Essentials of Sociology 2nd Edition Ritzer Test Bank 1

Essentials of Sociology 2nd Edition Ritzer
Full download at link: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-essentials-of-

sociology-2nd-edition-by-ritzer-isbn-1506334458-9781506334455/
Chapter 08: Race and Ethnicity

Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. African Americans and Asians are defined primarily as a(n):

a. ethnic group
b. racial group
c. cultural group
d. social group
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity
OBJ: LO 8-1: Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the
United States. COG: Comprehension
2. When a minority group is defined as a race and then negative characteristics are attributed to
that group, it is called:
a. ethnocentric
b. racialism
c. racism
d. racial profiling
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity
3. ______________ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic, such

as skin or hair color.
a. Ethnicity
b. Race
c. Culture
d. Ethnocentrism
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: p. 178; The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity
4. ____________ is defined on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic, such as
language or religion.
a. Ethnicity
b. Culture
c. Race
d. Biological heritage
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
5. The lines between racial and ethnic groups are:

a. separated by nature and nurture
b. very obvious
c. vague and unclear
d. historically defined
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
6. How old is the concept of race?

a. It is a twentieth-century phenomenon
b. It began around the Renaissance
c. It goes back to ancient history
d. Race is biological, so it has always been a category of importance
REF: p. 178; Historical Thinking About Race
7. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, folk ideas about race were supplemented with
_____________ justifications for treating people of other races differently.
a. realistic
b. irrational
c. legal
d. scientific
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: p. 179; “Scientific” Explanations
8. _________________ refers to the belief that racial differences were the result of evolutionary
differences among the races.
a. Cultural heritage
b. Ethnocentrism
c. Racial hypothesis
d. Social Darwinism
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
United States. COG: Knowledge
9. According to the science of race, how many races are there?
a. 1,740 specific races
b. 4 major races
c. 30 races
d. Since race is a socially constructed category, there is not a scientifically specific
answer that is correct
10. Gregor Mendel's work on genetics and heredity during the nineteenth century led to the idea
that:
a. races could not be distinguished from one another on the basis of genetic makeup
b. race was related to the melanin levels in skin based on sun exposure
c. races could be distinguished from one another on the basis of genetic makeup
d. aside from skin tone, people were the same physiologically, with the same number
of genes
11. John is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that John is
very proud of his ___________________.
a. racial background
b. interpersonal background
c. ethnicity
d. social heritage
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard
United States. COG: Application
12. The name of the movement that notoriously argued for genetic improvements to the human
population through scientific manipulation is:
a. eugenics
b. social Darwinism
c. phrenology
d. the Human Genome Project
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard
13. To show genetically based racial differences in intelligence in the early 1900s, what test was
used?
a. blood type tests
b. skull measurements
c. IQ tests
d. taxonomic testing
14. While historical explanations of race favored __________ explanations, contemporary

explanations of race tend to base explanations on ___________.
a. pseudoscientific; cultural factors
b. geographic; genetic factors
c. legal; social and cultural factors
d. scientific; genetic
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard
REF: p. 179; Cultural Explanations
15. It wasn't until the __________ census that people were allowed to officially identify with 2 or
more races.
a. 1990
b. 1970
c. 2000
d. 1980
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 181; Racial Categories
United States. COG: Knowledge
16. The minority group is in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and prestige, while
a majority group is in the dominant position on those dimensions. This definition of group
categories comes from sociologist:
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. Émile Durkheim
d. Herbert Spencer
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
REF: p. 183; Majority–Minority Relations
OBJ: LO 8-2: Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social
construction of difference on majority–minority relations. COG: Knowledge
17. The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that in 2043, the non-Hispanic white population will
be in the minority when compared to the combined nonwhite population groups in the United
States but will still be the largest single category. This is called:
a. a demographic flip
b. an unmarked minority category
c. a majority-minority population
d. a minority-majority population
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
18. A classic argument in sociology is, “If people define situations as real, they are real in their
consequences.” The text author uses this to demonstrate that:
a. majority groups cannot think of themselves as minority groups
b. minority groups often suffer from stereotype threats
c. even though majority and minority statuses are socially constructed, they are
treated as “objective”
d. people rarely change their attitudes about race
REF: p. 184; The Social Construction of Difference
construction of difference on majority–minority relations. COG: Comprehension
19. When Latinos and blacks are portrayed in violent video games as criminals and members of
gangs, this is an example of _________________:
a. stereotypes
b. mental representations
c. internal representations
d. pigeonholes
REF: p. 184; Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
20. Prejudice is a(n) _______________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ______________.

a. action; attitude
b. process; belief
c. activity; action
d. attitude; action
21. Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers. This is an example of:
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. intersectionality
d. stereotyping
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard
construction of difference on majority–minority relations. COG: Application
22. Which of the statements is FALSE in regard to prejudice and discrimination?

a. One can't discriminate without holding prejudicial attitudes.
b. One can be prejudicial and not discriminate against others.
c. Prejudice and discrimination don't always go hand in hand.
d. One can discriminate and not be prejudicial.
REF: p, 184; Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
23. While we tend to think of differences between minority and majority statuses as being
objective, these are really differences of ___________.
a. biology
b. social definitions
c. genetics
d. predestination
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: p. 184; The Social Construction of Difference
24. ___________________ is the idea that members of a minority group are affected by the
nature of their position in other systems or forms of social inequality.
a. Multiracialism
b. Pluralism
c. Intersectionality
d. Hegemony
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 185; Intersectionality
25. Marco grew up in Puerto Rico and considers himself Hispanic. He is also gay and in his late
30s. Marco’s experiences are not only affected by his ethnicity but by his membership in
multiple categories, a concept called:
a. multiracialism
b. pluralism
c. intersectionality
d. hegemony
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 185; Intersectionality
26. Carol is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for
5 years at her company. She feels as if her age, race, and sex have prevented her from
climbing the executive ladder. This is an example of which concept?
a. Hyposectionality
b. Hypersectionality
c. Horizontal mobility
d. Intersectionality
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 185; Intersectionality
27. According to the text, who is MOST likely to rely on Social Security benefits?
a. White men over the age of 65
b. Black women over the age of 65
c. Asian men over the age of 65
d. Hispanic women over the age of 75
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 185; Intersectionality
28. When immigrants come to the United States, many of them feel compelled to give up their
native language in order to learn English. This is an example of ______________________.
a. segregation
b. genocide
c. assimilation
d. pluralism
REF: p. 185; Patterns of Interaction
29. __________ is when many different cultural groups coexist in a society without any of the
groups losing their unique qualities.
a. pluralism
b. assimilation
c. segregation
d. utopia
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
30. During the 1950s, blacks and whites had separate bathroom facilities, attended separate
schools, and used different water fountains. This is an example of ________________.
a. genocide
b. assimilation
c. segregation
d. pluralism
31. When Irish immigrants came to the United States in the early 1900s, many whites called them
names and treated them in a negative manner. This is an example of _______________.
a. homophobia
b. alto phobia
c. xenophobia
d. structural racism
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism
OBJ: LO 8-3: Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social
structures and institutions. COG: Comprehension
32. When interviewed for a news story about racial tensions, Leo denies that he or any of his
friends are racist. When he is with his family, however, Leo tells racist jokes and says that
immigrants, “Should all speak English if they live in my country!” Leo’s behavior illustrates
a. symbolic racism
b. the way that pluralism has affected assimilation
c. the disparity between front stage and back stage behavior
d. overt bigotry
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 186; Racism
structures and institutions. COG: Application
33. When a set of ideas that reflects the point of view of a white person is accepted as the taken
for granted understanding of how to interpret culture, it is referred to as:
a. white privilege
b. white racial frame
c. xenophobia
d. institutional racism
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 187; Culture and Racism
34. When hospitals give preferential treatment to whites as opposed to members of minority
groups, this is referred to as:
a. prejudicial bias
b. individual bias
c. institutional discrimination
d. individual discrimination
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism
structures and institutions. COG: Application
35. Research indicates that prejudice and racism at the individual level _________________.
a. has been steadily increasing
b. has remained the same in recent decades
c. has been decreasing
d. can't be documented because it's hard to detect
REF: p. 189; The Role of Individuals in Institutional Racism
structures and institutions. COG: Knowledge
36. Which of the following does NOT explain the link between economic disadvantage and
racism?
a. legal discrimination
b. white privilege
c. segregation
d. genetic superiority
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
REF: p. 187; Social Structure and Racism
37. In a study where identical resumes were sent to potential employers with the only the names
of the job applicant varying,
a. black sounding names got no callbacks
b. white sounding names got 25% more callbacks
c. applicant names didn’t matter as much as education and prior jobs
d. white sounding names got 50% more callbacks
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism
38. Which statement regarding individual and institutional discrimination is true?

a. Individual discrimination is always linked to prejudicial attitudes
b. Individual discrimination is more difficult to detect then institutional
discrimination
c. Institutional discrimination occurs between two individuals
d. Institutional discrimination is harder to detect compared to individual
discrimination
REF: p. 189; The Role of Individuals in Institutional Racism
structures and institutions. COG: Analysis
39. Neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan are examples of __________________.

a. xenophobic groups
b. hate groups
c. racial groups
d. hegemonic groups
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 189; Hate Groups
40. The civil rights movement, which took place in the 1950s and 1960s, ended the
_________________ laws.
a. Jim Crow
b. August Comte
c. Stanley Milgram
d. Franklin Mills
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
REF: p. 189; The Civil Rights Movement
41. After the successes of the civil rights movement, several social movements arose in the late
1960s and early 1970s that promoted pride in one’s racial identity. These movements were
called:
a. diaspora movements
b. ghetto movements
c. power movements
d. indigenous movements
REF: p. 190; Collective Identity and “Power” Movements
42. ________________ refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic

population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area.
a. Assimilation
b. Genocide
c. Segregation
d. Diaspora
REF: p. 190; Race and Ethnicity in a Global Context
OBJ: LO 8-4: Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and
migrations. COG: Comprehension
43. The Holocaust is an example of ___________________.

a. assimilation
b. genocide
c. amalgamation
d. segregation
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 196; Genocide
migrations. COG: Application
44. Paul Gilroy argues that in trying to understand global flows based on race, we should focus on
a. national boundaries of racism
b. disaporas
c. the Black Atlantic
d. cotton
REF: p. 192; Global Flows Based on Race and Ethnicity
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
45. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Because oppression and subordination are associated with
minority racial and ethnic categories, some individuals go to lengths to identify with the
dominant group. Which of these are named in the text as ways that individuals attempt to
assimilate?
a. Learning the dominant language
b. Changing one’s name to one that sounds more like a member of the dominant
group
c. Undergoing cosmetic surgery
d. Changing the looks of one’s hair to look like the dominant group
ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: p. 181–182; Racial and Ethnic Identities
United States. COG: Analysis
46. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. James is a middle-aged white man in a white-collar job.
The combination of his statuses can be thought of as an example of:
a. intersectionality
b. the matrix of oppression
c. the matrix of power and advantage
d. institutional racism
ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 185; Intersectionality
47. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. When sets of racist ideas, stereotypes, stories, and images that
discriminate against blacks come to be seen as taken-for-granted racial common sense in the
minds of individuals, this is an example of the
a. black racial frame
b. while racial frame
c. cultural aspects of xenophobia
d. hegemony
ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: p. 187–188; Culture and Racism
48. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are sites of institutional racism?
a. courts and the criminal justice system
b. health care settings
c. educational systems
d. labor markets
ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism
structures and institutions. COG: Analysis
49. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following statements regarding the relationship
between ethnic identity and globalization is true?
a. Ethnic identities are very fragile
b. Globalization is a force in the creation and proliferation of ethnic identity
c. Ethnic identity and globalization are part of the same modern process
d. Ethnicity usually becomes part of a person's core identity
ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: p. 190, 192; Ethnic Identity and Globalization
migrations. COG: Analysis
50. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Manoj moved from India to the United States as a child, yet
he talks to his grandparents every week, celebrates holidays with his family via Skype, and
watches Bollywood films on Netflix. In this case:
a. technology enhances Manoj’s ethic identity
b. globalization and ethnic identity are part of the same process
c. globalization is weakening Manoj’s sense of connection to the United States
d. Manoj’s ethnic identity is fragile
ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard
REF: p. 192; Ethnic Identity and Globalization
TRUE/FALSE
51. Discrimination can exist in a culture even if there are no prejudiced people.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism

52. The term “racism” can be used to refer to negative attitudes or treatment on the basis of race
or ethnicity.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism

53. Whites are a racial group.

a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 188; Culture and Racism

54. Because the day-to-day operations of institutions work in racist ways that are largely invisible,
it is easier to blame individuals as largely responsible for perpetuating prejudice and
discrimination.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

REF: p. 189; The “Invisibility” of Institutional Racism
55. Racism is found only in societies where there are majorities of white people.
a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Hard

REF: p. 192; Global Prejudice and Discrimination
56. As social characteristics, ideas about race and ethnicity flow across borders effortlessly.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard

REF: p. 192; Global Flows Based on Race and Ethnicity
57. A racial group is defined primary by cultural characteristics.

a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

58. People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.

a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

59. A racial group is defined primarily by physical characteristics, whereas an ethnic group is
defined primarily by cultural characteristics.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

60. New Mexico and Texas are two states which have a majority-minority population.
a. True
b. False

61. Women would be categorized as a minority group, whereas men would be categorized as a
majority group.
a. True
b. False

62. A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.

a. True
b. False

63. John believes that people who have a Latino background are lazy. This would be referred to as
discrimination.
a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

64. Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

a. True
b. False

65. An example of assimilation would be Asian immigrants who come to the United States and
give up their cultural traditions.
a. True
b. False

66. Philadelphia is a city where many religions are practiced and many different types of
languages are spoken. This is an example of segregation.
a. True
b. False

67. An example of genocide occurred when American Indians were killed in large numbers by the
white settlers in the period of westward expansion.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p.186; Patterns of Interaction

68. Racism involves defining a majority group as a race and attributing negative characteristics to
that group.
a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism

69. A bank has a history of giving low-interest loans to whites and charging high-interest loans to
minority groups. This is an example of individual racism.
a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism

70. Institutional discrimination can be found within the educational and health care systems.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism

71. Institutional discrimination is harder to detect when compared to individual discrimination.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism

72. Diaspora refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic group from its
traditional homeland.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: p. 190; Race and Ethnicity in a Global Context
migrations. COG: Knowledge
73. Ethnic cleansing is defined as the establishment by the minority group of policies that allow or
require the forcible removal of people of another racial group.
a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 195; Ethnic Cleansing

74. Today, genocide is no longer being practiced within nation-states.

a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 196; Genocide

75. In a global context, prejudice and discrimination can be thought of as operating as a factor of
the Global North and Global South.
a. True
b. False

REF: p. 192; Global Prejudice and Discrimination
76. Globalization plays little role in the creation of ethnic identity.

a. True
b. False

REF: p. 190, 192; Ethnic Identity and Globalization
SHORT ANSWER
77. Differentiate between race and ethnicity and give two examples of each type of group.
ANS:
Varies but should define race and ethnicity and give two examples of each.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

78. Define a majority and a minority group. Give an example of each type of group.
ANS:
Varies but should include a definition of a majority group and a minority group with an
example of each.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 183; Majority–Minority Relations

79. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Give an example of each. Can a
person be prejudicial without being discriminatory? Explain your answer. Can a person be
discriminatory without being prejudicial? Explain your answer.
ANS:
Correct answer varies but should include a definition of prejudice and discrimination and the
difference between the two, followed by an example of each one that elaborates why it fits
into the named category.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 184; Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

80. Discuss the role of individuals in racism institutional structures. How can prejudice and
discrimination be declining at the individual level while racism can continue in society? In
other words, can institutional racism happen when an individual is not racist?
ANS:
Correct answer varies but should include an explanation of institutional racism and individual
racism and discuss how institutional racism need not be based on an individual’s racism.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 189; Institutional Racism

81. How have minority groups fought back against or resisted racism? Discuss at least one social
movement against racism, prejudice, institutional racism, or oppression.
ANS:
Answers vary, but should discuss the civil rights movement of the 1950-1960s and the ways
that these fights changed laws and how legal discrimination ended as a result. Other
acceptable answers could include identity and power movements, such as the Black
Power/Brown Power movements that mobilized people around their racial/ethnic identities.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 189–190; Social Movements and Race


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Essentials of Sociology 2nd Edition Ritzer

Full download at link: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-essentials-of-

Chapter 08: Race and Ethnicity

1. African Americans and Asians are defined primarily as a(n):

3. ______________ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic, such

5. The lines between racial and ethnic groups are:

6. How old is the concept of race?

14. While historical explanations of race favored __________ explanations, contemporary

20. Prejudice is a(n) _______________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ______________.

22. Which of the statements is FALSE in regard to prejudice and discrimination?

38. Which statement regarding individual and institutional discrimination is true?

39. Neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan are examples of __________________.

42. ________________ refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic

43. The Holocaust is an example of ___________________.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism

53. Whites are a racial group.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 188; Culture and Racism

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Hard

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard

57. A racial group is defined primary by cultural characteristics.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

58. People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

62. A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

64. Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p.186; Patterns of Interaction

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 186; Racism

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 188; Institutional Racism

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 195; Ethnic Cleansing

74. Today, genocide is no longer being practiced within nation-states.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 196; Genocide

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

76. Globalization plays little role in the creation of ethnic identity.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 178; Race and Ethnicity

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 183; Majority–Minority Relations

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 184; Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 189; Institutional Racism

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 189–190; Social Movements and Race

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20. Prejudice is a(n) _, whereas discrimination is a(n) .