Essentials of Genetics 9th Edition Klug

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Name the general category into which double-stranded circular extrachromosomal DNA elements such
as F
factors, ColE1, and R would fall.
A) plaque
B) partial diploid
C) r-determinant
D) capsid
E) plasmid
Answer: E

2) Bacteriophages engage in two interactive cycles with bacteria. What are these cycles?
A) lytic and lysogenic
B) auxotrophic and prototrophic
C) negative and positive
D) lytic and prototrophic
E) heteroduplex and homoduplex
Answer: A

3) A bacteriophage that is capable of entering either a lytic or lysogenic cycle is called a(n) .
A) virulent bacteriophage
B) plasmid
C) plaque-forming unit
D) episome
E) temperate bacteriophage
Answer: E

4) The clearing made by bacteriophages in a "lawn" of bacteria on an agar plate is called a .

A) plaque
B) lysogenic zone
C) host range
D) prophage
E) phage zone
Answer: A

5) Temperate phages are those that can enter either the or cycle.
A) complementing; competing
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 B) lytic; phagocytic
C) lytic; lysogenic
D) virulent; avirulent
E) functional; nonfunctional
Answer: C

6) Name two forms of recombination in bacteria.

A) lytic and lysogenic
B) conjugation and transduction
C) insertion and replication
D) auxotrophic and prototrophic
E) mixed and generalized
Answer: B

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 7) Transduction is a form of recombination in bacteria that involves .
A) 5-bromouracil
B) plasmids
C) physical contact between the bacteria involved
D) fertility factors
E) bacteriophages
Answer: E

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

8) How does an auxotroph differ from a prototroph?

Answer: Auxotrophs have lost, through mutation, the ability to grow on minimal medium.
Prototrophs are capable of growth on minimal medium.

9) What are prototrophs?

Answer: Prototrophs are bacteria that can grow on minimal medium and are assumed to be wild type.

10) In general, what two methods are used to grow bacteria in the laboratory?
Answer: liquid and semisolid (agar) media

11) Name the typical phases of the bacterial growth cycle in liquid culture medium.
Answer: lag, log (exponential), and stationary

12) Explain the composition and use of minimal medium in the study of bacterial genetics.
Answer: Minimal medium consists of an organic carbon source such as glucose or lactose and a variety of
inorganic ions: Na+, K+ , Mg++, Ca++, and NH4 +. It is useful in isolating bacterial strains
(auxotrophs) that are incapable of synthesizing more complex nutritional requirements.

13) In what way was the interrupted mating technique used to generate a genetic map in E. coli based on time?
Answer: The interrupted mating technique showed that genes were passed in a linear fashion from the Hfr
bacterial strain to an F- strain. By interrupting the mating tube, it could be determined when (in
minutes) genes were transferred.

14) What is a merozygote?

Answer: A merozygote is a partially diploid cell that results when, through recombination, a portion of a
donor chromosome is introduced into a bacterium.

15) Jacob, Wollman, and others developed a linkage map of E. coli that is based on time. What
form of recombination is involved in generating a linkage map based on time?
Answer: Conjugation; an Hfr bacterium conjugating with an F- strain allows the generation of a map
that is dependent on the passage of the donor chromosome across a conjugation tube.

16) Assume that the gene trpA in an auxotrophic strain of E. coli is located at 27 minutes, whereas the gene
pyrE is located at 81 minutes. How are minutes arrived at in the context of gene mapping in bacteria?
Answer: (a) Minutes are arrived at by an Hfr X F- mating as in the Klug and Cummings
text. (b) Hfr (wild type) X F- (auxotroph)

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17) Distinguish between F+ and F - bacteria.
Answer: F+ bacteria contain an F factor or plasmid that is capable of initiating conjugation. F- bacteria
contain an
F plasmid that possesses a portion of the bacterial chromosome.

18) What is a form of recombination in bacteria that involves the F plasmid?

Answer: conjugation

19) What is the role of the F factor in bacterial recombination?

Answer: The F factor confers the capacity to produce a conjugation tube, which functions in
conjugation by generating the Hfr and F' recombinant possibilities.

20) Describe how different strains of E. coli can reveal different linkage arrangements of genes in Hfr crosses.
Answer: Different strains may have different F factors and therefore different initiation points for
chromosome transfer.

21) What are the roles of the recBCD genes?

Answer: They function in bacterial recombination.

22) What experimental observation demonstrated that genes are involved in the integration of foreign DNA
into the bacterial chromosome?
Answer: Mutations allowed identification of rec genes. When such genes were mutated, integration
does not occur.

23) What is the consequence of a mutation in the recA gene in bacteria?

Answer: The wild-type product of recA is required for bacterial recombination to occur at an appreciable
level.
Absence of the recA protein diminishes recombination by about 1000-fold.

24) Present the general structural features of a plasmid and give an example.
Answer: circular double-stranded DNA existing autonomously in the bacterial cytoplasm; F factor

25) Bacteria that are in a particular physiological state to become transformed are called .
Answer: competent

26) What is meant by the term cotransformation?

Answer: Cotransformation occurs when several linked genes are transformed simultaneously.

27) Explain what is meant by the term heteroduplex in the context of bacterial transformation.
Answer: If transforming DNA is derived from a genetically distinct bacterium, incoming DNA may be
different from the host DNA. During initial stages of integration into the bacterial chromosome, the
recombinant region contains one strand of DNA that may have a different base sequence than the
other strand. Because these strands are not genetically identical (complementary), this double-
stranded region is called a heteroduplex.

28) Assume that one counted 67 plaques on a bacterial plate where 0.1 ml of a 10-5 dilution of phage was
added to bacterial culture. What is the initial concentration of the undiluted phage?
Answer: 67 × 105 × 10 = 6.7 × 107 pfu/ml (pfu = plaque-forming units)

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 29) Lysogeny is an important phenomenon in bacteria and phages. Briefly describe lysogeny.
Answer: Lysogeny is the process in which a temperate bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and
subsequently integrates its chromosome into the bacterial chromosome.

30) Compare and contrast bacteriophage lysis and lysogeny.

Answer: Both lysis and lysogeny involve bacterial/phage interactions related to the production of phage
progeny.
Lysis occurs when progeny phage burst from the bacterial cell; lysogeny involves the incorporation of
the
phage chromosome into the bacterial chromosome.

31) What is a bacteriophage?

Answer: A bacteriophage is a virus that has a bacterium as its host.

32) Bacteriophages that cannot undergo lysogeny but can infect bacteria are called .
Answer: virulent

33) What term is used to describe the phenomenon in which a bacteriophage genome incorporates its genome
into the chromosome of the host?
Answer: lysogeny

34) When a bacteriophage genome incorporates itself into the chromosome of the host, that phage
genome is referred to as a(n) .
Answer: prophage

35) What is a significant difference between a lytic and a lysogenic cycle?

Answer: In a lytic cycle, the phage genome does not insert into the bacterial chromosome. In the lysogenic
cycle, the phage genome inserts into the bacterial chromosome.

36) If two different auxotrophic strains are placed in a liquid medium culture tube, prototrophic strains
can sometimes be subsequently recovered. Name several mechanisms by which this is possible.
Answer: reverse mutation, genetic suppression, genetic recombination (conjugation, transformation)

37) A form of bacterial recombination that involves a viral intermediate is called .

Answer: transduction

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

38) True or False: In a bacterial cross in which the donor (Hfr) is a+ b+ and the recipient strain (F - ) is a- b- ,
it is expected that recombinant bacteria will all be a+ b+.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

39) True or False: An Hfr cell can initiate chromosome transfer from one E. coli to another.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

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40) True or False: The "interrupted mating technique" provides a genetic map in Drosophila.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

41) True or False: R plasmids often contain genes for antibody production.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

42) True or False: A plaque is a substance that causes mutation in bacteria.

A) True
B) False
Answer: B

43) True or False: Lysogeny is a process that occurs during transformation and conjugation.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

44) True or False: Viral mutations and variants are often categorized by changes in host range and/or
plaque morphology.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

45) True or False: A symbiotic relationship between a phage and a bacterium apparently occurs in the
process of lysogeny.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

46) True or False: Lysogeny is most likely associated with transduction.

A) True
B) False
Answer: A

47) True or False: Cotransduction of genes is an indication that the genes are linked.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A