. a = 38 0.3710 ≈ 0.97
18. From Example 5, we have the amount of Thus, a possible function is
x −1970
radiocarbon present after t years is given by f (x) = 31, 000 (0.97) .
y = y0e−0.0001216t , where y0 is the initial
amount present. If we let y = 0.60 y0, we can (b) If you think of

x −1970
solve for t. f (x) = 31, 000 (0.97) as a function
0.60 y0 = y0e−0.0001216t r tn
0.60 = e −0.0001216t ⇒ ln 0.60 = ln e −0.0001216t ⇒ (

in the form of A = P 1 + n ) where
ln 0.60 = −0.0001216t ⇒ n = 1 (compounded annually), we have
1 x −1970
ln 0.60 ≈ 4200.87 = t P (1 + r ) = 31, 000 (0.97)
t
⇒ Thus,
−0.0001216 1 + r = 0.97 ⇒ r = −0.03
The sample was about 4200 yr old. the average annual percent decrease is
about 3%.

ln ⎡1 + 8.33 ( A )⎤ Using this information we have the following.
22. Given t = T ⎣ K ⎦ 175 = 50 + 250e−(1/15)k ⇒ 125 = 250e−(1/15)k

ln 2 , find t when 1
= e−(1/ 15)k ⇒ ln 1 = ln e−(1/ 15)k
A
K
= 0.175 and T = 1.26 × 109. 21 2
ln = − 1 k ⇒ ln1 − ln 2 = − 1 k
ln ⎡⎣1 + 8.33 (0.175)⎤⎦ 2 1 15 15
t = 1.26 × 109 ⋅ ≈ 1.635 × 109 ln 2 = 15

k ⇒ k = 15 ln 2 ≈ 10.397
ln 2
The rock sample is about 1.635 billion yr old. Thus, the model is f (t) = 50 + 250e−10.397t .
23. From Example 6, we have the temperature, To find the temperature after 12
= 1
hr, we
60 5
f (t), of a body at time t after being introduced
find f ()1
5 1.
into an environment having constant Since f ( ) = 50 + 250e −10.397(1/ 5) ≈ 81.25, the
temperature T0 is f (t) = T0 + Ce−kt , where C 5
temperature after 12 minutes is about

and k are constants. From the given
81.25°C. Note: We could have used the exact
information, when t = 0, T0 = 0 , and the value of k to perform the calculations.
temperature of the water is f (0) = 100.

−0k f ( 15 ) = 50 + 250e − (15 ln 2)( ) = 50 + 250e −3ln 2
1
5
1
100 = 0 + Ce ⇒ 100 = C −kt − kt = 50 + 250eln = 50 + 250 ⋅ 1
Thus, we have f (t) = 0 + 100e = 100e .
8
8
= 50 + 31.25 = 81.25
Also, when t = 2460= 2 hr,
5 f (52 ) = 50. Using
25. Given P = 60,000 and t = 5, substitute r = 0.05
this information, we have and n = 4 into the compound interest formula,
50 = 100e−(2 / 5)k ⇒ 1
= e−(2 / 5)k
( ) . We have
tn
–
2 A = P 1+ r
= ln e (2 / 5)k ⇒ ln 1 = − 2 k
A = 60, 000 (1 + )5(4)
1 n
ln
− =−2 ⇒ 2
=2
2 5 0.05
ln1 ln 2 5k
ln 2 5 k 4
k = 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.733 = 60, 000 (1.0125)
20
5
≈ 76, 922.23
Thus, the model is f (t) = 100e−1.733t . The interest from this investment would be
$76,922.23 – $60,000 = $16,922.23.
To find the temperature after 96
60
= 8
5
hrs, we Given P = 60,000 and t = 5, substitute
find f ( 8 ). Since r = 0.0475 into the continuous compounding

5
formula, A = Pert .
f ( 85 ) = 100e −1.733(8 / 5) ≈ 6.25, the temperature A = 60, 000e0.0475(5) = 60, 000e0.2375
after 96 minutes is about 6.25°C. Note: We ≈ 76, 084.50
could have used the exact value of k to perform The interest from this investment would be
the calculations. $76,084.50 – $60,000 = $16,084.50.
( 85 ) = 100e− ( ln 2)( ) = 100e

5 8 (a) The investment that offers 5%
f 2 5 −4 ln 2
compounded quarterly will earn more
ln 1
1
= 100e
16
= 100 ⋅ 16 = 6.25 interest than the investment that offers
4.75% compounded continuously.
24. From Example 6, we have the temperature,
(b) Note that $16,922.23 – $16,084.50 =
f (t), of a body at time t after being introduced $837.73. The investment that offers 5%
into an environment having constant compounded quarterly will earn $837.73
temperature T0 is f (t) = T0 + Ce−kt , where C more in interest.
and k are constants. From the given

information, when t = 0, T0 = 50 , and the
temperature of the metal is f (0) = 300.
300 = 50 + Ce−0k ⇒ 250 = C Thus, we have
f (t) = 50 + 250e−kt . Also, when
t= 60=
4 1
15hr,
f ( 115) = 175.

26. A = Pert , A = 80, 000, P = 60, 000, r = 0.0475

80, 000 = 60, 000e0.0475t
4
3
= e0.0475t
ln 34 = ln e0.0475t
ln 43 = .00475t When t 19.1078 we are fairly close to 4500.
≈
ln 34 Since 0.1078(365) 39, investment will triple

≈
t= ≈ 6.06 in about 19 yr, 39 days.

0.0475
Solve the equation for t with y = 4500.
With the continuous compounding plan, it will
take about 6.06 years for Russ’s $60,000 to 4500 = 1500 1 + ( 0.0575
365 )365t
( )
grow to $80,000. 365t
3 = 1+ 0.0575
365
27. A = Pert , A = 2P, ( )
365t
ln 3 = ln 1 + 0.0575
2P = Pe0.025t ln 3 = 365t ln 365

1+ ( 0.0575
)
2 = e0.025t 365
ln 3
ln 2 = 0.025t t= ≈ 19.1078
27.73 ≈ t (
365 ln 1 + 0.0575
365 )
The doubling time is about 27.73 yr if interest This confirms the value found using the
is compounded continuously. calculator.
28. From Example 2 we see that the time t required
31. (a) 1969 is represented by t = 4
−0.08(4)
for an investment to double is given by t = ln 2 ,
r M (4) = 434e ≈ 315
where r represents the interest rate. Thus, t is There were 315 continuously serving
inversely proportional to r, so when the interest members in 1969.
rate is tripled, the time required for an
investment to double will be divided by 3. (b) 1973 is represented by t = 8
M (8) = 434e−0.08(8) ≈ 229
29. A = Pert
There were 229 continuously serving
3P = Pe0.05t ⇒ 3 = e0.05t ⇒ ln 3 = ln e0.05t members in 1973.
ln 3
ln 3 = 0.05t ⇒ t = ≈ 21.97 (c) 1979 is represented by t = 14
0.05
It will take about 21.97 years for the investment M (14) = 434e−0.08(14) ≈ 142
to triple. There were 142 continuously serving
members in 1973.
( )
365t
30. Enter Y = 1500 1 + 0.0575
1 365 32. M (t) = 338 = 434e−0.08t
Using the TABLE feature, we are 338 ⎛ 338 ⎞
seeking, Y1 = 3(1500) = 4500. = e−0.08 ⇒ ln ⎜ = −0.08t ⇒
434 t ⎝ 434 ⎠⎟
ln 338 − ln 434
t= ≈3
−0.08
t = 3 represents 1968, so there were 338
continuously serving members in 1968.

33. (a) A point associated with the graph of

f (x) = P ax−2000 is (2000, 1). Since (c) Find t when P (t) = 12 P0.
−0.04t 1
0 1
P = Pe ⇒ = e−0.04t ⇒
f (2000) = P0a2000−2000 = 1, we have

0 0
2 2 1
0 1 ln
P0a = 1 ⇒ P0 = 1. Thus, we have ln = −.04t ⇒ t = 2
≈ 17.3
2 −0.04
f (x) = ax−2000. Since the point It will take about 17.3 yr for the
(2025, 1.4) is projected to be on the graph, population to decline to half the initial
we have the following. number.
f (2025) = a2025−2000 = 1.4
35. f (x) = 2572e0.0359x
a25 = 1.4 ⇒ a = 25 1.4 ≈ 1.01355
(a) t = 4 represents 2008.
(b) From part (a) we have f (4) = 2572e0.0359( ) ≈ 2969.17
4
x − 2000
f (x) = (1.01355) . To find the In 2008, out-of-pocket spending on health
population projected for 2020, we must care was about $2969 per household.
find f (2020). Thus (b) Find t when f (t) = 2775.
f (2020) = (1.01355)
2020− 2000
2775
2572e0.0359x = 2775 ⇒ e 0.0359 x = ⇒
= (1.01355) ≈ 1.3 billion is the
20
2572
x ⎛⎜ 2775 ⎞⎟
estimated population in 2020. 0.0359 = ln ⇒
⎝ 2572 ⎠
x − 2000 1 ⎛ 2775 ⎞
(c) We must solve (1.01355) = 1.5 for x. x= ln ≈ 2.1
0.0359 ⎝ ⎜ 2572 ⎠⎟
(1.01355)x − 2000 = 1.5 Out-of-pocket spending on health care

x − 2000
ln (1.01355) = ln1.5 reached $2775 per household during 2006
(x − 2000)ln (1.01355) = ln1.5 (2 years after 2004).
x − 2000 =
ln1.5 36. A (t ) = 769.5e0.0503t
ln1.01355 For 2008, t = 4, so
ln1.5
2000 + ≈ 2030.13 = x
A(4) = 769.5e0.0503( ) ≈ 941
4
ln1.01355
In 2030, it is projected that the population In 2008, personal consumption expenditures
will reach 1.5 billion. will be about $941 billion.
34. P (t) = P0e−0.04t 37. H = 8790e0.0382t
(a) If t = 1, then (a) For 2000, t = 10.
P (1) = 1, 000, 000e−0.04(1) ≈ 960, 789.44 . (10)
H = 8790e0.0382 ≈ $12, 879
The population after 1 year is about (b) For 2005, t = 15.
961,000. (15)
H = 8790e0.0382 ≈ $15, 590
(b) Find t when P (1) = 750, 000.
(c) For 2008, t = 18.
750, 000 = 1,−0.04
000, 000e−0.04t ⇒ 0.75 = e−0.04t (18)
H = 8790e0.0382 ≈ $17, 483
ln 0.75 = ln e t
⇒ ln 0.75 = −0.04t ⇒
t=
ln 0.75
≈ 7.2 38. n ≈ −7600 log r
−0.04 (a) n ≈ −7600 log 0.9 ≈ 347.76
It takes about 7.2 yr for the population to be n is about 350 years.
reduced to 750,000.
(b) n ≈ −7600 log 0.3 ≈ 3973.88
n is about 4000 years.
(c) n ≈ −7600 log 0.5 ≈ 2287.83
About 2300 years have elapsed.

f (t) = 15, 000e−0.05t f (t) = 200 (0.90)

t
39. 43.
(a) At the beginning of the epidemic, t = 0. Find t when f (t) = 50.
f (0) = 15, 000e−0.05(0) = 15, 000
50 = 200 (0.90)
t
At the beginning of the epidemic, 15,000
0.25 = (0.90)
t
people were susceptible.
ln 0.25 = ln ⎡(0.90) ⎤
t
(b) After 10 days, t = 10.
⎣ ⎦
f (0) = 15, 000e−0.05(10) ≈ 9098 ln 0.25 = t ln 0.90
After 10 days, approximately 9098 people ln 0.25 ln 0.25

t= ⇒t = ≈ 13.2
were susceptible. ln 0.90 ln 0.90
(c) After 3 weeks, t = 21. The dose will reach a level of 50 mg in about
13.2 hr.
f (21) = 15, 000e−0.05(21) ≈ 5249
MG0
After three weeks, approximately 5249 44. G (t ) =
people were susceptible. G0 + (M − G0 )e−kMt
40. If the original number of susceptible people is G0 = 100, M = 2500, and k = 0.0004
y0 , then the half-life is the amount of time (2500)(100)
G (t ) =
needed to decrease to y0
2
people. 100 + (2500 − 100)e−(0.0004)(2500)t
250, 000
y0
= y0e −0.05t
f (t) = =
2 100 + 2400e−t
y0 2 1 ⎛1⎞
= = e−0.05t ⇒ ln = −0.05t ⇒ (a)
y0 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2 2
ln ( 1 )
2 = t ⇒ t ≈ 14
−0.0
5
The initial number of people susceptible will

decrease to half its amount in about 14 days.
41. f (t) = 500e0.1t

(a) f (2) = 500e0.1(2) ≈ 611
At two days, the bacteria count is
approximately 611 million.
(b) f (4) = 500e0.1(4) ≈ 746 (b) From the graph, G(2) 590. ≈
At four days, the bacteria count is

approximately 746 million.
(c) f (7) = 500e0.1(7) ≈ 1007

At one week (seven days), the bacteria
count is approximately 1007 million.
250, 000
42. If the original bacteria count is y0 , then the G (2) = ≈ 589
f = 2 y0 = y0e0.1t
doubling time is the amount of time needed to 2 y0 ln 2
increase to 2 y0 bacteria. (t) = 2 = e0.1t ⇒ ln 2 = 0.1t ⇒ =
t⇒ 100 + 2400e−2
(c)
y0 0.1
t ≈ 6.9
The bacteria count will double in about 6.9

days. From the graph, t 2.8.
≈

(continued ) 48. Use the formula for continuous compounding

with r = 0.04, P = 4 and A = 3(4) = 12.
Algebraically we have
250, 000 12 = 4e0.04t ⇒ 3 = e0.04t ⇒ ln 3 = ln e0.04t
1000 = ln 3
100 + 2400e−t ln 3 = 0.04t ⇒ t = ≈ 27.5
2500 0.04
1000 = The cost will triple in about 27.5 yr.
1 + 24e−t
( )
1000 1 + 24e − t = 2500 49. Use the formula for continuous compounding
with r = 0.06.
1000 + 24, 000e−t
−t = 2500
A = Pert ⇒ 2P = Pe0.06t ⇒ 2 = e0.06t ⇒
24, 000e = 1500 ln 2 = ln e0.06t ⇒ ln 2 = 0.06t ⇒

e−t = 0.0625 ln 2
t= ≈ 11.6
ln e−t = ln 0.0625
0.06
−t = ln 0.0625 It will take about 11.6 yr before twice as much
t = − ln 0.0625 ≈ 2.7726 electricity is needed.
45. A (t ) = 100e0.026t 50. Use the formula for continuous compounding
We want to find the year in which the CPI will with r = 0.02.
be 200. A = Pert ⇒ 2P = Pe0.02t ⇒ 2 = e0.02t
200 = 100e0.026t ⇒ 2 = e0.026t ⇒ ln 2 = ln e0.02t ⇒ ln 2 = 0.02t ⇒
ln 2
ln 2 = ln e0.026t ⇒ ln 2 = 0.026t ⇒ t= ≈ 34.7
ln 2 0.02
t= ≈ 26.7
0.026 It will take about 34.7 yr before twice as
Costs will be 100% higher than in 1990 in much electricity is needed.

2016, 26 years after 1990. 0.9
51. f (x) =
46. S (t) = S0e−at 1 + 271e−0.122x
0.9
(a) S (t ) = 50, 000e−0.10t (a) f (25) = ≈ 0.065
S (1) = 50, 000e−0.10(1) = 50, 000e−0.1 1 + 271e−0.122 (25
)
0.9
≈ 45, 200 f (65) = ≈ 0.820
−0.10(3
) −0.3 1 + 271e−0.122(65)
S (3) = 50, 000e = 50, 000e

Among people age 25, 6.5% have some
≈ 37, 000 CHD, while among people age 65, 82%
have some CHD.
(b) S (t ) = 80, 000e−0.05t
S (2) = 80, 000e−0.05(2) = 80, 000e−0.1 (b) 0.50 =

0.9
≈ 72, 400 1 + 271e−0.122 x
S (10) = 80, 000e−0.05(10) = 80, 000e−0.5 (

0.50 1 + 271e −0.122 x = 0.9 )
≈ 48, 500 0.5 + 135.5e−0.122x
0.122x
= 0.9
−0.1t 135.5e − = 0.4
47. S (t) = 50, 000e Find t when S (t) = 25, 000.

0.4
−0
=
e 135.5
.122
x
0.4
25, 000 = 50, 000e−0.1t ⇒ 0.5 = e−0.1t ⇒ ln e−0.122 x = ln
ln 0.5 = ln e−0.1t ⇒ ln 0.5 = −0.1t ⇒ 135.5
0.4
ln 0.5 −0.122x = ln
t= ≈ 6.9 135.5
−0.1 ln 0.4
It will take about 6.9 yr for sales to fall to half x = 135.5 ≈ 47.75
−0.122
the initial sales.
At about 48, the likelihood of coronary
heart disease is 50%.

52. (a) Summary Exercises on Functions:

Domains and Defining Equations
1. f (x) = 3x − 6
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
2. f (x) = 2x − 7
The domain is the set of all real numbers such
)
that 2x − 7 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 7 . Domain: ⎡ 7 , ∞
2 ⎣2
3. f (x) = x + 4
(b) The horizontal asymptote is y = 50. It
x+2
tells us that this tree cannot grow taller 4. f (x) =
than 50 ft. x−6
that x − 6 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 6
Domain: (−∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞)
−2
5. f (x) =
x2 + 7
(c) We can see from the graphing calculator The domain is the set of all real numbers such
that after about 19.4 yr, the tree is 30 ft that x2 + 7 ≠ 0 ⇒ there is no real solution.
tall. Domain: (−∞, ∞)
6. f (x) =
that x2 − 9 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 ≥ 9 ⇒ x ≤ −3 or x ≥ 3
Domain: (−∞, −3] ∪[3, ∞)
This agrees with the algebraic solution.
50 x2 + 7
30 = 1 + 47.5e−0.22x 7. f (x) =
x2 − 9
( )
30 1 + 47.5e−0.22x = 50 The domain is the set of all real numbers such
30 + 1425e−0.22x = 50 that x2 − 9 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −3 or x ≠ 3
1425e−0.22x = 20 Domain: (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)
20
e−0.22x =
1425 8. f (x) = 3 x3 + 7 x − 4
20
ln e−0.22x = ln The domain is the set of all real numbers such
1425 that x3 + 7x − 4 is real. Domain: (−∞, ∞)
20
−0.22x = ln
1425 9. (
f (x) = log 5 16 − x 2 )
20
ln 1425
x= ≈ 19.4 The domain is the set of all real numbers such
−0.22
that 16 − x2 > 0 ⇒ 16 > x2 ⇒ 4 > x and
−4 < x .
Domain: (−4, 4)
Summary Exercises on Functions: Domains and Defining Equations 487
⎛x+7⎞
10. f (x) = log 15. f (x) =
x3 − 1
⎟
x−3 ⎠ The domain is the set of all real numbers such
The domain is the set of all real numbers such that x3 − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x3 ≥ 1 ⇒ x ≥ 1
that x+7 > 0 . x+7 = 0 when x = −7, and x+7 Domain: [1, ∞)
x −3 x −3 x −3
is undefined when x = 3. Use these values to

determine the intervals where x+x 7−3> 0 . 16. f (x) = ln x2 − 5
Value of Sign of
Test x +7 x +7
that x2 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ x2 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ x2 ≠ 5 ⇒
Interval Point x −3 x −3
(– , –7)
∞ –8 1 Positive x ≠ 5 or x ≠ −
11
(–7, 3) 0 – 73 Negative (
Domain: −∞, − 5 ∪ − 5, 5 ∪ ) ( ) ( 5, ∞ )
x +x+4
2
(3, )
∞ 4 11 Positive 17. f (x) = e
The domain is the set of values such that
Domain: (−∞, −7) ∪ (3, ∞) x2 + x + 4 is real. Domain: (−∞, ∞)
11. f (x) = x2 − 7x − 8 x3 − 1
18.
The domain is the set of all real numbers such f (x) = 2
x − 1is the set of all real numbers such
The domain
that x2 − 7x − 8 ≥ 0 . Solve the equation to
x3 −1
find the test intervals: x2 − 7x − 8 = 0 ⇒ that is defined, or x2 − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒
x2 −1
(x − 8)(x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 8 or x = −1 x2 ≠ 1 ⇒ x ≠ 1 or x ≠ −1
Test Value of Sign of Domain: (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1,1) ∪ (1, ∞)
Interval Point x − 7x − 8 x − 7x − 8
2 2
(– , –1)
∞ –2 10 Positive 19. f (x) =
x3 − 1
(–1, 8) 0 −8 Negative The domain is the set of all real numbers such
(8, )
∞ 10 22 Positive that is defined or −1 ≥ 0 . −1 is
x3 −1 x3 −1
Domain: (−∞, −1] ∪[8, ∞)
defined for x3 − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ x3 ≠ 1 ⇒ x ≠ 1
12. f (x) = 21 x
The domain is the set of all real numbers such Value of Sign of
Test −1 −1
Interval Point x3 −1 x3 −1
that 1x is defined, or x ≠ 0
(– , 1)
∞ 0 1 Positive
Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
(1, )
∞ 2 – 17 Negative
1
13. f (x) = Domain: (−∞,1)
2x − x + 7
2

that 2x2 − x + 7 ≠ 0 20. f (x) = 3
x3 − 8
2
−(−1)± (−1) − 4(2)(7) 1± −55
x= 2(2)
= 4
⇒ there are The domain is the set of all real numbers such
that 1 is defined, or

no real solutions. Domain: (−∞, ∞) x3 −8
x − 8 ≠ 0 ⇒ x3 ≠ 8 ⇒ x ≠ 2
3
x2 − 25
Domain: (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
14. f (x) = x+5
that x + 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −5
21. ( )
f (x) = ln x 2 + 1
Domain: (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, ∞)
that x2 + 1 > 0 . Domain: (−∞, ∞)

f (x) = (x − 3)(x + 2)(x − 4) 1

22. 26. f (x) =

that (x − 3)(x + 2)(x − 4) ≥ 0 . Solve to find the The domain is the set of all real numbers such
test intervals: (x − 3)(x + 2)(x − 4) = 0 ⇒ that 21 is defined, or x2 − 7 ≠ 0 ⇒
x −7
x = 3 or x = −2 or x = 4.
Test Value of Sign x2 ≠ 7 ⇒ x ≠ ± 7

Interval Point (x − 3)(x + 2)(x − 4)
(
Domain: −∞, − 7 ∪ − 7 , 7 ∪ ) ( ) ( 7,∞ )
(– , –2)
∞ –3 −42 Negative
(–2, 3) 0 24 Positive
27. f (x) = x100 − x50 + x2 + 5 ; Domain: (−∞, ∞)
(3, 4) 3.5 −1.375 Negative
(4, )
∞ 5 14 Positive 28. f (x) =
Domain: [−2, 3] ∪[4, ∞) that − x2 − 9 ≥ 0 ⇒ −x2 ≥ 9 , which is
impossible. The function is not defined for any
⎛ x + 2 ⎞2 values of x, thus the domain is ∅ .
23. f (x) = log ⎜
⎝ x − 3 ⎟⎠
2 29. f (x) = 4
16 − x4
Since (xx−3+ 2 ) ≥ 0 for all real numbers, the The domain is the set of all real numbers such
domain of f(x) is the set of all real numbers that 16 − x4 ≥ 0 . Solve the equation to find
such that x + 2 ≠ 0 . x + 2 = 0 when x = −2, and
the test intervals: 16 − x4 = 0 ⇒
x −3 x −3
x+2
is undefined when x = 3. (2 − x)(2 + x)(4 + x2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = −2
x −3
Domain: (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) Domain: [−2, 2]
24. f (x) = 12 (4 − x)2 (x + 3) f (x) = 3 16 − x4

The domain is the set of all real numbers such Because the root index is odd, the domain is
that (4 − x)2 (x + 3) ≥ 0 . Solve the equation to the set of all real numbers for which 16 − x4 is
find the test intervals: (4 − x)2 (x + 3) = 0 ⇒ real. Domain: (−∞, ∞)
x = 4 or x = −3. x2 − 2x − 63
Value of
Test
Interval Point (4 − x)2 (x + 3) Sign 30.
Sign of
(– , –3)
∞ –4 −64 Negative Value of
Test 16 − x4
(–3, 4) 0 48 Positive Interval Point 16 − x4
(4, )
∞ 5 8 Positive (– , –2)
∞ –3 −65 Negative
Domain: [−3, 4] ∪[4, ∞) or [−3, ∞)
(–2, 2) 0 16 Positive
(2, )
∞ 3 −65 Negative
31. f (x) =
x2 + x − 12
25. f (x) = e1 x The domain is the set of real numbers such
The domain is the set of all real numbers such tha t1 i s defined, or x
≠0 that x2 − 2x − 63 ≥ 0. x2 − 2x − 63 is not defined for
x2 + x −12 x2 + x −12
x
Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) x2 + x − 12 = 0 ⇒ (x + 4)(x − 3) = 0 ⇒
x2 − 2x − 63 = 0 to find
x ≠ −4 or x ≠ 3 . Solve
x2 + x −12
x2 − 2 x − 63
the test intervals: =0⇒
x2 + x −12
x2 − 2x − 63 = 0 ⇒ (x − 9)(x + 7) = 0 ⇒ x = 9
or x = −7.

Summary Exercises on Functions: Domains and Defining Equations 489
(continued)
f (x) = 6 x − 25
2
37.
Value of The domain is the set of real numbers such
Test x2 − 2x − 63 Sign 2
Interval Point x2 + x −12 that x − 25 is a real number.
(– , –7)
∞ –10 19 Positive x2 − 25 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 ≥ 25 ⇒ x ≥ 5 or x ≤ −5
26
Domain: (−∞, −5] ∪[5, ∞)
(–7, −4) −5 – 72 Negative 3 2
38. f (x) = 6 x −25
(−4, 3) 0 21 Positive
4 The domain is the set of real numbers such
(3, 9) 5 – 83 Negative that is a real number. Because the
the root index is odd, the domain is the set of
(9, )
∞ 10 17 Positive all real numbers for which x2 − 25 is real.
98
Domain: (−∞, −7] ∪ (−4, 3) ∪[9, ∞)
⎛ −3 ⎞
32. f (x) = 5 5 − x 39. f (x) = ln
⎜⎝ (x + 2)(x − 6) ⎠⎟
Because the root index is odd, the domain is
the set of all real numbers for which 5 − x is The domain is the set of real numbers such
real. Domain: (−∞, ∞) −3
that ( x + 2)( x − 6)
> 0 and (x + 2)(x − 6) ≠ 0 ⇒
x ≠ −2 or x ≠ 6 .
33. f (x) = 5− x
The domain is the set of real numbers such Value of Sign of
that 5 − x ≥ 0 ⇒ 5 ≥ x Test −3 −3
Interval Point ( x + 2)( x − 6) ( x + 2)( x − 6)
Domain: (−∞, 5]
(– , –2)
∞ –3 – 13 Negative
−1 (–2, 6) 0 1 Positive
34. f (x) = 4
x−3
(6, )
The domain is the set of real numbers such
that −x1−3≥ 0 and x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 3
Domain: (−2, 6)
Value of
Test −1 Sign −2
x −3 40. f (x) =
Interval Point
log x
(– , 3)
∞ 0 1 Positive The domain is the set of real numbers such
3
that log−2x is defined. log
−2
x
is not defined for
(3, )
x ≤ 0 and for log x = 0 ⇒ x = 1 .

Domain: (−∞, 3) Domain: (0,1) ∪ (1, ∞)
1 41. Choice A can be written as a function of x.
35. f (x) = log
4− x 3x + 2 y = 6 ⇒ y = f (x) = − 32x + 3
42. Choice B can be written as a function of x.
that 1
>0⇒ 1
> 0⇒ 4− x > 0⇒ 4> x
4− x 4− x x2 + y − 2 = 0 ⇒ y = f (x) = − x2 + 2
or − 4−
1
<x 0 ⇒ −4 + x < 0 ⇒ x < 4 that x − 9 is a real number.
2
Domain: (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞) Domain: (−∞, ∞)
f (x) = 6x −9
2
36.
43. C 3
= 5 ⇒ y = f (x) =
h 44. Choice D can be written
o as a function of x.x = 10y
i ⇒ log x = y = f (x)
c
e
C
c
a
n
b
e
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
x
.
x
3
+
y

45. Choice A can be written as a function of x. Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). f −1 (x) = x + 4
2− y 5
x= ⇒ y = f (x) = 2 − 3x Also, an acceptable way of showing that a
y+3 x +1 function is one-to-one is to assume that you
46. Choice B can be written as a function of x. have two equal y-values ( f (x1 ) = f (x2 )) and
e y + 2 = x ⇒ y = f (x) = ln x − 2 show that they must have come from the same
x-value (x1 = x2 ).
47. Choice D can be written as a function of x.
1 f (x1) = f (x2 ) ⇒ 5x1 − 4 = 5x2 − 4 ⇒
2x = ⇒ y = f (x) = 3 1
3 2x 5x1 = 5x2 ⇒ x1 = x2
y
48. Choice C can be written as a function of x.
1 1 4. y = x3 + 1
x = ⇒ y = f (x) = Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83,
y x
49. Choice C can be written as a function of x. line passed through the function will intersect
x y 9x the graph in at most one place.
− = 0 ⇒ y = f (x) =
4 9 4
50. Choice B can be written as a function of x.
y − (x + 2)2 = 0 ⇒ y = f (x) = (x + 2)2
If we attempt to find the inverse function, we

Chapter 4 Review Exercises
see that this function can be found.
1. This is not a one-to-one function since a Step 1: Interchange x and y. x = y3 + 1
horizontal line can intersect the graph in more
than one point.
x = y3 + 1 ⇒ x − 1 = y3 ⇒ y =3 x − 1
2. This is a one-to-one function since every
horizontal line intersects the graph in no more Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x).
than one point. f − 1 (x ) = 3
x −1
3. y = 5x − 4 Also, an acceptable way of showing that a

Looking at this function graphed on a TI-83, function is one-to-one is to assume that you
we can see that it appears that any horizontal have two equal y-values ( f (x1 ) = f (x2 )) and
line passed through the function will intersect show that they must have come from the same
the graph in at most one place. x-value (x = x ).
1 2
f (x1) = f (x2 ) ⇒ = 3 x2 − 1 ⇒
3 x1 − 1
( ) ( )
3 3
3 x1 − 1 = 3 x2 − 1 ⇒ 3 x1 − 1 = 3 x2 − 1 ⇒
x1 − 1 = x2 − 1 ⇒ x1 = x 2
If we attempt to find the inverse function, we
5. y = (x + 3)
2
see that this function can be found.
Step 1: Interchange x and y. x = 5 y − 4
If x = −2, y = (−2 + 3) = 12 = 1.
2
x+4
If x = −4, y = (−4 + 3) = (−1) = 1.
2 2
x = 5y − 4 ⇒ x + 4 = 5y ⇒ y =

5
Since two different values of x lead to the same
value of y, the function is not one-to-one.

Chapter 4 Review Exercises 491
6. y = 3x2 + 2 14. y = ex
The point (0, 1) is on the graph since e0 = 1, so
If x = 1, y = =
the correct choice must be either A or D. Since
= = 5. If x = −1, y = the base is e and e > 1, y = ex is an increasing
= 3 (1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5. Since two

function, and so the correct choice must be A.
15. y = ln x = loge x
different values of x lead to the same value of
y, the function is not one-to-one. The point (1, 0) is on the graph of every
function of the form y = loga x, so the correct
7. f (x ) = x 3 − 3 choice must be either B or C. Since the base is
This function is one-to-one. a = e and e > 1, y = ln x is an increasing
Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and interchange function, and so the correct choice must be C.
x and y. y = x3 − 3 ⇒ x = y3 − 3 16. y = (0.3)x
Step 2: Solve for y. The point (0, 1) is on the graph since

x = y3 − 3 ⇒ x + 3 = y3 ⇒ y = 3 x + 3 (0.3)0 = 1, so the correct choice must be either
Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x). A or D. Since the base is 0.3 and 0 < 0.3 < 1,
y = (0.3)x is a decreasing function, and so the
f −1 (x ) = 3 x + 3 correct choice must be D.
8. f (x) = 25 − x2 17. 25 = 32 is written in logarithmic form as

log2 32 = 5.
If x = 4, y = 25 − 42 = 25 − 16 = 9 = 3.
18. 1001/ 2 = 10 is written in logarithmic form as
If x = −4, y = = 25 − 16
log100 10 = 1 .
= 9 = 3. Since two different values of x lead 2
to the same value of y, the function is not one-

to-one. Thus, f has no inverse function.
19. ( 34 )−1 = 43 is written in logarithmic form as
log3/ 4 4
= −1.
9. f −1 ($50, 000) represents the number of years 3
x+2
after 2004 required for the investment to reach 20. The y-intercept of f (x) = (1.5) is
$50,000.
f (0) = (1.5) = 1.52 = 2.25 and the x-axis is
0+ 2
10. The two graphs are reflections of each other
across the line y = x; thus, they are inverses of a horizontal asymptote. Make a table of
each other. values, plot the points, and draw a smooth
curve through them.
11. To have an inverse, a function must be a one-
to-one function.
x f (x )
12. Yes. In addition, if the function is one-to-one
and has an inverse, the function will have at −4 ≈ 0.44
most one x-intercept and the inverse function −3 ≈ 0.67
will have at most one y-intercept. −2.5 ≈ 0.82
−2 1
−1.5 ≈ 1.22
13. y = log.3 x −1 1.5
The point (1, 0) is on the graph of every 0 2.25
function of the form y = loga x, so the correct 21. log1000 = 3 is written in exponential form as
choice must be either B or C. Since the base is

103 = 1000.
a = 0.3 and 0 < 0.3 < 1, y = log.3 x is a
decreasing function, and so the correct choice 22. log9 27 = 32 is written in exponential form as
must be B.
93/ 2 = 27.

23. ln e = 12 is written in exponential form as 35. 16 =8 ⇒ 2 ( ) ( )

= 2 ⇒
x+4 3 3x − 2
x+4 3x − 2 4
e 12 = e. 24x+16 = 29x−6 ⇒ 4x + 16 = 9x − 6 ⇒
24. Let f (x) = loga x be the required function. 22 = 5x ⇒ 22

=x
5
Then f (81) = 4 ⇒ loga 81 = 4 ⇒ a = 81 ⇒ 4 Solution set: { } 22
a4 = 34 ⇒ a = 3. The base is 3.
25. Let f (x) = ax be the required function. Then
36. 4 x = 12 ⇒ log 4 x ( )log12
= log12 ⇒
f (−4) =161 ⇒ a−4 = 161 ⇒ a−4 = 2−4 ⇒ a = 2. x log 4 = log12 ⇒ x = ≈ 1.792

log 4
The base is 2. 37. 32x−5 = 13 ⇒ ln 32x−5 = ln13 ⇒
ln13
(
26. log 5 x 2 y 4 5 m3 p ) (2x − 5) ln 3 = ln13 ⇒ 2x − 5 =
ln 3
⇒
ln13 1⎛ ln13 ⎞
(
= log ⎡ x 2 y 4 m3 p 1/ 5 ⎤ ) 2x = 5 + ⇒x= 5+ ≈ 3.667
5⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎜ ⎟
⎣ ln 3 2 ⎝ ln 3 ⎠
= log x2 + log y4 + log
(m p ) or
3 1/ 5
5 5 5
32x−5 = 13 ⇒ ln 32x−5 = ln13 ⇒
= 2 log 5 x + 4 log 5 y + 1
5 (log 5 m3 p ) (2x − 5) ln 3 = ln13 ⇒ 2x ln 3 − 5 ln 3 = ln13 ⇒
= 2 log 5 x + 4 log 5 y + 1
5 (log 5 m3 + log 5 p ) x ln 32 − ln 35 = ln13 ⇒
x ln 9 − ln 243 = ln13 ⇒
5(
= 2 log5 x + 4 log5 y + 1
3log5 m + log5 p)
x ln 9 = ln13 + ln 243 ⇒ x ln 9 = ln 3159 ⇒
mn ln 3159
x= ≈ 3.667
27. log 3 5r = log 3 mn − log3 5r ln 9
= log3 m + log3 n − (log3 5 + log3 r) Solution set: {3.667}

= log3 m + log3 n − log3 5 − log3 r 38. 2x+3 = 5x ⇒ ln 2x+3 = ln 5x
(x + 3) ln 2 = x ln 5
28. log7 (7k + 5r 2 )
x ln 2 + 3ln 2 = x ln 5
Since this is the logarithm of a sum, this x ln 2 − x ln 5 = −3ln 2
expression cannot be simplified. x (ln 2 − ln 5) = − ln 23
− ln 8
29. log 0.0411 ≈ –1.3862 ( )
x ln 2 = − ln 8 ⇒ x = ≈ 2.269
5
30. log 45.6 ≈ 1.6590
5 ln 2
31. ln 144,000 ≈ 11.8776 Solution set: {2.269}
32. ln 470 ≈ 6.1527 39. 6x+3 = 4x ⇒ ln 6x+3 = ln 4x ⇒

(x + 3) ln 6 = x ln 4
33. To find log2/3 58 , use the change-of-base x ln 6 + 3ln 6 = x ln 4
theorem. We have x ln 6 − x ln 4 = −3ln 6
5 log 5 ln 5 x(ln6 − ln 4) = −3ln6 ⇒ x ln 6 ( ) = − ln 6 3

⇒
log2/3 = 8
= 8
≈ 1.1592. 4
8 log 2 ln 2 ( )
x ln 3 = − ln 216
3 3 2
− ln 216
34. To find log3 769, use the change-of-base x= ≈ −13.257
ln 23
theorem. We have
log 769 ln 769 Solution set: {–13.257}
log3 769 = = ≈ 6.0486.

log 3 ln 3 40. ex−1 = 4 ⇒ ln ex−1 = ln4 ⇒ x − 1 = ln4 ⇒
x = ln 4 + 1 ≈ 2.386

100 (1.02)
x /4
41. e2− x = 12 ⇒ ln e2− x = ln12 ⇒ = 200 ⇒ 1.02x / 4 = 2 ⇒
48.
2 − x = ln12 ⇒ −x = −2 + ln12 ⇒
x = 2 − ln12 ≈ −0.485
( )
ln 1.02 x / 4 = ln 2 ⇒ x4 ln (1.02 ) = ln 2 ⇒
x ln (1.02) = 4 ln 2 ⇒ x ln (1.02) = ln 24 ⇒
x ln (1.02) = ln16 ⇒
42. 2e5x+2 = 8 ⇒ e5x+2 = 4 ⇒ ln16
x= ≈ 140.011
ln e5x+2 = ln 4 ⇒ 5x + 2 = ln 4 ⇒ ln (1.02)
5x = ln4 − 2 ⇒ x = 51 (ln4 − 2) ≈ −0.123 Solution set: {140.011}

43. 10e3x −7 = 5 ⇒ e3x − 7 = 49. 2e2x − 5exx − 3 = 0
1 ⇒
2 Let u = e .
ln e3x −7 = ln 1 ⇒ 3x − 7 = ln 1 ⇒ 2u2 − 5u − 3 = 0
2 2
(ln )
2 3 2
3x = ln 1 + 7 ⇒ x = 1 1
+ 7 ≈ 2.102 (u − 3)(2u + 1) = 0
Solution set: {2.102} u −3= 0 2u + 1 = 0
44. x+2 2 x −1 u=3 2u = −1
5 =2
1
ex = 3 u=−
ln 5x + 2 = ln 22 x −1 2
ln ex = ln 3
(x + 2) ln 5 = (2x − 1) ln 2 ex = −
1
x = ln 3
x ln 5 + 2 ln 5 = 2x ln 2 − ln 2 2
x ln 5 + ln 52 = x ln 22 − ln 2 Disregard the proposed solution − 12 because

x ln 5 + ln 25 = x ln4 − ln 2
ln 25 + ln 2 = x ln 4 − x ln 5 ex is always positive.
ln 25 + ln 2 = x (ln 4 − ln 5) Solution set: {ln 3}
ln 25 + ln 2 ln (25 ⋅ 2) ⎛ 1 ⎞x ⎛ 1 ⎞x
= =x 50. ⎜ ⎟ + 2 = 0 ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = −2 ⇒
ln 4 − ln 5 ln 45 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
ln 50
x= ≈ −17.531 ⎛ 1 ⎞x
ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln(−2)
4
ln 5
⎝2 ⎠
Solution set: {–17.531} ln (−2) is undefined, so there is no solution.
Solution set: ∅
45. 6x −3 = 34 x +1
ln 6x −3 = ln 34x +1 51. 4 (1.06) + 2 = 8 ⇒ 4 (1.06) = 6 ⇒
x x
(x − 3)ln 6 = (4x + 1)ln 3

x ln 6 − 3ln 6 = 4x ln 3 + ln 3
(1.06)x = 1.5 ⇒ ln (1.06 x ) = ln1.5 ⇒
ln1.5
x ln 6 − ln 63 = x ln 34 + ln 3 x ln1.06 = ln1.5 ⇒ x = ≈ 6.959
x ln 6 − ln 216 = x ln 81 + ln 3 ln1.06
46. x ln 6 − x ln 81 = ln 3 + ln 216
x (ln 6 − ln 81) = ln 3 + ln 216
ln 3 + ln 216 ln (3 ⋅ 216)
x= =
81
ln 6 − ln 81 ln 6
ln 648
2
= x ≈ −2.487
ln 27

e8x ⋅ 52. Substituting log5 9 for x
e2 x = gives 5log5 9 = 9, sochoice
e20 A is a solution.
⇒ Solving the equation gives
e10 x
= e20
( )
5 x = 9 ⇒ log 5 x = log 9 ⇒ x log 5
⇒ = log 9 ⇒
1 log 9
0 x=
log 5
x
= Thus, choice C is a solution.
2 We can show thatchoice D is
0 also a solution similarly.
⇒ 53. 3ln x = 13 ⇒ ln x = 13
⇒ x = e13 3 3
x
=
2
{e }
Solution set: {2}
13 3
Solution set:
47. e ⋅ e = e ⇒ e
6x x 21 7x
= e ⇒ 7x = 21 ⇒ x = 3
21
Solution set: {3}

63. ln (6x) − ln (x + 1) = ln 4
16
54. ln(5x) = 16 ⇒ 5x = e16 ⇒ x = e
{ } 6x 6x
Solution set: e16 ln x + 1 = ln 4 ⇒ x + 1 = 4
5
6x = 4 (x + 1)
55. log(2x + 7) = 0.25 ⇒ 2x + 7 = 100.25 = 4 10 ⇒ 6x = 4x + 4
x=
4
10 −7 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2
{ }
2 4
10 − 7 Solution set: {2}
Solution set:
2
64. log16 = 1
⇒
4 = 161/ 4
( ) = (16 )
2 2
56. ln x + ln x = 12 ⇒ ln x + 3ln x = 12 ⇒
3
x +1 1/4
⇒ x + 1 = 161/2
4 ln x = 12 ⇒ ln x = 3 ⇒ x = e3 x + 1 = 16 = 4 ⇒ x = 3
Solution set: {e }
3 Since the solution involves squaring both
sides, the proposed solution must be checked
( )
57. log 2 x 3 + 5 = 5 ⇒ x 3 + 5 = 25 ⇒ x 3 = 27 ⇒
in the original equation.
Check x = 3.
x=3
Solution set: {3} log16 x + 1 = 14
?
log 3 + 1 = 1 ⇒ log
2 2 3 2 = 1
( )
58. log 3 x – 9 = 3 ⇒ x – 9 = 3 ⇒ x = 36 ⇒ 16 4 16
4
4
x = ±6 log16 4 1/ 2
= 1
⇒ log16 4 =
1 1
4 2 4
Solution set: {−6, 6} 1
log16 16 = 1
⇒ 1 log16 161/ 2 = 1
2 4 2 4
59. log 4 ⎡⎣(3x + 1)( x − 4)⎤⎦ = 2 ⇒

1
2
⋅ 12 = 1
4
⇒ 1
4
= 14
(3x + 1)(x − 4) = 42 ⇒ 3x2 − 11x − 4 = 16 ⇒ This is a true statement. Therefore, 3 is a

solution.
3x2 − 11x − 20 = 0 ⇒ (3x + 4 )( x − 5) = 0 ⇒ Solution set: {3}
x = − 43 or x = 5 ( )
65. ln ⎡ ln e− x ⎤ = ln 3
Solution set: { − , 5}
4
3
⎣ ⎦
ln (−x) = ln 3 ⇒ −x = 3 ⇒ x = −3
60. ln eln x − ln (x − 4) = ln 3 ⇒ Solution set: {–3}
x ⎛ n⎞
ln x − ln ( x − 4) = ln 3 ⇒ ln = ln 3 ⇒
x−4 66. S = a ln ⎜1 + ⎟ for n
x ⎝ a⎠
S ⎛ n⎞ n
x − 4 = 3 ⇒ x = 3x − 12 ⇒ −2x = −12 ⇒ = ln 1 + ⇒ eS /a = 1 + ⇒
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
x=6 a a a
Solution set: {6}

eS / a − 1 =
n
⇒ n = a eS / a − 1( )
61. log x + log(13 − 3x) = 1 ⇒
a
log[x(13 − 3x)] = 1 ⇒ 13x − 3x = 10 ⇒ 2 1
d ⎛I⎞
d /10 I
13x − 3x2 = 10 ⇒ 3x2 − 13x + 10 = 0 ⇒ 67.
(3x − 10)(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 10 or x = 1 = logd /10
⎜⎝ I 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 10 =I 0 ⇒
10 I
3
(
I 0 10 ) = I ⇒ I0 =
Solution set: {1, }
10
3
10d /10
68. D = 200 + 100 log x, for x D − 2

62. log7 (3x + 2) − log7 (x − 2) = 1 ⇒ D − 200
= D − 2 = log x ⇒ 10 100 = x
log 3x + 2 = 1 ⇒ 3x + 2 = 71 ⇒ 100 100
7
x−2 x−2
3x + 2 = 7(x − 2) ⇒ 3x + 2 = 7x − 14 ⇒
−4x = −16 ⇒ x = 4
Solution set: {4}

69. For 86 decibels, we have

I I
86 = 10 log ⇒ = 108.6 ⇒ I = 108.6 I0.
I0 I0
To compare these intensities, find their ratio.

108.9 I 8.9−8.6 0.3
=
10 = 10 ≈ 2
Solution set: {1.315} 108.6 I0
From this calculation, we see that 89 decibels
70. (a) 7.5 = log I
⇒
I = 107.5 ⇒ is about twice as loud as 86 decibels. This is a
10
I0 I0 100% increase.
I = 10 I0 ≈ 31, 622, 776.6I0
7.5 73. Substitute A = 5760, P = 3500, t = 10, n = 1
The magnitude was about 31, 600, 000I0. (
into the formula A = P 1 + r
n )tn .
I I ⎛ r ⎞10(1) 288 10
(b) 7.9 = log10 ⇒ = 10 ⇒ 7.9 5760 = 3500 ⎜1 +

I0 I0 ⎝ ⎟ ⇒ = (1 + r) ⇒
1⎠ 175
I = 107.9 I 0 ≈ 79, 432, 823.5I 0 ⎛ 288 ⎞1/10 ⎛ 288 ⎞1/10
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =1+ r ⇒ ⎜ −1 = r ⇒
The magnitude was about 79, 400, 000I0. 175 ⎝ 175 ⎠⎟
r ≈ 0.051
(c) Consider the ratio of the magnitudes. The annual interest rate, to the nearest tenth, is
79, 400, 000I0 794 5.1%.
= ≈ 2.51
31, 600, 000I0 316 74. Substitute P = 48,000, A = 58,344, r = 0.05,
( )
The earthquake with a measure of 7.9 was tn
about 2.51 times as great as the and n = 2 into the formula A = P 1 + r
n
.
earthquake that measured 7.6. ⎛
58, 344 = 48, 000 1 + 0.05 ⎞⎟ ⇒
t(2)
⎜
71. (a) 8.3 = log I I = 108.3 ⇒ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⇒
58, 344 = 48, 000 (1.025) ⇒

10 2t
I0 I0
I = 108.3 I0 ≈ 199, 526, 231.5I0 1.2155 = (1.025) ⇒ ln1.2155 = ln (1.025) ⇒

2t 2t
The magnitude was about 200, 000, 000I0. ln1.2155

ln1.2155 = 2t ln1.025 ⇒ t = ≈ 4.0
(b) I I 7.1 2 ln1.025
7.1 = log10 ⇒ = 10 ⇒ $48,000 will increase to $58,344 in about

I0 I0 4.0 yr.
I = 107.1 I0 ≈ 12, 589, 254.12I0

75. First, substitute P = 10,000, r = 0.04, t = 12, and
The magnitude was about 13, 000, 000I0.
n = 1 into the formula A = P 1 + rn .
12(1)
( )tn
(c) 200, 000, 000I0 200 ⎛ 0.04 ⎞ 12
= ≈ 15.38
13, 000, 000I0 13 A = 10, 000 ⎜1 +
⎝
⎟ = 10, 000 ( 1.04 )
1 ⎠
The 1906 earthquake had a magnitude
≈ 16, 010.32
more than 15 times greater than the 1989
earthquake. Note: If the more precise After the first 12 years, there will be about
values found in parts (a) and (b) were $16,010.32 in the account. To finish off the 21-
used, the 1906 earthquake had a year period, substitute P =16,010.32, r = 0.05,
magnitude of almost 16 times greater than
the 1989 earthquake.
t = 9, and n = 2 into the formula A = P 1 + ( r
n )tn .
⎛
72. For 89 decibels, we have A = 16, 010.32 1 + 0.05 ⎞⎟ 9(2)
⎜⎝ 2⎠
I I
89 = 10 log ⇒ 8.9 = log ⇒
= 16, 010.32 (1.025)
18
I0 I0 ≈ 24, 970.64
I
= 108.9 ⇒ I = 108.9 I0 . (continued on next page)
I0

(continued) (b) A (t ) = 350 log (t + 1)

At the end of the 21-year period, about
$60,606.76 would be in the account. Note: If it
was possible to transfer the money accrued after
the 12 years to the new account without
rounding, the amount after the 21-year period
would be $60,606.77. The difference is not
significant.
A(t ) = 350 (0.75)
t
(c)
76. First, substitute P = 12,000, r = 0.05, t = 8, and
( )
n tn
n = 1 into the formula A = P 1 + r
.
⎛ 0.05 ⎞8(1) 8
A = 12, 000 ⎜1 + = 12, 000 (1.05)
⎝ ⎟
≈ 17, 729.47 1 ⎠
After the first 8 yr, there would be $17,729.47

(d) A(t ) = 100 (0.95)
t
in the account. To finish off the 14-year
period, substitute P = 17,729.47, r = 0.06, t =
( )
n tn
6, and n = 1 into the formula A = P 1 + r
.
⎛
A = 17, 729.47 1 + 0.06 ⎟⎞
6(1)
⎜
⎝ 1 ⎠
= 17, 729.47 (1.06) ≈ 25,149.59
6
Function (c) best describes A (t ).
At the end of the 14-year period, $25,149.59
would be in the account. 79. Double the 2010 total payroll is
2 (146.6) = 293.2. Using the function
77. To find t, substitute a = 2, P = 1, and r = 0.04
into A = Pert and solve. f (x) = 113.2e0.0836x , we solve for x when
2 = 1⋅ e0.04t ⇒ 2 = e0.04t ⇒ ln 2 = ln e0.04t ⇒ f (x) = 293.2.

ln 2
ln 2 = 0.04t ⇒ t = ≈ 17.3 113.2e0.0836x = 293.2 ⇒ e0.0836x =
293.2
⇒
0.04 113.2
It would take about 17.3 yr. 293.2 293.2
ln e0.0836x = ln ⇒ 0.0836x = ln ⇒
78. For each of the following parts the window is 113.2 113.2
293.2
as follows. ln 113.2
x= ≈ 11.4
0.0836
Since x represents the number of years since
2007, in 2018 the total payroll will be double
that in 2010.
(a) A(t ) = t2 − t + 350

80. (a) Plot the year on the x-axis and the number 81. (a) We must determine how much money will
of processors on the y-axis. Let x = 0 be in the account after 35 years. The
correspond to the year 1985. money is being compounded continuously,
Year x Transistors so we use A = Pert .

1985 0 275,000
A = 5000e0.04⋅35 ≈ $20, 076
1989 4 1,200,000
After paying 25% of this for taxes, there is
1994 9 3,300,000 20, 076 ⋅ 0.75 = $15, 207 remaining.
1999 14 9,500,000
(b) A = 3750e0.03⋅35 ≈ $10, 716.19
2000 15 42,000,000
You will have about $10,716.19.
2006 21 291,000,000
(c) You will have $20,076 − $10,716 = $4491
2008 23 820,000,000 more money with the IRA.
(d) A = 3750e0.04⋅35 ≈ $15, 207

The two balances are the same.
82. (
f ( x ) = log 4 2x 2 − x )
(a) Use the change-of-base theorem with
base e to write the function as
(b) The data are clearly not linear and do not (
ln 2x 2 − x )
level off like a logarithmic function. The f (x) = .
data are increasing at a faster rate as x ln 4
increases. Of the three choices, an (b)
exponential function will describe this
data best.
(c) Using the exponential regression feature
on the TI graphing calculator, we have if
f (x) = a (b) , then
x
f (x) ≈ 220, 034 (1.402) . Other answers

x
are possible using the techniques

described in this chapter.
(c) From the graph, the x-intercepts are − 12

and 1.
(d) Since 2012 − 1985 = 27 we can predict the

number of transistors on a chip in the year
2010 by evaluating f (27).
f (27) ≈ 220, 034 (1.402)

27
≈ 2, 016, 900, 000 (d) From the graph, the vertical asymptotes
There will be approximately are x = 0 and x = 12 . This be can verified
2,016,900,000 transistors on a chip in the
year 2012. algebraically. The vertical asymptotes
will occur when 2x2 − x = 0.
2x2 − x = 0 ⇒ x (2x − 1) = 0 ⇒
x = 0 or x = 1
2

(e) To make a y-intercept, x = 0 must be in These graphs are reflections of each other
the domain, which is not the case here. across the line y = x.
2. (a) y = log1/ 3 x
Chapter 4 Test
The point (1, 0) is on the graph of every
1. (a) f (x) = 3 2x − 7 function of the form y = loga x, so the
Since it is a cube root, 2x – 7 may be any correct choice must be either B or C.
13 13
real number. Since the base is a = and 0 < < 1,
Domain: (−∞, ∞) y = log1/ 3 x is a decreasing function, and

Since the cube root of any real number is so the correct choice must be B.
also any real number.
Range: (−∞, ∞) (b) y = ex
The point (0, 1) is on the graph since
e0 = 1, so the correct choice must be
either A or D. Since the base is e and

e > 1, y = ex is an increasing function,
and so the correct choice must be A.
(c) y = ln x or y = loge x
The point (1, 0) is on the graph of every
function of the form y = loga x, so the
correct choice must be B or C. Since the
base is a = e and e > 1, y = ln x is an
increasing function, and the correct

(b) f (x) = 3 2x − 7 choice must be C.
The graph of f passes the horizontal line
( 13 )
x
test, and thus is a one-to-one function. (d) y =
(c) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and The point (0, 1) is on the graph since
interchange x and y. ( 1 )0 = 1, so the correct choice must be

3 2y − 7
3
y = 3 2x − 7 ⇒ x = either A or D. Since the base is 1 and
Step 2: Solve for y. 3
( ) ( 13)
3 x
x = 3 2 y − 7 ⇒ x3 = 3 2y − 7 ⇒ 0< 1
3 < 1, y = is a decreasing
x3 + 7 function, and so the correct choice must

x3 = 2 y − 7 ⇒ x3 + 7 = 2 y ⇒ =y be D.
2

( 1 )2x −3 = 16 x +1 ⇒ (2−3 ) ( )
2x −3 x +1
3. = 24 ⇒
8
x3 + 7 −3(2x −3)
= 24( x +1) ⇒ 2− 6x + 9 = 24x + 4 ⇒
f −1 (x) = 2
2 – 6x + 9 = 4x + 4 ⇒ −10x + 9 = 4 ⇒
(d) Since the domain and range of f are ( −∞, ∞), the domain and range of
are also (−∞, ∞). −10x = −5 ⇒ x = 1
2
f −1 Solution set: {}
1
2
4. (a) 43/ 2 = 8 is written in logarithmic form as

(e) log4 8 = 3 .
2
(b) log8 4 = 2 is written in exponential form

3
as 8 2/3
= 4.

Chapter 4 Test 499
5. They are inverses of each other. 15. e0.4 x = 4x − 2

0.4x = (x − 2) ln 4
0.4x = x ln4 − 2 ln4
0.4x − x ln4 = −2 ln4
x(0.4 − ln 4) = −2 ln 4
−2 ln 4
x= ≈ 2.811
0.4 − ln 4
x2 4 y 2 3
6. log7 3 = log7 x + log7 4 y − log7 z 16. 2e2x − 5exx + 3 = 0
z
= log7 x2 + log7 y1/ 4 − log7 z3 Let u = e .
= 2 log7 x + 14 log7 y − 3log7 z 2u2 − 5u + 3 = 0

(u − 1)(2u − 3) = 0
7. log 2388 ≈ 3.3780 u −1 = 0 2u − 3 = 0
8. ln 2388 ≈ 7.7782 u =1 u= 3
2
ln13 log13 ex = 1 ex = 3
9. log 13 = = ≈ 1.1674 x 2 3
ln ex = ln1 3
9
ln 9 log 9 x=0 ln e = ln 2
⇒ x = ln 2
23 23 32 32 {
Solution set: 0, ln } or {0, 0.405}
3
10. x = 25 ⇒ x ( ) = ±25 ⇒
9
2
9 3
x = (±5) = ±125
3
17. log = 2 ⇒ x2 = ⇒x=±
Solution set: {±125}

x
16 16 4
Since it is not possible for a logarithm to have
a negative base, we reject the negative
11. 12x = 1 ⇒ x log12 = log1 ⇒ x log12 = 0 ⇒
x=0
Solution set: {0}
solution. Solution set: {}
3
4
18. log2 (x − 4)(x − 2) = 3

log 4
12. 9 = 4 ⇒ x log 9 = log 4 ⇒ x = ≈ 0.631 (x − 4)(x − 2) = 23
x
log 9
x2 − 6x + 8 = 8
x2 − 6x = 0
13. 162 x +1 = 83x ⇒ 2 ( ) = 2 ( ) ⇒
4 2x +1 3 3x
x (x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 6
4 (2x + 1) = 3(3x) = 8x + 4 = 9x ⇒ x = 4 Solution set: {0, 6}
Solution set: {4} 19. log2 x + log2 (x + 2) = 3 ⇒ log2[x(x + 2)] = 3
14. 2 =3x +1 x−4 x2 + 2x = 23 ⇒ x2 + 2x − 8 = 0
(x + 1) log 2 = (x − 4) log 3 (x + 4)(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = −4 or x = 2
x log 2 + log 2 = x log 3 − 4 log 3 Since the negative solution is not in the
x log 2 − x log 3 = − log 2 − 4 log 3 domain it must be discarded.
x(log 2 − log 3) = − log 2 − 4 log 3 Solution set: {2}
− log 2 − 4 log 3
x=
log 2 − log 3
≈ 12.548 20. ln x − 4 ln 3 = ln ( 51 x)
x
Solution set: {12.548} ln x − ln 34 = ln
5

x x x
ln x − ln 81 = ln ⇒ ln = ln
5 81 5
5
x
=
x
⇒ = 1 ⇒ there is no
81 5 81
solution.
Solution set: ∅

21. log3 (x + 1) − log3 (x − 3) = 2 (b) Substitute P = 5000, A = 18,000, and
log x + 1 = 2 r = 0.038, and into the formula A = Pert .

3
x−3 18, 000 = 5000e0.038t ⇒ 3.6 = e0.038t ⇒
x +1 x +1 ln 3.6 = ln e0.038t ⇒ ln 3.6 = 0.038t ⇒
=3 ⇒ 2
=9
x−3 x−3 ln 3.6
x + 1 = 9(x − 3) t= ≈ 33.7
x + 1 = 9x − 27 0.038
It will take about 33.7 years.
−8x = −28 ⇒ x = 28
= 7
{}
8 2
7 25. Substitute A = 3P and r = 0.038 into the
Solution set:
rt
2
continuous compounding formula A = Pe ,
22. Answers will vary. then solve for t:
log5 27 is the exponent to which 5 must be A = Pert
raised in order to obtain 27. To approximate 3P = Pe0.038t ⇒ 3 = e0.038t ⇒
log5 27 on your calculator, use the change-of-
ln 3 = ln e0.038t ⇒ ln 3 = 0.038t ⇒
base formula; log 27 = log 27 = ln 27 ≈ 2.048. ln 3
5 log 5 ln 5 = t ⇒ t ≈ 28.9
0.038
23. v(t) = 176(1 − e−0.18t ) It will take about 28.9 years for any amount of
Find the time t at which v(t) = 147. money to triple at 3.8% annual interest.
147 = 176(1 − e−0.18t ) ⇒ 176

147
= 1 − e−0.18t ⇒ 26. A (t ) = 600e−0.05t
−e−0.18t = 176
147 − 1 ⇒ −e−0.18t = − 29
176 (a) A(12) = 600e −0.05(12 = 600e −0. ≈ 329.3
) 6
e−0.18t = ⇒ ln e−0.18t = ln 176

29
176
29 ⇒
The amount of radioactive material
29
−0.18t = ln 29 ⇒ t = ln176 ≈ 10.02 present after 12 days is about 329.3 g.
176 −0.18 (b) Since
It will take the skydiver about 10 sec to attain

the speed of 147 ft per sec (100 mph). A(0) = 600e−0.05(0) = 600e0 = 600 g is
the amount initially present, we seek to

24. (a) Substitute P = 5000, A = 18,000, r =
find t when A(t) = 1 (600) = 300 g is
0.038, and n = 12 into the formula
2
A = P 1+ r . present.
( n)
tn
300 = 600e−0.05t ⇒ 0.5 = e−0.05t ⇒
18, 000 = 5000 1 + ( 0.038

12 )t (12) ln 0.5 = ln e−0.05t ⇒ ln 0.5 = −0.05t ⇒
ln 0.5
t= ≈ 13.9
3.6 = 1 + ( 0.038
12 )12t
−0.05
ln 3.6 = ln 1 + ( 0.038
12 )12t The half-life of the material is about 13.9
days.
ln 3.6 = 12t ln 1 + 0.038 ( 12 )
ln 3.6
t= ≈ 33.8
12 ln 1 + ( 0.038
12 )
It will take about 33.8 years.

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Essentials of College Algebra 11th

Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Full download link at:

Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-essentials-of-

Solution manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-

4a = 4b ⇒ a = b . So the function is one-to- So, the function is one-to-one.

414 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. y = 3x3 − 6 We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies

the graph in at most one place. 8) ⇒ b − 8

17. y = 2(x + 1)2 − 6

We could also show that f (a) = f (a) implies

So, the function is one-to-one. So, the function is not one-to-one.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

(continued) 26. If the point (a, b) lies on the graph of f, and f

Looking at this function graphed on a TI-84, of f −1 may be obtained by reflecting the

then f −1 (6) = −3.

30. If f (−4) = 16 and f (4) = 16, then f does not

have an inverse because it is not one-to-one.

(5, 3) is not on g(x) (there is another

and the range of f is equal to the domain of each other.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. f (x) = 2x + 4, g (x) = 1

(g ∘ f )( x ) =21 (2x + 4) − 2 = x + 2 − 2 = x 4 ( x+4 )

(g ∘ f )( x ) =31 (3x + 9) − 3 = x + 3 − 3 = x Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these

43. f (x) = −3x + 12, g (x) = − 1 x − 12 x+6 x

Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not 12x + 2 6x + 1

Since ( f ∘ g )( x ) ≠ x , the functions are not

Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these = x = x = x for [0, ∞)

functions are inverses. Since ( f ∘ g)(x) = x and (g ∘ f )(x) = x , these

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. f ( x ) = x + 8 , domain [–8, ); ∞

( f ∘ g )( x ) = y-intercept –4. Since f −1 (x) = 1 x + 4 ,

3 The function, f (x) = 4x − 5, is one-to-one.

(a) Step 1: Interchange x and y: x = 3y − 4

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ) . This function is one-to-one.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

(continued) (c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain

Step 2: Solve for y. is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

f −1 (x) = − 41 x + 34 interchange x and y.

and y-intercept 34.

is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

62. f (x) = −6x − 8

−6 is (– , ) and the range is (– , ).

6 3 (a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and

(b) The graph of the original function, interchange x and y.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

(c) For both f (x) and f −1(x) , the domain

and range are both (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).

This is not a one-to-one function since two

so this function is not one-to-one. Thus, the Step 2: Solve for y.

66. y = − x2 + 2 Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x ) .

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 Using this information along with the

(a) Step 1: Replace f (x) with y and

Step 2: Solve for y.

Step 3: Replace y with f −1 (x) . f −1 = range of f = (−∞,0) ∪ (0, ∞)

(b) To graph f (x) = 1