Lecture 3

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X

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A heat engine is needed!

 ?

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Example Steam power Plant

Boiler, Turbine, Condenser, Pump

vapor

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x

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 1st Law (conservation of energy):

𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡

cycle

𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡

2nd Law: 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 > 0

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 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝐻

𝑊 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑡ℎ =
𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝐿
𝑡ℎ =1− =1−
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻

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𝑡ℎ =1− = 20%
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Solution: 1st Law 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄ሶ 𝐻 + 0 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐿 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 − 𝑄ሶ 𝐿

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 Note the different temperature ranges.
Air conditioners are basically refrigerators whose
refrigerated space is a room or a building instead
of the freezer.

−20℃
25℃
20℃

40℃

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1st Law (conservation of energy): 𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐿 + 𝑊net,in = 𝑄𝐻 + 0

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Solution 𝑄ሶ 𝐿
COPR =
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛

1st Law (conservation of energy):

𝑊ሶ net,in = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 − 𝑄ሶ 𝐿

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warm cold

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1st Law(conservation of energy):

𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑄𝐿 + 𝑊net,in = 𝑄𝐻 + 0

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Solution 𝑄ሶ 𝐻
COPHP =
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛

1st Law (conservation of energy): 𝑊ሶ net,in = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 − 𝑄ሶ 𝐿

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An impossible refrigerator or heat pump

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Comparison

Note the directions

of heat transfer and
work done in each
diagram

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𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿
= 𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 ℃ + 273.15 =
𝑄𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑇𝐻 𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
𝑟𝑒𝑣

𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻
COP𝑅,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = COP𝐻𝑃,𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿

This is the highest efficiency of This are the highest COP of a

a heat engine operating refrigerator and heat pump
between 𝑇𝐻 and 𝑇𝐿 . operating between 𝑇𝐻 and 𝑇𝐿 .
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𝑄𝐻

Higher 𝑇𝐻 means higher

thermal efficiency.
𝑊
So, more of the thermal
energy 𝑄𝐻 can be
converted to work 𝑊,
better Quality.

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