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PDF 20230405 131344 0000
PDF 20230405 131344 0000
MARIAM NOORU
INTRODUCTION
Mycobacterium is a genus of Mycobacteriaceae family
They are nonmotile, non–spore-forming, aerobic bacilli.
They are slightly curved rods with filamentous and branching forms on occasion.
The cell wall is thick, complex, and lipid-rich, resulting in a hydrophobic surface.
They do not stain readily, but once stained, resist decolourisation with dilute
mineral acids. Hence they are called ‘Acid fast bacilli’.
Bacteria are classified in the genus Mycobacterium on the basis of
(1) their acid-fastness,
(2) the presence of cell wall mycolic acids
(3) a high guanine plus cytosine (G+C) content in their deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).
Growth properties and colonial morphology ( preliminary classification of
mycobacteria).
Pathogenic Mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis Complex
◦ M. tuberculosis - Common
◦ M. leprae - Uncommon
◦ M. africanum
◦ M. bovis
◦ M. ulcerans
All are Strictly Pathogenic
Runyon Group III (Slow growing
Runyon Group I (Slow growing
nonchromogens)
◦
photochromogens)
◦ M. avium complex – common
◦
M. kanasii - Common
◦ M. genavense
◦
M. marinum
◦ M. hemophilum uncommon
M. simae Uncommon
All are usually pathogenic (not strictly)
◦ M. malmoense
Strictly pathogenic Usually pathogenic
primary site of infection : upper part of the lower lobe, or lower part of the upper lobe of lung
secondary TB lesions: apex of the upper lobes , peripheral lymph nodes, kidneys, brain, and bone
PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
• Acid fast stating (Ziehl - Neelson method) – Red colour Acid fast bacilli
COLONY MORPHOLOGY ON CULTURE MEDIUM
• Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) Medium – Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears as brown,
granular colonies (sometimes called "buff, rough and tough")
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Catalase test - Negative IMMUNODIAGNOSIS
Oxidase test – Negative (i) Tuberculin Skin Test:
Urease test – Positive Mantoux test is a Tuberculin skin test used for the diagnosis of
Indole test - Negative TB.
In this test, 0.1 ml or 5 tuberculin units of PPD (purified protein
Methyl Red (MR) test - Negative
derivative) is injected intradermally into the volar aspect of the
Voges Proskauer (VP) test - Negative
forearm using a 27-G needle.
Citrate utilization test – Negative PPD should be injected between the layers of the skin and not
Nitrate reduction – Positive subcutaneously. The results is read after 48-72 hours.
Niacin test - Positive
Neutral Red test - Positive
Treatment of tuberculosis:
Anti-tuberculosis drugs are divided as-
First line drugs:
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin (injection) and Pyrazinamide
Second line drugs:
Used for the cases of TB where first line drugs are ineffective.
Includes ciprofloxacin, cycloserine, ethionmide, kanamycin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, capreomycin and
others.
Mycobacterium leprae
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Gram’s classification – Weak Gram positive due to the presence
of Mycolic acids, Lipids and Waxes in Cell wall. Also called as
Hansen’s Bacillus Spirilly
• Acid fast bacilli
• Shape – Rod shaped Bacilli. Sometimes Pleomorphic in nature.
• Intracellular parasite. Unable to be cultured on artificial media.
• Motility – Non-Motile
• Capsule - Absent
• Endospores - Absent
• Respiration – Microaerophilic respiration
• Optimum Temperature – 27 °C to 30 °C
• Optimum pH – 7.0
• Habitat – Found in air, water and soil.
• Mycobacterium leprae has a long generation time of about 12
days.
PATHOGENICITY OF Mycobacterium leprae
DISEASE TRANSMISSION: Person to person spread by infectious Air borne Nasal secretions
or Droplets or Aerosols.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Mycobacterium leprae multiplies slowly and the incubation period
of the disease on average is 5 years.
Granuloma formation occurs in Cutaneous nerve. Cutaneous nerve swell and gets destroyed.
Severe inflammation may result in Caseous necrosis (a unique form of cell death in which the
tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance) within the nerve.
Mycobacterium leprae may escape from nerve to adjacent skin at any time and cause classical
skin lesions.
Good Cell Mediated Immunity successfully limits the disease to the nerve Schwann cell resulting
in occurrence of Tuberculoid Leprosy.
b) In persons with depressed Cell Medicated Immunity (Multibacillary Leprosy or Lepromatous Leprosy)
Mycobacterium leprae entering the Schwann cells multiply unchecked and destroy the nerve.
Mycobacterium leprae liberated by infected and destroyed cells are engulfed by Histiocytes
(Tissue Macrophage).
Mycobacterium leprae multiply inside these macrophages and travel to other tissues, through
blood, lymph or tissue fluid.
Types of Leprosy
There are six types of leprosy and are mainly
classified based on the severity of symptoms
Intermediate leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
Mid-borderline leprosy
Borderline leprosy
Lepromatous leprosy
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF Mycobacterium leprae MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION • Acid fast stating (Ziehl - Neelson method) – Red
colour Acid fast bacilli • Bacteriological index (BI) – BI is an expression of the extent of bacterial loads where as Morphological index (MI) is
calculated by counting the numbers of solid-staining acid-fast rods. The results are expressed as a) 1+ - Atleast 1 Acid Fast Bacilli in every
100 fields b) 2+ - Atleast 1 Acid Fast Bacilli in every 10 fields c) 3+ - Atleast 1 Acid Fast Bacilli in every fields d) 4+ - Atleast 10 Acid Fast
Bacilli in every fields International Online Certification Course on “Medical Bacteriology (Phase - IV)” ©JPS Scientific Publications, India
Chapter - 32 Page 161 e) 5+ - Atleast 100 Acid Fast Bacilli in every fields f) 6+ - Atleast 1000 Acid Fast Bacilli in every fields ANIMAL
CULTURE • Mycobacterium leprae has not yet been successfully cultured in vitro but it can be grown in the laboratory by injection into
the foot pads of mice. It is a slow growing pathogen with the doubling time of 14 days. LEPROMIN SKIN TEST • The Lepromin skin test is
not used to diagnose leprosy but to determine what type of leprosy a person has. • The lepromin test is used to study host immunity to
Mycobacterium leprae. • Lepromin skin test is similar to Tuberculin test. An extract of Mycobacterium leprae is injected intradermally and
induration is observed 48 hours later in those whom a cell-mediated immune response against organism exist. • Lepromin skin test elicit
✓
two types of reaction: The Fernandez reaction is analogous to tuberculin reactivity and appears in sensitized subjects 48 hours after
skin testing. Positive reaction is characterized by the appearance of a localized area of inflammation with congestion and edema
measuring 10 mm and more in diameter during 24 – 48 hours of injection. These lesions disappear within 3 – 4 days. Positive reaction
✓
suggests that the patient has been infected by Mycobacterium leprae bacilli during sometime in the past. The Mitsuda reaction is
characterized by development of a nodule at the site of inoculation after 3 – 4 weeks after testing with Lepromin. The nodule
subsequently may undergo Necrosis followed by Ulceration. This reaction is indicative of the host’s ability to give a Granulomatous
response to antigens of Mycobacterium leprae, and is positive. IMMUNODIAGNOSIS a) Latex Agglutination Test b) ELISA c) FLA-ABS
(Fluorescent leprosy antibody absorption test) MOLECULAR ANALYSIS a) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be used as a means of
diagnosis of leprosy and also as a tool for drug assessment. International Online Certification Course on “Medical Bacteriology (Phase -
IV)” ©JPS Scientific Publications, India Chapter - 32 Page 162 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY AND PREVENTION • Tuberculoid form is treated with
Rifampicin and Dapsone for 6 months. • Clofazimine is added to this regimen for treatment of the Lepromatous form, and therapy is
✓
extended to a minimum of 12 months. • The preventive and control measures includes Early diagnosis and treatment Vaccines (BCG ✓
✓ ✓
Vaccine) Chemoprophylaxis Health education