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Wells Fundamentals

Rigs & Rig Equipment

Introduction
‰ Session Aims
‰ To create an understanding of the concepts and
equipment
i t
‰ Perform basic calculations related to the above

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Functions of a Drilling Rig

•Hoisting
g
•Rotating
•Circulating
•Well Control
(covered in Day 4)

Land rigs – Oman & East Texas

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Offshore Units

Sit On Bottom – Swamp Barge

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Rig Types - Jack up

Gulf of Mexico

Offshore Drilling Units – Jack up

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Rig Types – Semi submersible

Stena
Tay

Deepwater Nautilus

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Sedco-709 in Bonga Field

P-51 Platform Offshore Brazil

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Rig Types – Drill Ship

Offshore Production Facilities

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Shell’s Deepwater Milestones

The Frontier - Perdido

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RIGS- TYPES AND COSTS

Semi-
500-650k/day submersible
140-250K/DAY
Jack-up

Drillship

land
Semi-tender
150K/DAY
20 60K/DAY
20-60K/DAY

Platform rig

Rigs – String Months

String Months overview per year - 130 rigs working for Shell

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RIGS – SPEND

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008
-

5
Billions
Floater Jack-up Land Rig Platform / Other

Rig Rates – Market dependent.

Deepwater
• Rates peaked to 650K/day in mid 2008
•Market is on the upswing again, 2012 is
sold out. Only 6 string years available in
2013
•40+ units still under construction
•Depressed secondary market after
Macondo

Jack-up
• drop
d i rates
in t but
b t recovering
i
•several (old) units are cold stacked
•Many special capability JU’s (SCJU) on
the market / being constructed
•Standard JU’s 85% utilization, SCJU
(98%)

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Rigs Introduction - What do you remember?

9 Name the four main systems of a rotary drilling rig

9 Id tif four
Identify f different
diff t types
t off drilling
d illi unitit

FIND OTHER MACHINES (15 mins)

¾ Find a photo of a hoist and explain what it

does. One appointed syndicate to discuss.

¾ Find a photo of a Hydraulic Workover unit

and explain what it does. What is another
name for a Hydraulic workover unit? One
appointed syndicate to discuss.

¾ Find a picture of a coiled tubing unit,

explain the advantage of using one.

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Hoisting System

Hoisting
Hoisting System Design :
• the maximum required hoisting load
• the maximum speed at which heavy
loads can be pulled
• the strength of the line
• the maximum speed at which an empty
block can be raised

All these
th ffactors
t are strongly
t l related
l t d tto :
• power & rpm of the motor
• transmission
• drum diameter

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Hoisting systems

Drawworks – Drum and cable

Hydraulic – Piston (Jack) operated
Rack and Pinion

Drawworks Braking systems

Main Brake – Mechanical :

• Drum brake bands (equalised)
• Disc brakes (multiple caliper) – mechanical/hydraulic

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Drawworks Auxiliary Brake Systems

Auxiliary Brakes:
• Hydromatic (Water Wheel principle)
• Electro-dynamic (Electromagnetic resistance)
• Magnetic Particle (Energised iron powder)

Hoisting loads
Fast line
sheave

L X DFLF

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Hoisting

Reinforcement 1 – 45 mins

Work with your syndicate to complete page 1 of the exercises.

T b 1 Exercise
Tab E i 1 –Blockline
Bl kli safety
f factor
f

EP Learning and Leadership Development

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Example – Hoisting Power

Given:
Hookload = 400kN (90klbs), average hoisting speed =
20m/min (60ft/min),
(60ft/min) mechanical efficiency = 80%

Calculate hook power:

Solution:
Power = 400 x 20/(60 x 0.8) =167 kW

Power = 90 x 60 / (550 x 60 x 0.8) =0.205HP

Block (Drilling) line Seale Construction - 6x19

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Blockline

New

Worn!

Block-line service (Work Done)

ƒ Breaking Strength
ƒ Safety factor between 2.5 and 5 (i.e. minimum SF)
ƒ Diameter between 1 1-1/4
1/4 and 1 ¾ inch (31.75
(31.75-44.45
44.45 mm)

ƒ Highest Load
ƒ Will be on the fast line to drum (due to friction losses), usually
about 20% more than load on other individual lines
ƒ Generally seen by the upper joint of drill-pipe (just below the
kelly or top drive system) or when running a heavy casing
string

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Maximum Safe Working Load

Minimum Shell Safety Factors are:
ƒ For normal drilling ops :5
ƒ For block line during drilling/round trip :3.5
ƒ For block line running casing :2.5
ƒ For block line pulling on stuck pipe :2
ƒ For general purpose slings :3
ƒ For general hoisting e.g. winches :3
ƒ For mast raising slings :2.5

Block-line wear points

Critical wear:
¾ Pick-up points
¾Top
T &b
bottom
tt

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Slip & Cut programme

New Cable
ƒ Record is kept of “Load” and “Distance Traveled”
ƒ Product “Load
Load X Distance”
Distance is expressed in ”Ton-Miles”
Ton Miles
ƒ After a certain amount of “Ton-miles” the Block-line is
slipped so that new line is exposed
ƒ After slipping for a calculated number of times, the
used line needs to be cut and removed, “Slip and Cut”

Reinforcement Rigs and rig equipment (45 mins)

Sit with your syndicate and work out where you need to find the
information to answer the questions. See if you can answer the
questions.

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Heave compensation

Shaffer 600,000lb.
(1.5 million lb. locked)

Heave Compensator

Dr.no. NWH 9710003L/2

http://www.dynamica.no/e/hcm-index.html

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How many ton miles did you say?

Other types of hoisting systems

Pinion

Rack

Rams

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Rotary System

Top Drive System (TDS)

1 Compensating Link
2 Rotary Swivel
3 El. Motor
4 Gear Box
5 Gear Lock
6 Swivel coupling
7 Link Tilt Actuators
8 Link Hanger
9 Knuckle Links
10 IBOP
11 Torque Wrench
12 Links
13 Drill Pipe Elevator

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The DRILLSTRING
ToolJoint Box End
Name some basic functions of
the drillstring: Drill Pipe

ƒTransmits ROTARY POWER

to the bit ToolJoint Pin End

ƒProvides WEIGHT-ON-BIT
(WOB) CrossOver

ƒControls DEVIATION
Drill Collar
ƒTransports high pressure
DRILLING FLUID to the bit

ƒand many other tasks.......

Bit Sub

Bit
4
5

Iron
Roughneck

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Rotary Slips

Circulating System

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Solids Removal Equipment – Mud Cleaning

Equipment:
Clayball traps
Shale shakers
S d traps
Sand
Hydrocyclones
Mud cleaners
Centrifuge
Filtration unit

Rig Power

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Rig Engines

ƒ Diesel engines drive AC

generators.
generators
ƒ Then AC current is converted
to DC via SCR
ƒ DC current is then used to run
electric motors on Draw works,
rotary table, mudpumps, etc.

Rig Instrumentation

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Measurements
Drilling Parameters:
Weight
Rotary torque
R t
Rotary d
speed
Pump output
Pump pressure
Flow detection:
Tank level
Flow sensors

What would be some of your

concerns as a supervisor
regarding rig instrumentation
and measurements?

Hoisting System
Weight

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Hoisting System
Block position Kelly height

Rotary system
Rotary torque Rotary speed

OR a tachometer – small DC generator

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Circulation system
Pump Strokes Pump Pressure

Flow detection

• Tank level • Flow sensors

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Drillers console – ca.1980’s

Drillers console – ca.1990’s

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Traditional Multi-pen chart recorder

Modern Rig Computer

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Gas Sampling System

Types of Gases in the Subsurface

Non Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)

Nitrogen (N2) Ethane (CH3 CH4)
Helium (He) Propane (CH3 CH2 CH3)
Hydrogen (H2) Butane (CH3 (CH2)2 CH3)
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Pentane (CH3 (CH2)3 CH3)
- highly toxic
- inflammable
i fl bl
- embrittlement
- density > air

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Gas detection

H2S Hydrocarbon

THE FUTURE – DRILLING AUTOMATION

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