6118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Create Guest Account Quiz: Final Due No due date Points 100 Questions 45 Time Limit 180 Minutes This quiz is no longer available as the course has been concluded. Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 179 minutes 98 out of 100 @ Correct answers are hidden. Score for this quiz: 98 out of 100 Submitted Dec 11, 2021 at 11:44am This attempt took 179 minutes. Question 1 ee Describe the social media health communication framework as detailed by Gordon and discuss how the framework supports at least two other theories related to behavior change. Your Answer: Health communication is "the study of communication strategies and their use to inform and influence individual and societal decisions that promote health.” While this definition is well and accepted, it does not reflect current trends in health promotion that seek to empower and include individuals as partners in health campaigns. He also imagines the communication process as highly linear. In Jamaica, the current use of hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 11966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) social media to achieve women-oriented health promotion is reproducing this communication approach, including social media, to communicate health information to its constituents. Their social media presence includes Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and the organization uses all three to deliver health messages to Jamaicans. For this research, only messages related to women's health were examined, and only messages posted on Facebook were studied in depth. The latter is because only Facebook has introduced a search tool that allows users to perform a focused search using a specific term. Twitter and Instagram did not allow such a narrow search on the public page of the Ministry of Health, and the amount of data made doing a manual search very difficult. The Use of ICTs in health communications is not new, given that, “communication platforms and media have been used to promote change in health behavior for decades.” However, what has changed is the increased use of social media to help achieve public health outcomes. Social media is increasingly recognized as an essential tool in achieving health education and promotion goals. This observation is illustrated by the growing presence of social media among major global and national health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), among others. Public health campaigns using social media tend to focus primarily on formation and thus fail to take advantage of these communication platforms' interactive and participatory nature. This failure 10 participate could have far-reaching consequences for socially disadvantaged groups such as women from the Global South. Their health outcomes typically are poorer than men and others from the Global North. Therefore, every opportunity to access these groups must be maximized ‘to equalize public health outcomes among all world citizens. The use of social media is “increasing in health promotion because it can remove geographical and physical access bariers that suggest that these interventions may effectively promote health equity” In Jamaica, attempts to promote health using social media are ad hoc and unplanned. First, there is a gap in theory-based research investigating the design and delivery of health messages related to messages on social media, which undermines the achievement of desired outcomes in terms of behavior change or modification. Second, current social media applications in health communication campaigns in Jamaica and similar national development contexts treat audiences as homogeneous rather than segmenting to design and itpsibertyuniversityinstructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 21966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) communicate a more nuanced message. Not every group will be affected by a problem in the same way, and they will not be able to access or use the same social media platforms. So they will need to treat them differently. There are marked differences in the way different groups of women use of access contact information technologies, It seems to be taken for granted that just because the information is ‘available,’ the target audience has seen the data, understood it, and most importantly, acted on that information. Therefore, efforts tend to be unintended and unplanned, with the overall communication approach being top-down, non-dynamic, and unmeasurable. These are the hallmarks of an ineffective health communications campaign design. When it comes to social media, this is especially true because such platforms presuppose an active audience and user-generated content. By utilizing mobile and web technologies, social media ‘creates highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-cteate, discuss and modify user-generated content. The model deals with three core concepts, theorizing, targeting, and tracking; all work in a symbiotic way to inform health communication initiatives on social media. For example, the model indicates that communication through social media begins with a relevant theoretical structure The theory plays multiple roles in helping health communication practitioners understand communication processes. It helps describe phenomena and make them more understandable. They also help predict, possible outcomes and thus help practitioners plan accordingly, explaining why things happen the way they do in terms of human behavior patterns and describing potential solutions to address problems that arise. This set of assumptions is just as important when communicating health information using social media. Social media use inherently elicits communication practices, where one appears to 'make" a connection based on the practical activities of posting, tweeting, etc. Since these activities are efficient and not necessarily conceptual, then From a health communication perspective, behavior change refers to activities and tactics focused on the motives that influence behavior. These approaches focus on the individual as the subject of change and Use person-centered methods that aim to increase knowledge, skills, and self-regulatory capabilities). While there are many theories regarding behavior change, this author suggests that those theories offer the most advantages when used as part of a healthy social media communication framework. itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 31966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) First, social marketing theory is (SM) is particularly well suited for its reliance on an advertising model for strategic planning and promotion of health information. SM can be defined as "a program planning process that applies trade marketing concepts and techniques to promote voluntary behavior change." Such an approach portrays the members of society as ‘consumers’ whose wants and needs must be clearly understood for the individual's mission to succeed. This means a certain degree of prior audience research, information that is used to make strategic marketing decisions such as audience segments to target, Second, community mobilization, "the process of capacity building by which community members, groups or organizations plan, implement and evaluate activities on a participatory and sustainable basis to improve their health and other needs, either on their initiative or with the motivation of others. Also designed for communication through social media, its use increasingly motivates communities and groups around social issues. Community mobilization helps communities identify their own needs and respond to and address those needs. By doing so, they gain the involvement of community members in helping to raise awareness of community-wide health and social and cultural issues that may promote or prevent the use of health information Community mobilization is a successful communication method for generating agreement from community members regarding women's health information. For example, in Malawi, a developing country that shares many social and economic similarities with Jamaica, community mobilization through women's groups has proven to be a very successful and affordable strategy to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality in Malawi. This concept can be transferred to social media where social action or community groups and forums are easily formed, and influential social networks connect community members along cultural or gender lines. These groups can catalyze community empowerment by creating more excellent social organizations and more significant mobilization to address womens health issues. Behavioral Decision-Making Model (BDM) is concerned with "the cognitive processes through which humans perceive, establish and evaluate alternative courses of action” The approach considers issues such as the stages of behavior change, which helps practitioners determine how and when messages are presented based on an individual's willingness to accept information or act upon it. This means that ‘message designers need to elicit and manipulate the decision-making perspective of the message recipient, bearing in mind that the designer's view is not itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 41966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) necessarily the same as that of the message recipient. Itis often assumed that "people change their behavior because the evidence supporting the benefits of change is evident. "This assumption leads to design messages from the practitioner's perspective and ignores that recipients do not necessarily justify information in the same way based on cultural as well as gender-related reasons. When organizations consider the importance that individuals place on different factors that influence their decisions about the information they encounter, they can start More effective campaigns. Social media can help organizations differentiate this information through the conversation monitoring tools or metrics these platforms provide, which can also help identify users’ health needs. Users’ comments about the information they encounter can provide clues on what individuals may or may not do with the knowledge and what may drive their decisions. For example, rural women may decide about their health or how to act based on information based on very different reasons than those in urban areas. The main difference between the two groups in Jamaica is income levels, "availability of financial resources plays an important role in health care decisions. Resources for making health care decisions can be health insurance or financial resources." Listening to these conversations helps ensure that messages are consistent with the needs of community members Understanding and building online communities and social network analysis focus on the relationships between and between social entities commonly referred to as actors. Actors and their actions are viewed as interdependent rather than as independent and independent units and share relational relationships that facilitate the transfer or flow of resources, such as information. Actors are connected through networks that provide opportunities for constraints on individual action. Finally, social network theory is a communication concept that offers a lot. This theory relates to community mobilization because it allows practitioners to understand interaction patterns on networks and use that information to mobilize people and resources around specific health issues. To this end, organizations can use social media to identify key Partners or ‘public health influencers’ who drive online conversations on health topics of interest and develop mutually beneficial relationships. Influencers can include both organizations and individuals and demonstrate credibility character Question 2 aece hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 5966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Describe the importance of the five different strands of feminist theory that explore gender in organizations and gendered organizations. Your Answer: Feminist theories: Feminist studies contain both modernist and postmodern variations but are often placed within critical theory. The researchers define feminism here as a movement that aims to provide opportunities for self-expression and self-actualization regardless of gender or other identity characteristics Feminist studies within the modernist tradition are centered around two lines of research: (1) scholarship that seeks social, political, and economic equality for women within existing power structures; and (2) a scholarship that seeks to dismantle and restructure the social system to ‘make it more liberating for women and men. In general terms, these can be viewed as liberal and radical feminism, respectively, and are closely related to modern and postmodern approaches. Liberal feminism, the basis of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, is grounded in liberal democracy - the idea that justice includes ensuring equal rights for all individuals. Liberal feminists argue ‘that women were oppressed as a group and thus did not have equal rights with men, as evidenced by the low average income of women, the exclusion of women from decision-making and positions of power, and womens lack of opportunity to advance in their careers. Example: Push to pass the Equal Rights Amendment into the US Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s) Radical feminists believe that patriarchy is the central source of oppression. Women ate oppressed because the very fabric of society is based on a constructed reality that devalues and marginalizes women's experiences. If sex is a social construct, then itis an artificial construct in the present arrangement of things. The term radical is appropriate for this movement because it goes to the root of social structure and requires rethinking and restructuring all aspects of society. Rather than just thinking that there should be more female doctors, women should strive to change the definition of commerce and economies in the community to meet better the interests and needs of women, children, and men. Radical feminism seeks to change culture rather than incorporate women’s voices. Early work in feminist studies at the academy tended to conform to the hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 666118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) liberal feminist paradigm—understanding the differences between genders and gender to move toward valuing the female on an equal footing with masculinity. These scholars sought to describe women's views and worldviews. Different expectations and patterns of women's communication; Through these studies, feminist scholars have sought to add feminine communication practices to discipline practices and appreciate private and public discourses that characterize many women. They also argued that including women and women's speech in a communication study could benefit everyone. Feminist discourse is distinct and constitutes a unique genre, thus challenging traditional notions of persuasion, discursive status, and social movements. She later contributed to the analysis of two volumes and examples of women's discourse, providing access to female speakers who have been largely overlooked in rhetorical studies. Campbell also developed a theory of feminine style. Although not restricted to only women, the feminine style is characterized by traits that correspond to much of women's socialization~a personal tone, an inductive organizational style, a welcoming approach to the audience, treating them as peers, and seeking their opinions ideas. Campbell then established essential research areas for feminist studies-from the excellence of women's discourse to criticism, Another major trend of femit acceptance. If different assumptions characterize feminist studies, the system must consider those concepts. Carol Spitzak and Catherine Carter have argued that feminist scholars need to do more than fill gaps in communication research if women's perspectives and communication practices are incorporated into the discipline. They need to engage in reconceptualization ~ producing new theories and strategies that eventually bring about this transformation. The work of early feminist theorists to bring women's perspectives and. practices into communication and begin reframing the concept in terms of gender has been essential to bring out visible gender patterns in society and create greater awareness of how gender works. However, in many of these early treatments, women ended up in a fundamental way that all women were treated the same way. In this way, liberal feminist studies fit into the modernist paradigm, seeing groups, categories, and structures as static and static. Scholars have vigorously and proactively challenged these core tendencies by scholarship emphasizing individual perspectives and the intersection of gender with other social classifications and identities. With these developments, feminist studies moved from modernist concerns to postmodern concerns. Thus, more recent forms of feminist knowledge in communication and other academic disciplines have been critical and seek to understand how ist theories of communication has been re- hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 71966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) unequal relationships and injustices are constructed in social interactions of various kinds. Specifically, feminist communication researchers study how male linguistic bias affects gender relations, how male control has imposed constraints on female communication, and how women have internalized and resisted male speech and language pattems. Temporary feminist scholars also study and articulate interrelated forms of oppression—gender, gender, race, class, ability, age, and ré recognizing that working to end one type of oppression is pointless and, in fact, impossible. Finally, feminist scholars imagine new liberating possibilities for human beings when existing gender denominators are resolved and unencumbered power relations are no longer the dominant category. The work of Sonia Johnson and Sally Gearhart illustrates two approaches in which feminist theorists develop strategies for envisioning new worlds outside of patriarchy. Feminist scholars examine discourses and practices in the world and become self-reflexive in treating the scholarship and the study project itself as a cultural text. Feminist scholars have pointed out that research and theory-building are dominated not only by the biases of gender but also by Western science—including a preference for objectivity, Eurocentrism, and imperialism. Accordingly, feminist researchers devise research methods that consider the changing female subject and the discourses associated with it while also placing them in lived experience. They explore how the academy's gender-neutral discourse has denied women's voice; They also develop strategies by which women can interrupt the academic conversation, examining what the academy can gain and lose from such exceptions. The articles by Carol Spitzak and Catherine Carter are among the first criticisms of the gendered nature of the system. Carol Blair, Julie Brown, and Leslie Baxter have criticized how publication perpetuates male bias in the system despite the inclusion of feminist scholarship. ‘As an example of feminist scholarship that takes a critical perspective on communication, Carla Scott examines black women who grew up in an era of pursuing civil rights and feminism. These women live ina black and White world, taking advantage of opportunities to move into expanded educational and professional fields. Using focus groups to explore the communication strategies used by young black women in predominantly White environments, Scott asked these women about the challenges they face, the stereotypes they face, how they deal with these stereotypes, and how these encounters affect their lives. Black women's identities. Their strategies include dispelling patterns (showing that they are smart, that they are not all, and that they are always angry black women) itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 21966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 3 tl daes Describe the six strategies inherent to the discourse of whiteness. Your Answer: Communication is central to liberation in Habermas’ scheme because language is how libertarian interest is achieved. Thus knowing how to use speech appropriately to achieve goals is Habermas’ interest. Habermas’ theory, sometimes called communicative action theory, establishes Principles for the use of language. Gave a speech to a labor group, claiming that today's trade unions are not fighting enough for the rights of their members. You want the public to take some action on this issue. In this speech, you make a claim, assert your feelings about it, and influence the audience to make your point. Three eligibility criteria must be met to The public to take your words seriously: You must be (1) honest; (2) suitable; and (3) pure. It is not always easy to secure these health claims because people do not always believe certain statements are factual Habermas uses discourse to describe the particular type of communication required when a speaker's statements are challenged. In contrast to regular communication, a “discourse” systematic argument makes special appeals to substantiate the claim. There are different maneuvers, depending on the type of speech act being defended. Truth claims are discussed with theoretical discourse, which confirms the evidence. When appropriateness is argued, practical rhetoric is used. This type of discourse emphasizes standards. Suppose the union resists your attempts to get them to bargain for workers’ rights. In that case, you will have to create a practical dispute to demonstrate that your proposed negotiation meets acceptable standards. Honesty challenges, the third type of honesty criteria that Habermas discusses, require actions out of the ordinary to show genuine interest. Usually, these efforts are fed by engaging in actual behavior rather than discourse because the honesty of discourse is called into question. In other words, acting in a manner consistent with the stated intentions is the only way to show sincerity. Of course, there is no guarantee that the public will agree with the evidence presented to support health claims. When communicators do not share the same criteria or concepts to assess the strength of an argument, they must move to a higher level of discourse, which Habermas calls meta-theoretical discourse. Here, callers argue about what constitutes good evidence for the claim or what criteria are appropriate in Particular situations. This is the kind of discourse that the Supreme Court hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 91966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) engages in. Sometimes a higher level of discourse is necessary - a meta- ethical discourse. Here, the nature of knowledge itself is under scrutiny. Moral meta-discourse is concemed with what is considered appropriate knowledge, the criteria used to make that judgment, and how knowledge is produced in social life Habermas believes that freedom of speech is essential to productive communication both in everyday speech and at higher levels of discourse. Despite the impossibility of achieving it, Habermas describes an ideological position of speech that serves as a model for society. It also proposes three conditions necessary to achieve them. First, the ideal state of address requires freedom of expression; There should be no restrictions on what can be expressed. Second, all individuals should have equal access to speech - all participants are allowed to speak, all speakers and situations are recognized. Finally, society's standards and obligations must treat all participants equally—there can be no unilateral obligations that essentially give some individuals power over others. Only when these requirements are met can liberating communication occur. Emancipatory communication in the form of higher levels of discourse is, necessary to change society to meet individual needs. Habermas believes that people usually live in a whole realm of life- busy with the usual daily activities of life. However, this world of energy is fine. Tense because of certain aspects of the social system such as money, bureaucracy, and corporate power. Habermas frames this problem as colonialism or the ability of order over individuals. When the system colonizes the world of life, there is less chance of using language to achieve positive goals for individuals. For Habermas, critical theory raises questions and draws attention to problems in the realm of life that make critical thinking and solution, necessary. Only when we realize the difficulties of the lifeworld and how the order affects our view of life can we break free from the entanglements of order. There is a greater chance of achieving emancipation in modern society than in traditional culture because of the relatively more significant conflict in modernity. In contemporary society, we can hear various points of view, but only if the system allows freedom of expression. Modem capitalist societies have not yet achieved emancipation, and critical theorists have a responsibility to make that emancipation possible. Habermas believes that a robust public sphere, apart from private interests, is necessary to achieve freedom. Deetz begins to reformulate Burrell and Morgan's typology by identifying ‘two different axes that make up the four quadrants of social scientific research. The first horizontal axis compares local/emerging concepts with elite/a prior ideas. This axis focuses on the origin of research concepts, problems, and questions hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 101966118723, 7.08 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) discursive tendencies Deetz refers to the spaces created by the axes of local/ascendant/pre- elite and consensus as discourses and identifies a type of debate characteristic within each quadrant: the address of normative studies, the expository sermon. Studies and discourse of critical studies and discourse of dialogue studies. Each letter represents a different way to engage in the research process. As Burrell and Morgan do, Deetz chose not to name these models because he doesn't see them as separate, dissonant dichotomies. Instead, it is suggested that most researchers frequently cross and confuse these discourses. They “meet at crossroads, mix utterances, borrow lines from other discourses,” and "move happily from one discourse to another without counting their position.” Indeed, Deetz is concerned with how different groups relate across discursive lines and how scholars elicit from other discourses. In ways that are not always explicit in their work. He cites the case of feminist research, which shows 'a general sympathy with the conceptual and analytical power of talk show programs.” He carries a typical political agenda for critical theory. So each discursive space aims to show what the research looks. like from a particular point of view. Both ‘ideal types’ and ‘essential hard- to-see differences in the flow of research activity can be seen through this diagram. Standard studies letter. Deetz first describes a normative approach characterized by research practices that reflect the natural sciences. He uses normative nomenclature to highlight an interest in the normalization or generation of experience by searching for law-like rules to govern human experience. The goal of normative research is to discover the fundamental processes that, in tum, can contribute to changes for the betterment of the human social world. The consensus pole and the elite/pre-pole are distinguished, which means that the research results in this discourse tend to be taken as facts - as relatively stable and agreed- upon information. Emotion exchange theory is an example. ‘An example of a normative study Explanatory studies letter: Explanatory discourses favor research participants themselves rather than normalizing processes that seek to categorize, generalize, and create coverage laws that apply to populations. Instead, interpretive studies are concerned with people as active sense makers, so key concepts and interpretations of research are developed with those the researcher studies. Explanatory discourses share with normative an attempt to ‘get it right, to present a consensual unified culture the way itis in reality. To this end, many interpretive studies rely on field research, and in-depth personal interviews as the researcher seek a complete understanding of how a particular aspect is produced of huran cultural life and its preservation through daily norms, rituals, and practices. These discourses privilege the itpsibertyuniversity instrucure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 m66118723, 7.08 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) local/emergent and consensus ends of the Deetz interlocutors because they are concerned with the particular meanings created by society but also seek to collect and preserve the nature of a social group or culture in a specific moment in time. Donal Carbo studies of different cultures Using speech code theory, which seeks to understand the terms, grammar, and meaning that make a speech in a given society distinctive, Caro analyzes conversations to capture, understand, and explain the cultural codes at work. Critical studies letter. Critical scholars, the third type of Deetz discourse, identify and criticize forms of domination and oppression by showing that different configurations of reality favor specific interests and overshadow others. The result is false awareness and distorted communication, constructs that appear normative or normal over time. In studying structures of domination and marginalization, critical studies scholars seek to liberate people, meanings, and values. Lisa Flores’ study of the competing narratives of Mexican immigration, as presented in American media in the 1920s and 1930s, fits well with Deetz’s critical orientation. They lack ambition and last as dangerous criminals. Dialogue Studies Discourse. Deetz's final speech is the Conversational Studies speech. Dialogue studies are concerned with the "potential fragmentation and division of any discourse.” These discourses with critical studies share an interest in domination, but they do not see dominance as a pre-existing condition or structure. Instead, dominance is situational rather than static. Scholars working within this form of discourse seek repressed identities, meanings, voices, and practices and develop local means of resistance to address bias and asymmetry in any given interaction. Social transformation is not so much a perfect model as itis an ongoing and ever-evolving process of handling particular situations of marginalization and control. Question 4 oe Discuss the role that Social Marketing Theory plays in, communicating about health. In what other context might you use Social Marketing theory and why? Your Answer: hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 12966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) , Social Marketing (SM) theory is particularly well suited for its reliance on an advertising model for strategic planning and promotion of health information. SM can be defined as “a program planning process that applies trade marketing concepts and techniques to promote voluntary change in behaviour”. Such an approach portrays the members of society as ‘consumers’ whose wants and needs must be clearly understood in order for the individual's mission to succeed. This means a certain degree of prior audience research, information that is used to make strategic marketing decisions such as audience segments to target, the benefits to be offered, and how to develop and reinforce the desired behavior change message. This strategy is notable in communicating womens health issues, because women traditionally tend to make consumer de ions for their families. In Jamaica, this is particularly true of rural women, who tend to be heads of household at a higher rate than men Leaders for their families as well as other women. Social media analysis can help practitioners identify and understand, such as these women, who can help “sell” the message by simply "buying it" init. From a consumer perspective, women tend to trust other women's recommendations, especially on social media where there is an overwhelming amount of information that can drown out or weaken the organization's message. This is a strategy that can be used by the Ministry of Health as well as other health organizations trying to engage women with specific messages to ensure that their communication goals are achieved. They do with information as well as what may drive the decisions they make. the theory also use in: Health and safety, including: * Antismoking © Anti-drug + Promoting exercise and healthy eating * Safe driving Environmental causes, including * Anti-deforestation + Anti-littering + Endangered species awareness Social activism, including: * Illuminating struggles that people of color, people with disabilities, etc. face, then inspiring people to fight against mechanisms that create inequality hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 190966118123, 708 AM (Quiz: Fina: DIGI7OS:Digtal & Strategic Communication Orentaton il (001) + Anti-bullying * Fighting gender stereotypes because it has the ability to : 1. Creating Audience Awareness 2.Targeting the Right Audience 3. Reinforce the Message Question 5 4/4 pts Discuss the four theories foundational to group communication theory. Your Answer: Analysis of the reaction process: Robert Bales's interaction process analysis is a classic in the fields of psychology and communication.2 Using his many years of research as a basis, Bales devised a unified and complex theory of small group communication to explain species. The messages that people exchange in groups, how these messages shape the roles and personalities of group members, and how the messages affect the group's overall personality. Bales notes that individuals can display positive or mixed attitudes towards others by (1) being friendly, (2) Dramatic acting (storytelling); or (ji) consent. In tur, they can show negative or mixed attitudes through (i) rejection; (2) Show tension. or (3) unfriendly. Upon completing the group assignment, individuals may (i) request information; (2) Ask for opinions. (3) requesting suggestions; (4) giving suggestions; (5) giving an opinion; and (6) giving information. These types of messages in groups reveal whether groups will encounter certain types of problems. For example, if people do not share information sufficiently, they will experience what Bales calls “communication problems’; If they do not share opinions, they will face “evaluation problems’ If they fail to solicit and make suggestions, the group will suffer from ‘control problems’. If the group cannot reach an agreement, ‘the members will face “decision making problems”. And if there is not, enough drama, there will be ‘mental problems". Finally, ifthe group is unfriendly it will experience “reintegration problems’ which Pallis means hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 alge6118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) the group will not be able to rebuild the sense of unity or cohesion among the members. Social and emotional leaders are usually different people. In a group working on a class project together, for example, you might have one member call meetings, make sure everyone attends, set the agenda, make follow-up calls, and show a keen interest in the quality of the project. This will be your mission leader. There may also be a person who attends relationships in the group - a social and emotional leader. This is a person who encourages others, facilitates conflict, praises people for good work, and generally facilitates positive relationships among group members. According to Bales, the position of an individual in a group is a function of three Dimensions: (1) Dominant vs. Submissive; (i) Friendly vs. Unfriendly. and (8) active versus emotional. Within a given group, the behavior of any member can be placed in this three-dimensional space (for example, one member may be dominant, friendly and active). The way you appear to the other group members is largely determined by how you incorporate these three dimensions into your communications. When all types of behavior of group members are plotted on the 3D graph, their relationships and networks can be seen. The larger the group, the greater the tendency to develop subgroups of individuals with similar characteristics and values. Interaction analysis and group development: Since Bales’ theory looks at individual actions, they criticize this approach and advocate instead for an interactive system model. Here, the unit of analysis is not a single message, such as making a suggestion, but a contiguous group of verbs, such as making and responding to a request. Interactions can be categorized along the content dimension and relationship dimension. Alert the group that you think is a stupid question. In such a case, your answer is the content dimension and your non-verbal method is the relationship dimension. Despite the potential usefulness of analyzing the relational dimension in a group discussion, Fisher focuses on the content dimension. Since nearly all components of a task set are somehow related to the decision proposition—to arrive at an action or outcome that everyone can agree on—Fischer advocates his theory of decision emergence and ranks statements in terms of how they respond to the decision proposition The mentoring phase involves recognizing, clarifying, and beginning to express opinions. People are generally in agreement at this point, but their positions are qualified and hesitant. They experience the set and don't quite know what to expect; People grope for direction and understanding. On the other hand, the stage of conflict involves a great deal of hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 151966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) opposition. In the second stage of emergence of the decision, people begin to solidify their positions, and many polarization results. Here, the interaction includes more disagreement and unfavorable evaluation. Members argue, try to persuade, and may form alliances with other minded members of the group. These alliances usually disappear in the third stage, which Fisher describes as their emergence. Here, signs of cooperation began to appear. People are less stubbom in defending their opinions. When they soften their stance and undergo a change in attitude, their comments become more ambiguous. The number of positive comments increases Until the group's decision emerges. The final stage, reinforcement, the group's decision is reinforced and strengthened by the members of the group. The group comes to an agreement and stands behind their decision, and the feedback is almost Uniformly favorable. The mystery that marked the third stage is largely hidden in the fourth stage’s unity To illustrate the group's development stages, Fisher provides an analysis, of a mock jury deliberation in a car and pedestrian accident lawsuit. In the first stage, the jury explores its responsibility: what is it supposed to do, and how is it supposed to do it? What are the possible provisions? Too much uncertainty is expressed until clarification appears. Considerable controversy arises in the dispute phase as the jury argues about whether the defendant was negligent and what criteria the jury should decide. Here, the interaction tends to be emotional and somewhat hot. At the appearance stage, the jury begins to agree that the defendant was not negligent, and that the pedestrian could have avoided the accident. This agreement is rather tentative, and the jurors go back and forth on the issue, but the emotionality and controversy certainly subside during this time. In the final consolidation stage, the jury is satisfied of the negligence issue and all members confirm their agreement with the ruling. The stages of group decision making characterize interaction as it changes over time. Groups usually don't present only one idea at a time, they don't make one suggestion and keep modifying it until consensus is reached. Instead, itis periodically to modify the decision. Several proposals were made, which were discussed briefly, some of which were subsequently reintroduced. Discussion of proposals seems to be taking place in bursts of energy. Proposition A will be presented and discussed. The group will suddenly drop this idea and move on to proposal B. After discussing B, the group may present and discuss other proposals. Then someone revives Proposition A, perhaps in a modified form. The group finally settles on a revised plan that is often an amalgamation of many suggestions According to Fisher, discussion proceeds erratically because the personal demands of the meeting require "rest periods’ from the work of the task. hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 16966118123, 708 AM ‘Qui: Fina: DIGI705: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I (O04) Fisher found that in modifying proposals, groups tend to follow a pattern of two patterns. If the conflict is low, the group will reintroduce the proposals in less abstract and more specific language. For example, in a discussion about a public health nursing conference, an original idea to begin the conference program "with something not threatening" was modified to start with a history of public health’s contributions to the field of nursing. However, in all likelihood, the group will not move through these four steps smoothly - it moves erratically as members leave and return to the motion in a stop-and-go fashion. When the conflict is higher, the group will not make the proposal more specific. Since there is disagreement about the basic idea, the group makes alternative proposals with the same level of abstinence as the original proposal. Group development and decision emergence theory describe how groups work as they prepare for their work and determines what group members need at different points in time. Historically, this research has not attempted to explain the diverse patterns that emerge. Paul and colleagues’ work on contradictions is one exception Input, process, and output model Groups are often thought of as electronic systems in which information and influence are brought into the group (input), the group processes this information, and the results are generalized back to influence others (output). The basic idea of input, process and output in groups has influenced how We look at it, and most research has followed this model over the years. Researchers investigate factors that affect the group (inputs), what happens within the group (the process), and outcomes (outputs). In keeping with the Bales approach to groups, the I/O process model highlights two types of problems—task and personal obstacles~that groups face. Task barriers are the difficulties a group has in addressing its mission, such as planning an event or agreeing to a policy. Group members deal directly with the problem symbolic convergence theory ‘Symbolic Convergence Theory, often known as Fiction Objective Analysis, is a well-developed theory by Emst Bormann, John Kragan, and Donald Shields that deals with how individuals, in groups, arrive at a shared reality through communication.14 The starting point of the theory is that Individuals’ images of reality are informed by stories that reflect how things are believed. , or imaginary themes, are created in symbolic interaction within small groups, and are sequenced from person to person and group to group to create a shared view of the world. In essence, then, conversations create and support the shared narratives of a group that shapes their reality. itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comvcourses!28082/quizz9s/862153 7966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 6 cue In examining the ways that structures of domination contribute to marginalization, critical theorists suggest that such social processes and conditions are or caused by multiple sources. situated con obscured overdetermined Question 7 2/2pts According to entertainment education, ___results from having one’s freedom of choice threatened. psychological resistance counter ‘guing resistance fear itpsibertyuniversityinstructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 190966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 8 cue Which of the following is not one of the key elements that help explain how to increase the rate and effectiveness of the adoption of an innovation: Time innovation itself Communication channels Resistance to change Question 9 2/2pts Which of the following is an ethnorelativistic stage in the model of intercultural sensitivity? Denial of difference of difference Minimization of difference Acceptance of difference Question 10 2/2pts itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 191966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Many times when we interact with others, we do so on automatic pilot or in an absent-minded manner. occurs when we are aware of our communication styles and strategies. Applicability Alertness Mindfulness Uncertainty Question 11 2/2 pts De La Garza and Ono argue that immigrants do not necessarily choose to assimilate into the host culture and reject the idea that only immigrants change. This theory is know as: diffusion of innovation cultural contracts s-cultural adaptation differential adaptation Question 12 2/2 pts A conception of development as linear, with aid flowing from the First World to the Third World, characterizes development communication. itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 20096118123, 708 AM Incorrect ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) top-down participatory transcendent power Question 13 0/2pts is a displaced position characterized by a special way of seeing. Hyperreality Simulation Dexterity Hybridity Question 14 2/2 pts Which of the following is not a factor in the message inoculation processes? Time Source credibility Issue involvement itpsibertyuniversityinstructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 21166118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Peer perception Question 15 2/2 pts Inthe paradigm of development communication, diverse and multiple pathways to development are privileged. traditional top-d participatory transcendent Question 16 2/2 pts While communicating with another person, you notice that your conversational partner begins to match your communication style. tries to explain how and why we adjust our communication behaviors to others. Communication accommodation theory Communication adjustment theory interaction-adaptation theory Expectancy-violations theory itpsibertyuniversityinstructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 221966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 17 cue Organizational resistance can be: indirect or direct passive or aggressive used to protect you from a bad situation Allof the above Question 18 2/2 pts According to normative social influence, are beliefs about what other ought to do. injunctive norms outcome expectations descriptive norms transportation Question 19 ae This family type is high in both conversation and conformity: Consensual hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 266118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 20 2/2 pts In the integrative theory of cross-cultural adaptation, ethnic communication is understood as an interaction with: one’s own group ‘a minority group early adopters Question 21 2/2 pts In Oetzel’s effective intercultural workgroup theory, cultures tend to think of themselves as independent and give priority to their own goals over group goals. ndependent nterdependent individualistic collectivistic hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 24966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 22 2/2 pts aims to explain the types of messages that people exchange in groups and the ways these messages shape the roles of group members. Input-process-output model ‘Symbolic convergence theory ncertive control Interaction-process analysis Question 23 2/2 pts As part of a group for a class project, not all of the members are equally interested in and committed to the assignment. The of the group prevents the group from being productive. effective synergy itrinsic syneray sembly effect, hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 25966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 24 2/2 pts In the theory of communicative action, when communicators do not share the same standards or concepts for evaluating the strength of an argument, they must use discourse, or arguments about what constitutes good evidence for acclaim. theoretic practical metatheoretical metaethical Question 25 2/2pts Marxism is concerned with the ways in which function hegemonically to coerce citizens into “reading” the structures and events of society in ways that benefit the dominant class. structures ideologies languages itpsibertyuniversityinstructure.comcourses/28082/quizzes/862153 260966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 26 2/2pts According to Habermas, an ideal speech situation serves as a model for society, which requires: freedom of speech equal access to speec! equal treatment of all participants Alllof the above Question 27 2/2 pts look at the codes of a group that are create speech communities. Ethnographers of communication Cartographers Rhetoricians Critical theorists Question 28 2/2 pts hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 27966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) A stance offers a critique of domination and a critique of freedom. Sociocultur posteotonial critical rhetorical critical Marxian Question 29 2/2pts occurs when there are different sets of organizational rules operating, and individual workers find it difficult to reconcile these rules. Structural divergence immobiliz: interactional sensitivity Social undermining Question 30 2/2 pts According to Roter and Hall, helps the patient become more active in medical decisions and actions. problem-focused problem solving hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 201966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) data gathering patient education and counseling partnership-building communication Question 31 2/2 pts The degree to which the physician understands and reflects the patient's expressed emotions without judging those emotions is known as patient-centered communication data gathering emotional responsiveness patient education and counseling Question 32 2/2pts According to the extended parallel process model, is the perceived likelihood of experiencing harm. fear control danger control perceived threat susceptibility of threat hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 201066118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 33 2/2 pts In his theory of decision emergence, Fisher outlines four phases through which task groups typically proceed. In the phase, the decision of the group is solidified by group members. orientation conflict reinforcement Question 34 2/2 pts Which strategy of control results from workers developing rules based on values established by the workers themselves? Simple Technological Bureaucratic Convertive itpsibertyuniversityinstructure.comcourses!28082/quizzes/862153 200966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 35 2/2 pts In dyadic power theory, ___refers to communication behaviors that are a combination of individual temperament and situational features. power control dominance authority Question 36 2/2pts Taking an active stance to address the tangible aspects of a health condition is known as direct effect buffering effect problem-focused coping avoidance-focused coping Question 37 2/2pts Ifyou are a student at a university where you are on a first name basis with many professors, your school: hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 311966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) has low power distance has high power distan Question 38 2/2 pts According to McGee, _____are short, abstract summaries of orientations that are shared by a particular group, culture, or society. ideographs attitudes values beliefs Question 39 2/2 pts Tumer argues that culture is both formed and learned by observing how performers work things out through communication. This process is known as: community order hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 22966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) embodied practice social drama hermeneutics Question 40 2/2 pts Modernism privileges: thinking a rejection of religion and tradition rationality Allof the above Question 41 eats Which one of the following does not describe how narratives operate and function in health an illness? ‘As sense-making processes ‘As a means of asserting control As public service hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 331966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) To build community Question 42 2/2 pts is the confidence in being able to perform an action. Fidelity Self-efficacy Control Question 43 eee Geertz described cultural interpretation as in which interpreters describe cultural practices from the insider's viewpoint. hermeneutics ethnography thick description thin description itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comvcourses/28082/quizzes/862153 i9686118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Question 44 ee You may want to achieve material and financial success, but you also just want to see the world, meet new people, and have fun. This contradiction is serious because you realize that in order to achieve financial success, you will need to get an education and a good job, which is at odds with wandering about the world. Which of the following best describes this example of a tension between opposing forces within a system? Adialectic identity freezing identity Management theory Question 45 2/2 pts Stock situations told over and over within a group that develop to a high degree of familiarity are called sanctioning agents fantasy types fantasy themes symbolic cues hitpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 38966118123, 708 AM ‘Quiz: Final DIGI705: Digital & Strategie Communication Orientation il (001) Quiz Score: 98 out of 100 itpsibertyuniversity instructure.comcourses!28082quizzes/862153 36096