Module 06 OS

Chapter 10:
File-System Interface
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Chapter 10: File-System Interface
 File Concept
 Access Methods
 Directory Structure
 File-System Mounting
 File Sharing
 Protection
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 10.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Objectives
 To explain the function of file systems
 To describe the interfaces to file systems
 To discuss file-system design tradeoffs, including access methods, file

sharing, file locking, and directory structures
 To explore file-system protection
File Concept
 Contiguous logical address space
 Types:
 Data
 numeric
 character
 binary
 Program
File Structure
 None - sequence of words, bytes
 Simple record structure

Lines
 Fixed length
 Variable length
 Complex Structures

Formatted document
 Relocatable load file
 Can simulate last two with first method by inserting appropriate control
characters
 Who decides:
 Operating system
 Program
File Attributes
 Name – only information kept in human-readable form
 Identifier – unique tag (number) identifies file within file system
 Type – needed for systems that support different types
 Location – pointer to file location on device
 Size – current file size
 Protection – controls who can do reading, writing, executing
 Time, date, and user identification – data for protection, security, and
usage monitoring
 Information about files are kept in the directory structure, which is
maintained on the disk
File Operations
 File is an abstract data type
 Create
 Write
 Read
 Reposition within file
 Delete
 Truncate
 Open(Fi) – search the directory structure on disk for entry Fi, and move
the content of entry to memory
 Close (Fi) – move the content of entry Fi in memory to directory
structure on disk
Open Files
 Several pieces of data are needed to manage open files:
 File pointer: pointer to last read/write location, per process that
has the file open
 File-open count: counter of number of times a file is open – to allow
removal of data from open-file table when last processes closes it
 Disk location of the file: cache of data access information
 Access rights: per-process access mode information
Open File Locking
 Provided by some operating systems and file systems
 Mediates access to a file
 Mandatory or advisory:
 Mandatory – access is denied depending on locks held and
requested
 Advisory – processes can find status of locks and decide what to
do
File Locking Example – Java API
import java.io.*;
import java.nio.channels.*;
public class LockingExample {
public static final boolean EXCLUSIVE = false;
public static final boolean SHARED = true;
public static void main(String arsg[]) throws IOException {
FileLock sharedLock = null;
FileLock exclusiveLock = null;
try {
RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile("file.txt", "rw");
// get the channel for the file
FileChannel ch = raf.getChannel();
// this locks the first half of the file - exclusive
exclusiveLock = ch.lock(0, raf.length()/2, EXCLUSIVE);
/** Now modify the data . . . */
// release the lock
exclusiveLock.release();
File Locking Example –
Java API (Cont.)
// this locks the second half of the file - shared
sharedLock = ch.lock(raf.length()/2+1, raf.length(),
SHARED);
/** Now read the data . . . */
// release the lock
sharedLock.release();
} catch (java.io.IOException ioe) {
System.err.println(ioe);
}finally {
if (exclusiveLock != null)
exclusiveLock.release();
if (sharedLock != null)
sharedLock.release();
}
}
}
File Types – Name, Extension
Access Methods
 Sequential Access
read next
write next
reset
no read after last write
(rewrite)
 Direct Access
read n
write n
position to n
read next
write next
rewrite n
n = relative block number
Sequential-access File
Simulation of Sequential Access on
Direct-access File
Example of Index and Relative Files
Directory Structure
 A collection of nodes containing information about all files
Directory
Files
F1 F2 F4
F3
Fn
Both the directory structure and the files reside on disk

Backups of these two structures are kept on tapes
Disk Structure
 Disk can be subdivided into partitions
 Disks or partitions can be RAID protected against failure
 Disk or partition can be used raw – without a file system, or formatted
with a file system
 Partitions also known as minidisks, slices
 Entity containing file system known as a volume
 Each volume containing file system also tracks that file system’s info in
device directory or volume table of contents
 As well as general-purpose file systems there are many special-
purpose file systems, frequently all within the same operating system
or computer
A Typical File-system Organization
Operations Performed on Directory
 Search for a file
 Create a file
 Delete a file
 List a directory
 Rename a file
 Traverse the file system
Organize the Directory
(Logically) to Obtain
 Efficiency – locating a file quickly
 Naming – convenient to users

 Two users can have same name for different files
 The same file can have several different names
 Grouping – logical grouping of files by properties, (e.g., all Java

programs, all games, …)
Single-Level Directory
 A single directory for all users
Naming problem
Grouping problem
Two-Level Directory
 Separate directory for each user
 Path name
 Can have the same file name for different user
 Efficient searching
 No grouping capability
Tree-Structured Directories
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont.)
 Efficient searching
 Grouping Capability
 Current directory (working directory)

 cd /spell/mail/prog
 type list
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont)
 Absolute or relative path name

 Creating a new file is done in current directory
 Delete a file
rm <file-name>
 Creating a new subdirectory is done in current directory
mkdir <dir-name>
Example: if in current directory /mail
mkdir count
mail
prog copy prt exp count
Deleting “mail”  deleting the entire subtree rooted by “mail”
Acyclic-Graph Directories
 Have shared subdirectories and files

 Acyclic directories are a generalization of the Tree directory
structure. Acyclic directories allow files to have multiple parent
directories; this means that multiple users can access the same
file from different paths
General Graph Directory
General Graph Directory (Cont.)
 How do we guarantee no cycles?
 Allow only links to file not subdirectories
 Garbage collection
 Every time a new link is added use a cycle detection algorithm to
determine whether it is OK
File System Mounting
 A file system must be mounted before it can be accessed
 A unmounted file system (i.e., Fig. 11-11(b)) is mounted at a

mount point
(a) Existing (b) Unmounted Partition
Mount Point
File Sharing
 Sharing of files on multi-user systems is desirable
 Sharing may be done through a protection scheme
 On distributed systems, files may be shared across a network
 Network File System (NFS) is a common distributed file-sharing method
File Sharing – Multiple Users
 User IDs identify users, allowing permissions and protections to be
per-user
 Group IDs allow users to be in groups, permitting group access

rights
File Sharing – Remote File Systems
 Uses networking to allow file system access between systems
 Manually via programs like FTP
 Automatically, seamlessly using distributed file systems
 Semi automatically via the world wide web
 Client-server model allows clients to mount remote file systems from
servers
 Server can serve multiple clients
 Client and user-on-client identification is insecure or complicated
 NFS is standard UNIX client-server file sharing protocol
 CIFS is standard Windows protocol
 Standard operating system file calls are translated into remote calls
 Distributed Information Systems (distributed naming services) such
as LDAP, DNS, NIS, Active Directory implement unified access to
information needed for remote computing
File Sharing – Failure Modes
 Remote file systems add new failure modes, due to network failure,
server failure
 Recovery from failure can involve state information about status of

each remote request
 Stateless protocols such as NFS include all information in each

request, allowing easy recovery but less security
File Sharing – Consistency Semantics
 Consistency semantics specify how multiple users are to access a

shared file simultaneously
 Similar to Ch 7 process synchronization algorithms
 Tend to be less complex due to disk I/O and network latency
(for remote file systems
 Andrew File System (AFS) implemented complex remote file
sharing semantics
 Unix file system (UFS) implements:
 Writes to an open file visible immediately to other users of the
same open file
 Sharing file pointer to allow multiple users to read and write
concurrently
 AFS has session semantics
 Writes only visible to sessions starting after the file is closed
Protection
 File owner/creator should be able to control:
 what can be done
 by whom
 Types of access
 Read
 Write
 Execute
 Append
 Delete
 List
Access Lists and Groups
 Mode of access: read, write, execute
 Three classes of users
RWX
a) owner access 7  111
RWX
b) group access 6  110
RWX
c) public access 1  001
 Ask manager to create a group (unique name), say G, and add
some users to the group.
 For a particular file (say game) or subdirectory, define an
appropriate access.
owner group public
chmod 761 game
Attach a group to a file

chgrp G game
Windows XP Access-Control
List Management
A Sample UNIX Directory Listing
End of Chapter 10
Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009

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Chapter 10:

 To describe the interfaces to file systems

 To discuss file-system design tradeoffs, including access methods, file

 To explore file-system protection

 Mediates access to a file

 A collection of nodes containing information about all files

Both the directory structure and the files reside on disk

 Traverse the file system

 Efficiency – locating a file quickly

 Naming – convenient to users

 Grouping – logical grouping of files by properties, (e.g., all Java

 A single directory for all users

 Current directory (working directory)

 Absolute or relative path name

prog copy prt exp count

Deleting “mail”  deleting the entire subtree rooted by “mail”

 Have shared subdirectories and files

 A unmounted file system (i.e., Fig. 11-11(b)) is mounted at a

 Sharing may be done through a protection scheme

 On distributed systems, files may be shared across a network

 Network File System (NFS) is a common distributed file-sharing method

 Group IDs allow users to be in groups, permitting group access

 Recovery from failure can involve state information about status of

 Stateless protocols such as NFS include all information in each

 Consistency semantics specify how multiple users are to access a

owner group public

chmod 761 game

Attach a group to a file

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