Essentials of Modern Communications

Essentials of Modern Communications
10.1002/9781119521501.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119521501.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [12/08/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York
Essentials of Modern Communications
Late of New York University Tandon School of Engineering

Djafar K. Mynbaev
Lowell L. Scheiner
This edition first published 2020
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law.
Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/
permissions.
The right of Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted
in accordance with law.
Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at
www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears
in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

MATLABⓇ is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant
the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This work’s use or discussion of MATLABⓇ software or related
products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach
or particular use of the MATLABⓇ software. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in
preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the
contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives,
written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is
referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher
and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or
recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.
You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this
work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the
publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not
limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Mynbaev, Djafar K., author. | Scheiner, Lowell L., author.

Title: Essentials of modern communications / Djafar K. Mynbaev, New York City
College of Technology of the City University of New York, Lowell L.
Scheiner, Late of New York University, Tandon School of Engineering.
Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2020. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019053579 (print) | LCCN 2019053580 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119521495 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119521464 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119521457 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Telecommunication.
Classification: LCC TK5101 .M96 2020 (print) | LCC TK5101 (ebook) | DDC
621.382–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053579
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053580
Cover design by Wiley

Cover image: © KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by SPi Global, Chennai, India
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Bronia
vii
Contents
About the Authors xxi

Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
1 Modern Communications: What It Is? 1

Objectives and Outcomes of Chapter 1 1
1.1 What and Why of Modern Communications 4
Objectives and Outcomes of Section 1.1 4
1.1.1 What Is Modern Communications? 5
1.1.2 General Block Diagram of a Communication System 6
1.1.3 Operation of a Communication System 7
1.1.4 Why Do We Need Modern Communications? 8
1.1.5 From Today to Tomorrow – Two Examples 9
1.1.5.1 The Internet of Things (IoT) 10
1.1.5.2 Data Centers 12
Questions and Problems for Section 1.1 13
1.2 Communication Technology on a Fast Track 16
Sidebar 1.2.S.1 Brief Notes on History of Telegraph, Telephone, Radio,
and Television 22
1.2.1 The Internet 28
1.2.1.1 Basics of Networks 28
1.2.1.2 The Internet: From a Point-to-Point Link to a Network of
Networks 37
1.2.2 Optical Communications 42
1.2.2.1 Introduction to Optical Communications 43
1.2.2.2 Developments in Optical Communications: From First
Inventions to Modern Advances 46
1.2.3 Wireless Communications 49
1.2.3.1 Introduction to Wireless Communications 49
1.2.3.2 Contemporary Wireless Communications Technologies 54
1.2.3.3 Mobile Cellular Communications 57
viii Contents
1.2.4 Satellite Communications 59

1.2.4.1 Historical Notes 59
1.2.4.2 Principle of Operation of Satellite Communication
Systems 60
1.2.4.3 Satellite Orbits 62
1.3 Fundamental Laws and Principles of Modern Communications 75
1.3.1 Fundamental Laws of Modern Communications 75
1.3.1.1 Hartley’s Information Law 75
1.3.1.2 Signal Bandwidth and Transmission Bandwidth from the
Transmission Standpoint 76
1.3.1.3 Bandwidth and Bit Rate, Nyquist’s Formula, and Hartley’s
Capacity Law 77
1.3.1.4 Shannon’s Law (Limit) 79
1.3.1.5 More Clarifications of the Shannon Law 82
1.3.1.6 The Shannon Law for Digital Communications 83
1.3.2 Fundamental Principles of Modern Communications 86
1.3.2.1 Channel Capacity, Bandwidth, and Carrier Frequency 86
1.3.2.2 Bandwidth-Length Product 90
1.3.2.3 Power-Bandwidth Trade-Off 91
1.3.2.4 Spectral Efficiency and Transmission Technology 92
1.3.2.5 Bit Rate vs. Bandwidth in Digital Transmission 93
1.3.3 Laws, Principles, and Models – Importance, Limitations, and
Applications 94
1.3.3.1 Limitations and Applications of the Laws and Principles 94
1.3.3.2 Models 96
1.3.3.3 Modeling and Simulation 98
2 Analog Signals and Analog Transmission 103

2.1 Analog Signals – Basics 104
2.1.1 Definitions 104
2.1.1.1 Waveforms 104
2.1.1.2 Analog and Digital Signals 108
2.1.2 Sinusoidal Signal 110
2.1.2.1 The Waveform of a Sinusoidal Signal 110
2.1.2.2 Period and Frequency 111
2.1.2.3 Frequency, Radian (Angular) Frequency and Angle 115
2.1.2.4 Phase Shift (Initial Phase) 117
2.1.2.5 Amplitude 121
2.2 Analog Signals – Introduction 129
2.2.1 More About a Sinusoidal Signal 130
2.2.1.1 Considering All Three Parameters – the Formula for a
Sinusoidal Signal 130
Contents ix
2.2.1.2 The Phase of a Sinusoidal Signal: a Detailed Look 132

2.2.1.3 Cosine and Sine Signals 138
Sidebar 2.2.S.1 Phasor and Sinusoidal Signal 139
Sidebar 2.2.S.2 Signal and Function 146
2.2.2 Frequency Domain and Bandwidth 151
2.2.2.1 Frequency Domain 151
2.2.2.2 Cosine and Sine Signals in Frequency Domain 151
2.2.2.3 Bandwidth 156
2.2.2.4 Bandwidth: a Sophisticated Entity 159
2.3 Analog Signals – Advanced Study 167
2.3.1 Revisiting the Waveforms 168
2.3.1.1 More about Waveforms 168
2.3.1.2 Waveform and Signal’s Power 174
2.3.2 Waveforms and Phasors 178
2.3.2.1 Practically Realizable Waveforms 178
2.3.2.2 Phasors and Phasor Diagrams 178
2.3.2.3 Waveforms and Phasors for a Resistor, an Inductor, and a
Capacitor 181
2.3.2.4 Impedances and Phasors 185
2.3.A Mathematical Foundation of Phasor Presentation 191
2.3.A.1 Phasors and Complex Numbers 191
2.3.A.2 Applications of Phasor Presentation to the Analysis of
Electronic Communications Circuitry 195
2.3.A.2.1 Summation of Signals 195
Optional: Questions and Problems for Appendix 2.3.A 200
3 Digital Signals and Digital Transmission 203

3.1 Digital Communications – Basics 203
3.1.1 Why Go to Digital Communications 204
3.1.1.1 Main Advantage of Digital Transmission over the Analog 204
3.1.1.2 Case Study 1: The Advantages of Using Digital Signals in
Transmission 207
3.1.1.3 Case Study 2 of Digital Communications: Transmission with
Integrated-Circuit Digital Logic Families 210
3.1.1.4 Why Go to Digital Communications: A Summary 214
3.1.2 How to Go to Digital Communications 215
3.1.2.1 From Characters to Bits 215
3.1.2.2 From Bits to Electrical Pulses 222
3.1.2.3 How to Go Digital Communications: A Summary 224
3.1.A Brief History of Character Codes 229
3.1.A.1 International Morse Code 229
3.1.A.2 Baudot Code 230
x Contents
3.2 Digital Signals and Digital Transmission – Introduction 232

3.2.1 Ideal Digital Signal and Characteristics of Digital Transmission 233
3.2.1.1 The Waveform of an Ideal Digital Signal 233
3.2.1.2 Pulse Interval and Transmission Rate; Bit Time and Bit
Rate 235
3.2.1.3 Important Note: The Definition of Bit Time 237
3.2.1.4 Bit Rate and Channel (Shannon’s) Capacity 237
3.2.2 Parameters of a Real Digital Signal and the Characteristics of Digital
Transmission 239
3.2.2.1 Waveform of an Actual Digital Signal 239
3.2.2.2 Amplitude and Pulse Width 240
3.2.2.3 Rise Time and Fall Time 241
3.2.2.4 Rise/Fall Time and Bit Rate 244
3.2.2.5 More on Timing Parameters of a Digital Signal: Bit Time
Revisited 247
3.2.2.6 Duty Cycle 250
4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC) 259

4.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion, ADC 259
4.1.1 The Need for ADC and DAC 261
4.1.2 Three Major Steps of ADC 263
4.1.3 Sample-and-Hold (S&H) Operation 263
4.1.3.1 Sampling (S&H) Technique and the Nyquist Theorem 263
4.1.3.2 Aliasing 267
4.1.4 Quantization in ADC 272
4.1.4.1 Quantization Process 272
4.1.4.2 Quantization Errors and Quantization Noise 284
4.1.5 Encoding 285
4.1.A Decimal and Binary Numbering Systems 299
4.1.A.1 Decimal Numbering System 299
4.1.A.2 Binary Numbering System 300
4.1.A.3 Conversion from the Decimal Number System to the
Binary 301
4.2 Digital-to-Analog Conversion, DAC, Pulse-Amplitude Modulation, PAM, and
Pulse-Code Modulation, PCM 303
4.2.1 Digital-to-Analog Conversion, DAC 304
4.2.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation, PAM 304
4.2.3 Pulse Code Modulation, PCM 306
4.2.3.1 PCM: Principle of Operation 306
4.2.3.2 PCM: Advantages and Drawbacks 308
4.2.3.3 PCM Applications 309
Contents xi
4.2.A Modes of Digital Transmission 311

4.2.A.1 Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex Transmission 311
4.2.A.2 Serial and Parallel Transmissions 312
4.2.A.3 The General Formula for Bit Rate 314
4.2.A.4 The Need for Synchronization in Digital Transmission 315
4.2.A.4.1 Digital Signals and Timing 315
4.2.A.4.2 Timing in Digital Transmission 316
4.2.A.4.3 Time Discrepancy Between Transmitter and
Receiver Clocks 317
4.2.A.4.4 How Time Discrepancy Between Transmitter and
Receiver Clocks Deteriorates the Quality of Digital
Transmission 319
4.2.A.4.5 A Short Summary on Synchronization Issues 320
4.2.A.5 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 320
4.2.A.5.1 Asynchronous Transmission 321
4.2.A.5.2 Synchronous Transmission 323
5 Filters 325
5.1 Filtering – Basics 326
5.1.1 Filtering: What and Why 327
5.1.2 RC Low-Pass Filter (LPF) 330
5.1.2.1 Frequency Responses of a Resistor, R, and a Capacitor, C 330
5.1.2.2 RC Low-Pass Filter: Principle of Operation 333
5.1.2.3 Output Waveforms of an RC LPF 334
5.1.2.4 An RC LPF: Formulas for Attenuation and Phase Shift 335
5.1.2.5 Frequency Response of an RC LPF 339
5.1.2.6 Cutoff (Critical) Frequency of an RC LPF 342
Sidebar 5.1.S Filter’s Characteristics in Absolute Values and in dB 345
5.1.3 Filter Operation in Time Domain and Frequency Domain 347
5.1.3.1 Waveform Change and Frequency Response 347
5.1.3.2 Bandwidth of an RC LPF 349
5.1.3.3 Characterization of an RC LPF 349
5.1.3.4 The Role of R and C Parameters in Characterization of an RC
LPF 352
5.1.4 General Filter Specifications 354
5.1.4.1 Amplitude Specifications 354
5.1.4.2 Phase Specifications 359
5.2 Filtering – Introduction 365
5.2.1 High-Pass Filter (HPF), Band-Pass Filter (BPF), and Band-Stop Filter
(BSF) 366
5.2.1.1 High-Pass Filter (HPF) 367
5.2.1.2 Band-Pass Filter (BPF) 371
5.2.1.3 Band-Stop Filter (BSF) 378
xii Contents
5.2.1.4 Applications of RC Filters 380

5.2.1.5 Final Notes on RC Filters 380
5.2.2 Transfer Function of a Filter 381
5.2.2.1 Input and Output of a Filter 381
5.2.2.2 Transfer Function of an RC LPF 384
5.2.2.3 Graphical Presentation of a Transfer Function: Bode Plots 387
5.2.A RL Filter and Resonance Circuits as Filters 400
5.2.A.1 RL Filter 400
5.2.A.2 Resonance Circuits as Filters 402
5.2.A.2.1 Resonance Circuits: A Review 402
5.2.A.2.2 Quality Factor 405
5.2.A.2.3 Resonance Circuit as a Band-Pass Filter 406
5.2.A.2.4 Resonance Circuit as a Band-Stop Filter 407
5.3 Active and Switched-Capacitor Filters 409
5.3.1 Active Filters 410
5.3.1.1 Drawbacks of Passive Filters 410
5.3.1.2 Operational Amplifier 413
5.3.1.3 Active Filters: Concept and Circuits 418
5.3.1.4 Transfer Functions of an Active Filter: General View 419
5.3.1.5 Specific Types of Active Filters 420
5.3.1.6 Concluding Remarks on Active Filters 424
5.3.2 Switched-Capacitor Filters 424
5.3.2.1 Switched-Capacitor Filters: Concept and Circuits 424
5.3.2.2 Applications of Switched-Capacitor Filters 428
5.3.A Active BPF and BSF 436
5.3.A.1 Active BPF 436
5.3.A.2 Active BSF 439
5.4 Filter Prototypes and Filter Design 441
5.4.1 Filter Prototypes 444
5.4.1.1 The Problem in the Filter Design – The Need for the Filter
Prototypes 444
5.4.1.2 Another Problem for Filter’s Designer: Relationship Between
Amplitude and Phase Responses 445
5.4.1.3 Main Filter Prototypes – What and Why 446
5.4.1.4 Transfer Function of the Butterworth Filter 450
5.4.1.5 Amplitude Response of the Butterworth Filter 451
5.4.1.6 Amplitude Response of the Butterworth Filter in Logarithmic
Scale 453
5.4.1.7 Phase Response (Shift) and Time Group Delay of the
Butterworth Filter 456
5.4.1.8 Poles of the Butterworth Filter’s Transfer Function 457
Contents xiii
5.4.2 Introduction to Filter Design 459

5.4.2.1 Two Main Steps in Filter Design 459
5.4.2.2 Automated Design Options 460
5.4.2.3 Design of a Second-order Butterworth Filter 462
5.4.2.4 Using the Poles of a Transfer Function 468
5.4.3 The Design Process: Key Questions, Answers, and Salient Points 469
5.4.3.1 Questions and Answers 469
5.4.3.2 Salient Points 470
5.4.3.3 Choosing Filter Technology 471
5.4.A Tables of the Butterworth Polynomials 478
5.5 Digital Filters 479
5.5.1 What are Digital Filters? 479
5.5.1.1 Digital Filters – Principle of Operation 479
5.5.1.2 ADC and DAC Operations Revisited 481
5.5.1.3 Digital Filters – Difference Equation, Order, and
Coefficients 484
5.5.1.4 Recursive (IIR) and Nonrecursive (FIR) Digital Filters and
Their Difference Equations 486
5.5.1.5 Impulse Response of Digital Filters 487
5.5.1.6 Transfer Function of a Digital Filter 488
5.5.2 Conclusive Remarks on Digital and Analog Filters 491
5.5.2.1 Some Final Comments on Digital Filters 491
5.5.2.2 Adaptive Filters 491
5.5.2.3 Comparison of Analog and Digital Filters 492
5.5.2.4 Summary of Applications of Various Filter Technologies 492
What are Digital Filters? 494
6 Spectral Analysis 1 – The Fourier Series in Modern Communications 497

6.1 Basics of Spectral Analysis 498
Objective and Outcomes of Section 6.1 498
6.1.1 Time Domain and Frequency Domain 498
6.1.1.1 Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals 498
6.1.1.2 Time Domain and Frequency Domain Revisited 500
6.1.1.3 Signal Spectrum 509
6.1.2 The Fourier Series 511
6.1.2.1 The Fourier Theorem 511
Sidebar 6.1.S.1 Calculating the Coefficients of a Fourier Series 515
6.1.2.2 Spectral Analysis – From the Whole to the Parts 519
6.1.3 Spectral Synthesis 520
6.1.3.1 Spectral Synthesis – From Parts to the Whole 520
xiv Contents
6.2 Introduction to Spectral Analysis 534

6.2.1 More About the Fourier Series 534
6.2.1.1 Coefficients of the Fourier Series 534
6.2.1.2 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 537
Sidebar 6.2.S.1 Using the Signal’s Symmetry for Finding the Fourier
Series Coefficients 542
6.2.1.3 Finding the Fourier Series of Various Signals 544
6.2.2 Effect of Filtering on Signals 546
6.2.2.1 Statement of the Problem 546
6.2.2.2 Filtering a Single Harmonic 552
6.2.2.3 Filtering a Periodic Signal – Time and Frequency Domains 554
6.2.2.4 Filtering a Signal – The Entire Picture 560
6.2.2.5 A Final Note on Effect of Filtering on Signals 566
6.2.3 Harmonic Distortion 566
6.3 Spectral Analysis of Periodic Signals: Advanced Study 578
6.3.1 Mathematical Foundation of the Fourier Series 579
6.3.1.1 The Fourier Series in Exponential and Phasor Forms 579
Sidebar 6.3.S.1 The Other Forms of an Exponential Fourier Series 587
6.3.1.2 Two-Sided and One-Sided Spectra and Three Equivalent Forms
of the Fourier Series 588
6.3.2 Conditions for Application of the Fourier Series 591
Sidebar 6.3.S.2 Convergence of the Fourier Series 591
6.3.2.1 Gibbs Phenomenon 593
6.3.3 Power Spectrum of a Periodic Signal 594
6.3.3.1 Power and Energy Signals 594
6.3.3.2 Parseval’s Theorem 595
6.3.3.3 A Signal’s Bandwidth and Transmission Issues Associated with
a Power Spectrum 598
6.3.A Fourier Coefficients of a Two-sided and a One-sided Spectrum of the
Periodic Pulse Train for Example 6.3.2. 613
7 Spectral Analysis 2 – The Fourier Transform in Modern Communications 615

7.1 Basics of the Fourier Transform 616
7.1.1 The Fourier Transform in Spectral Analysis 617
7.1.1.1 From a Periodic to a Nonperiodic Signal 617
7.1.1.2 From the Fourier Series to the Fourier Transform 628
7.1.1.3 The Fourier Transform Briefly Explained 629
7.1.2 First Examples of the Fourier Transform Applications 632
7.1.2.1 A Rectangular Pulse 632
7.1.2.2 Basics of the Spectral Analysis of a Nonperiodic Signal 635
7.1.2.3 Rayleigh Energy Theorem 639
Summary of Section 7.1 642
Contents xv
7.2 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform: A Deeper Look 644

7.2.1 Definition and Existence of the Fourier Transform 645
7.2.2 The Concept of Function and the Transform 646
Sidebar 7.2.S.1 Dirac Delta Function 649
7.2.3 Table of the Fourier Transform 654
7.2.4 Properties of the Fourier Transform 656
7.2.4.1 Units 656
7.2.4.2 Linearity 657
7.2.4.3 Duality 657
7.2.4.4 Modulation 657
7.2.4.5 Convolution in Time and in Frequency and a Transfer
Function 658
7.2.4.6 Time Differentiation 659
7.2.4.7 Other Properties of the Fourier Transform 659
7.2.5 Example of Using the Fourier Transform 659
Sidebar 7.2.S.2 The Impulse Response of an RC LPF 662
Sidebar 7.2.S.3 Alternative Methods of Finding a Transfer Function 667
7.3 The Fourier Transforms and Digital Signal Processing 670
7.3.1 Signals and the Fourier Transformations 671
Sidebar 7.3.S.1 A Word About DSP 677
7.3.2 Determining the Fourier Transform Required for DSP 681
7.3.3 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) 681
7.3.3.1 The Problem: Choosing the Best Type of FT for DSP 681
7.3.3.2 How Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Works 682
7.3.3.3 Can DFT Work with Any Signal? 690
7.3.4 Relationship Among All Fourier Transforms 697
7.3.5 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 699
8 Analog Transmission with Analog Modulation 707

8.1 Basics of Analog Modulation 708
8.1.1 Why We Need Modulation: Baseband and Broadband Transmission 710
8.1.1.1 Baseband Transmission and Its Major Problems 710
8.1.1.2 Solution to the Problems of Baseband
Transmission – Broadband Transmission 712
8.1.2 Basics of Amplitude Modulation 715
8.1.2.1 What Type of Analog Modulation Can We Have? 715
8.1.2.2 What Is Amplitude Modulation (AM) 715
8.1.2.3 Modulation Index 719
8.1.2.4 Relationship Between Frequencies of Information and Carrier
Signals 722
8.1.2.5 The Formula for an AM Signal and It Instantaneous
Value 723
8.1.2.6 The Spectrum of an AM Signal 725
xvi Contents
8.1.2.7 Power Distribution in an AM Signal 728

8.1.2.8 AM Modulation and Demodulation 730
8.1.2.9 The Main Drawback of Amplitude Modulation 732
8.1.3 Basics of Frequency Modulation (FM) 733
8.1.3.1 Frequency Modulation: Why and What 733
8.1.3.2 The Frequency of an FM Signal 734
8.1.3.3 Modulation Index of an FM Signal 738
8.1.3.4 The Spectrum and Bandwidth of an FM Signal 740
8.1.3.5 Relationship Between Parameters of Message and Carrier
Signals in FM Transmission 746
8.1.3.6 FM Modulation and Demodulation 746
8.1.4 Basics of Phase Modulation (PM) 750
8.1.4.1 How to Generate a Phase-Modulated Signal 750
8.1.4.2 Instantaneous Value of a Sinusoidal PM Signal 754
8.1.A Drawbacks of Baseband Transmission 759
8.2 Analog Modulation for Analog Transmission – An Advanced Study 762
8.2.1 Classification of Modulation Revisited 763
8.2.2 Advanced Consideration of Amplitude Modulation, AM, and Its
Application in Analog Transmission 766
8.2.2.1 Full (Double-Sideband Transmitted Carrier, DSB-TC)
Amplitude Modulation 766
8.2.2.2 Problems of Full AM Transmission 774
8.2.2.3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) AM 774
8.2.2.4 Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) AM 779
8.2.2.5 Full AM, DSB, or SSB – Which Type to Choose? 782
8.2.2.6 Applications of AM Transmission 784
8.2.3 Advanced Consideration of Angular (Phase and Frequency) Modulation
and Its Application in Analog Transmission 784
8.2.3.1 Angular Modulation 784
8.2.3.2 Sinusoidal (Single-Tone) Frequency Modulation (FM) 788
8.2.3.3 The Spectrum of a Single-Tone FM Signal, the Main Properties
of the Bessel Functions, and Narrowband and Wideband
FM 790
8.2.3.4 The Bandwidth of a Single-Tone FM Signal 793
8.2.3.5 General Case of an FM Signal (An Arbitrary Message
Signal) 799
8.2.3.6 Effect of Noise on an FM Signal 807
8.2.A Finding the Spectrum of an FM Signal with MATLAB 814
9 Digital Transmission with Binary Modulation 823

9.1 Digital Transmission – Basics 824
Contents xvii
9.1.1 Essentials of Digital Transmission Revisited 827

9.1.1.1 Block Diagram of a Communication System 827
9.1.1.2 Characteristics of a Transmitter, Tx 828
9.1.1.3 Characteristics of a Receiver, Rx 829
9.1.1.4 Characteristics of a Transmission Channel (Link) 830
9.1.1.5 The Model of Noise in Shannon’s Law 835
9.1.1.6 An Amplifier in a Transmission Channel: Internal Noise, SNR,
and Noise Figure 839
9.1.2 Assessing the Quality of Digital Transmission: The Gaussian (Bell) Curve
and the Probability Value 843
9.1.2.1 Gaussian (Bell) Normal Probability Distribution 843
9.1.2.2 Finding the Probability Value with the Bell Curve 844
9.1.2.3 Standard Normal Probability Distribution 847
9.1.2.4 The Gaussian Curve and Q-Function 850
9.1.3 Assessing the Quality of Digital Transmission: Bit Error Rate and
More 852
9.1.3.1 Decision-Making Procedure in the Presence of Noise 852
9.1.3.2 The Probability of Error in Detecting the Received Signal: Bit
Error Rate (Ratio) 855
9.1.3.3 BER: A Discussion 858
9.1.4 Eye Diagram 860
9.1.4.1 Eye Diagram: The Concept 860
9.1.4.2 Estimating Transmission Quality with an Eye Diagram 865
9.2 Introduction to Digital Transmission – Binary Shift-Keying Modulation 878
9.2.1 Digital Signal over a Sinusoidal Carrier – Binary Shift-Keying
Modulation 881
9.2.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) 881
9.2.2.1 ASK Concept and Waveform 881
9.2.2.2 Mathematical Description of ASK 883
9.2.2.3 ASK Spectrum 884
9.2.2.4 ASK Bandwidth 888
9.2.2.5 Bandwidth and Bit Rate of ASK 893
9.2.2.6 Bit Error Ratio, BER, of ASK System 895
9.2.2.7 ASK Advantages, Drawbacks, and Applications 898
9.2.2.8 Detection (Demodulation) of an ASK Signal 900
9.2.3 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) 901
9.2.3.1 FSK Concept and Waveform 901
9.2.3.2 Mathematical Description of FSK 903
9.2.3.3 FSK Spectrum and Bandwidth with Square Wave
Message 904
9.2.3.4 FSK Spectrum and Bandwidth with a Rectangular Pulse-Train
Message 906
9.2.3.5 Bit Error Ratio, BER, and Remarks on our BFSK
Discussion 908
xviii Contents
9.2.3.6 Discontinuous-Phase FSK (DPFSK) and Continuous-Phase

FSK (CPFSK) 910
9.2.3.7 Mathematical Description of a CPFSK Signal 911
9.2.3.8 Detection (Demodulation) of an FSK Signal 916
9.2.3.9 BFSK: Advantages, Drawbacks, and Applications 921
9.2.4 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) 922
9.2.4.1 PSK Concept and Waveform 922
9.2.4.2 PSK Mathematical Description; PSK Spectrum and Bandwidth
with a Square Wave Message 925
9.2.4.3 Demodulation of a Binary PSK Signal 926
9.2.4.4 Bit Error Ratio, BER, of a BPSK Transmission 929
9.2.4.5 BPSK Advantages and Applications 932
9.2.4.6 Comparison of Binary ASK, FSK, and PSK 932
9.2.A Jitter 940
10 Digital Transmission with Multilevel Modulation 943

10.1 Quadrature Modulation Systems 943
10.1.1 Multilevel (M-ary) Modulation Formats – What and Why 945
10.1.1.1 The Concept of Multilevel Modulation 945
10.1.1.2 Symbols and Bits 948
10.1.2 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying, QPSK 951
10.1.2.1 Introduction to Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying, QPSK 951
10.1.2.2 QPSK Signal: Waveform and Constellation Diagram 953
10.1.2.3 Generating (Modulating) a QPSK Signal 957
10.1.3 Working with QPSK Signaling 964
10.1.3.1 Properties of a QPSK Signal 964
10.1.3.2 QPSK Demodulation 965
10.1.3.3 Assessing the Quality of QPSK Transmission 967
10.1.3.4 Offset QPSK, Differential QPSK, and Minimum SK 968
10.2 Multilevel PSK and QAM Modulation 974
10.2.1 Multilevel (M-ary) PSK 975
10.2.1.1 Introduction to M-ary PSK 975
10.2.1.2 BER of M-ary PSK 977
10.2.2 Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, M-QAM 981
10.2.2.1 The Concept of Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,
M-QAM 981
10.2.2.2 BER of M-QAM 984
10.2.3 Final Thoughts 991
10.2.3.1 Spectral Efficiency, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Multilevel
Modulation 991
10.2.3.2 Bandwidth-Power Trade-off 994
10.2.3.3 Applications of Multilevel Signaling 995
Contents xix

10.A Multiplexing 999
10.A.1 Multiplexing: Definition and Advantages 999
10.A.2 Time-Based Multiplexing Principles 1000
10.A.2.1 Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing, sync-TDM 1000
Sidebar 10.A.2.S Two sync-TDM Systems: T and Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET) 1002
10.A.2.2 Statistical (Asynchronous) Time-Division Multiplexing,
stat-TDM 1008
10.A.3 Frequency-Based Multiplexing Techniques 1010
10.A.3.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing, FDM 1010
10.A.3.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM 1011
10.A.3.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing, WDM 1016
10.A.3.3.1 Why We Need WDM and How WDM Works 1016
10.A.3.3.2 WDM Technology 1018
10.A.3.4 CWDM and Other Types of Multiplexing in Optical
Communications 1020
10.A.4 Code-Division Multiplexing, CDM 1023
10.A.4.1 CDM: The Principle of Operation 1023
10.A.4.2 Spread-Spectrum Technique 1024
10.A.4.3 CDM: Benefits and Applications 1026
Bibliography 1029
Specialized Bibliographies 1037
Index 1043
xxi
About the Authors
Djafar K. Mynbaev
Djafar K. Mynbaev graduated from Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute, Russia, with MS
and PhD degrees. He worked for Russian academic institutions and industrial concerns for a num-
ber of years. In the United States, he worked at Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), where
he conducted research in various aspects of telecommunications. Since 1996, he has been working
at New York City College of Technology (CUNY), where he was the coordinator of the telecom-
munications program. Currently, he is a professor (and past chairman) in the college’s Electrical
Engineering and Telecommunications Technologies Department. His area of research is optical
communications and related fields. He has published about 150 technical and educational papers,
holds 26 patents, and has delivered numerous presentations at international conferences.
Lowell L. Scheiner
Lowell L. Scheiner was a technical writer and editor for more than 20 years on engineering
magazines, including Plastics Technology, Plastics World, and Modern Packaging. In addition, he
has written for Design Engineering, Semiconductor Products, Technology in Focus, and Solid State
Design, among other publications. He has also served in a public relations capacity for a number
of major corporations, including IBM, AlliedSignal, AMF, Borg Warner, Engelhard, and American
Can. For the last 37 years, he was a tenured professor at New York University’s Tandon School
of Engineering (formerly Polytechnic University), where he taught courses in technical writing,
corporate communications, and science journalism. Over the last 17 years, he has focused on
writing on subject matter related to modern communications. He holds two advanced degrees
from Columbia University, including an MS degree from the Graduate School of Journalism.
Professors Mynbaev and Scheiner coauthored the textbook Fiber-Optic Communication Techno-
logy, published by Prentice Hall in 2001. The book was reprinted by several international publishing
companies and translated into Chinese; it has been adopted by many colleges and universities
throughout the globe.
xxiii
Preface
Rationale (Modern Communications)

This book is about modern communications, which is the exchange of information among people
that is facilitated by advanced electronic technology. Human society cannot exist without commu-
nications, and history shows that the progress of humankind is very much associated with improve-
ment in communication technology. Writing, printing, telegraph, and especially telephone, televi-
sion, computers, and the Internet – all these means of communications have greatly contributed to
the development of our civilization.
Today, we continuously need to deliver information in any forms from one point to another, and
this is what modern communications do. So since our society produces ever-increasing reams of
information, communications is of necessity its lifeblood.
It is safe to predict that in the years to come, communications will become even more ubiquitous,
and more people will have access to the modern forms of communications. This is because all
aspects of our life – economic, political, and health care (to cite just a few) – depend increasingly
on access to the global communications infrastructure. In short, access to modern communications
allows people to improve all aspects of their lives.
Advances in communications depend largely on advances in all sectors of science and technology.
On the other hand, continuously increasing demands of modern communications stimulate further
progress in science and technology by setting out new challenges for these fields.
Many areas of communication technology, however, are approaching their limit. Electronic
industry works today at the scale of atomic distances (about 0.3 nm), and it is hard to imagine
how it can progress to smaller scales. Optical communications faces the limit dictated by informa-
tion theory, which does not depend on technological improvements. Wireless communications
faces the spectral restrictions, and we cannot get more spectrum than Mother Nature gave us.
Communication satellite systems are limited by satellite transmitter power on the downlinks
and receiver sensitivity on the uplinks, and these technological issues restrict further progress.
We firmly believe, however, that solutions to all these problems will be found, because the seeds
of the growth of emerging breakthroughs have already been planted in the world’s R&D labs,
where scientists and engineers are busily engaged in efforts that promise accomplishments in
communication technologies as remarkable as what we have witnessed till date.
All in all, modern communications technology is developing so rapidly that even our youngest
readers can point to significant improvements they remember. How, then, such a traditional teach-
ing tool as a textbook can help its readers to enter this dynamic field and equip them with the
knowledge that would not become obsolete in a few years? The immediate answer is almost pal-
pable: Since modern communications technology relies on fundamental principles that change
xxiv Preface
very little and – if they do – very slowly, we need to teach fundamentals. But teaching pure theory
on fundamentals in an engineering course does not work either because many students may lose
interest quickly. Thus, finding the right balance between teaching the theoretical fundamentals
of modern communications and their practical applications is the primary objective of this book.
Hopefully, our many years of industry, research, and teaching experience have helped in achieving
this objective.
Our Approach
Traditionally, a textbook serves as a source of information by introducing physical laws, deriving
equations, and explaining how devices and systems work. This function is still valuable, but in the
Internet era, when all information is just a click away, its importance is diminishing, which calls for
changing the approach to writing textbooks. Our book, while still providing necessary information,
teaches the reader why real-life engineering problems surface and how they are solved.
To achieve this goal, we first show the readers that laws, equations, circuitry, algorithms, and
virtually all engineering and scientific advancements are the results of the continuous process of
exploration and discovery primarily driven by the desire to find specific solutions to real-world
problems. Historical notes and short biographies of key scientists and engineers also help to show
the students that the problems discussed in this text stemmed from real-life situations and that solv-
ing them required tremendous efforts by people who created the technology that we enjoy today.
Hence, the readers (students) should perceive this new knowledge not just as information to be
memorized but mainly as the result of hard work of our predecessors and as inspiration for what
they could achieve through intellectual striving.
Second, as we review specific challenges, we explain the circumstances in which they arise, show
possible approaches to addressing them, discuss available methods of resolution, and consider their
realizable implementation. In other words, we do not merely present an equation, a system, or a
device but encourage our readers to participate in finding and applying solutions. The objective is to
teach our readers to problem-solving approaches, skills that remain with a professional throughout
his or her career regardless of changes in technology.
In solving a problem or designing a device or a system, an engineer must ask: What could go
wrong? What are the boundary conditions for this approach (or equation), beyond which it would
not work? Is this the best solution? By asking these types of questions, the engineer will ensure that
the device or system that he or she is designing will function in all possible situations. The ability
to ask these questions is critical for an engineer or a technologist and so nurturing this ability is
one of our objectives. We typically start every new topic by asking questions about the need for
discussing that topic. Furthermore, questions appear through the course of a discussion of them;
the questions are also included in each “Questions and Problems” section. We encourage readers
to see what real-life problems are posted there and how to solve them.
The book fosters the approach mentioned previously by concentrating on the fundamentals of
the subject and relates these fundamentals to professional responsibilities through discussions, case
studies, and – mainly – examples. Such an approach is hardly innovative, but what makes our book
unique is its consistent application throughout the text. In particular, our examples are not merely
the exercises in plugging given numbers into equations, but the presentation of real-world prob-
lems similar to those that students will meet in their professional careers. Besides, each example is
accompanied by a thorough discussion that pinpoints the advantages, drawbacks, limitations, and
implications of the obtained solution. Thus, our examples serve as essential teaching tools.
Preface xxv
As a result, the reader will not merely learn the theoretical framework for a topic in communica-
tions but will also probe into the sources of real-world engineering problems discussed in a given
topic, the steps taken for a possible solution, and the limitations of solutions considered. What is
more, the reader will acquire the habit of asking questions about possible reasons for problems and
feasible solutions. Most important, the reader will develop a professional approach to analyzing
and solving technical problems through curiosity and critical and logical thinking.
Pedagogical Features
The book follows a system approach in presenting the material. This is why block diagrams rather
than specific circuits are used for illustrating the discussion of devices. When considering a par-
ticular device, we always highlight its function as part of a system, thus helping to place each
component into the broader view of the overall system.
In this book, mathematics is used only as a tool enabling us to achieve specific goals, which is
exactly how engineering utilizes mathematics. At the same time, using mathematics fosters the
habit of thinking logically in solving a problem or finding the answer to a question. This approach
necessarily constrains the complexity of mathematics used in the book, which does not, however,
limit the level and depth of explanations and discussions.
As mentioned previously, the extensive discussion of examples helps to put the obtained solutions
and answers in perspective; it forces students to always carefully evaluate the correctness, limita-
tions, and implications of obtained results. This methodology encourages students to think outside
the box.
The shaded sidebars, dispersed throughout the book, provide additional explanations of
hard-to-tackle issues. Some of these sidebars present rigorous mathematical investigations of
specific problems, whereas others introduce real-life examples of communication systems.
Several sections include appendixes that complement the main material of the sections.
To help the reader, we have highlighted major points by shading the text and using italics.
Objectives and outcomes precede each chapter and each section. The objectives highlight the main
focus points of a unit, and outcomes present in a concise form of what you are expected to learn
from this segment.
Every section is accompanied by questions and problems that are intended to be assigned as home-
work. They are based on real-life issues that students might encounter in the workplace. Also, these
problems require students to comprehend an entire concept, not just solve an equation or under-
stand how a specific device works. Such method helps students develop a professional approach
to solving practical problems. The assignment segments also include questions that require essay
answers, which helps students to learn how to present their results in writing, a long-lost skill
that is high in demand in the industry these days. These sections additionally include questions
and problems that test not just the student’s ability to plug numbers into memorized formulas but
also gauge his or her knowledge of theory through its applications to real-world practice. Some
questions do not have a straightforward unique answer; such ambiguity is part of engineering
practice, and students must be familiar with it. Of course, design-oriented and mini-project ques-
tions and problems are integral parts of these assignments because we think design-oriented and
project-oriented approaches must be the hallmarks of every engineer.
To further engage our readers into the process of becoming the part of vibrant communication
community, the book refers to open issues in theory and practice of modern communications that
are being debated by industry and academia.
xxvi Preface
Audience (Organization of Our Textbook)

This textbook is intended for undergraduate students. As for specific recommendations, this text-
book represents a significant departure from the traditional mode of teaching communications
courses in the following aspects:
Most of the book’s 10 chapters are made up of three sections. Each section deepens and broadens
the topic, as the table of contents shows. This three-level structure allows the students to start at
the basic level and strive for higher and higher levels.
Since almost every section is self-sufficient, an instructor can choose the sections to suit the needs
of an individual class. The possible approaches to the selection are
• As the first sections of almost every chapter cover the foundations of the topic, an instructor can
merge these sections to create a basic course. This course can be used as a freshman course at any
college, including a community college. Similarly, sophomore, junior, and senior courses can be
devised from the introductory and advanced sections.
• The scope of our book far exceeds the need for a one- and even two-semester course in com-
munications. Fortunately, the breadth of the material allows for the use of the book in a variety
of communications courses. By choosing the proper sections from Chapter 1 to Chapter 10, an
instructor can prepare a course concentrated on a specific aspect of modern communications.
Adopting the three-level sections in their entirety will enable the instructor to implement the
concept of personalized and adaptive teaching. This implementation can be done by giving an indi-
vidual student the assignments according to his or her level of initial preparation and guiding the
student at his or her pace to the successful competition of the course. Also, since the basics of each
topic are introduced in each chapter, students can readily refresh their memory without the need
for additional sources.
I trust the book will be appealing to professionals who want to refresh their memory on the subject
matter and take a fresh look at their everyday work.
The bibliography is not only a necessary source of useful information but also an essential instru-
ment in showing the students what kind of information sources they should look for. This book
contains two parts of this section: General bibliography and references and specialized bibliogra-
phies. General bibliography shows the list of books and articles that have been used in the writing
of this volume. Among these sources, there are those that have been cited in the text. This is why
this list is called bibliography and references. We collected all these sources in one place to avoid
repeating the same titles if a bibliography were to be put in each chapter. Specialized bibliographies,
devoted to optical communications, wireless communications, and satellite communications, dis-
play the sources that can be helpful to those readers who want to delve into learning a specific
subject.
By default, the book relies on extensive use of modern technology in general and teaching tech-
nologies in particular; we avoid, nonetheless, specific references to what technologies should be
utilized and how they can be employed. Exceptions are MATLAB and Multisim that are extensively
used to support our discussions and to demonstrate practical examples.
New Jersey Djafar K. Mynbaev

28 July 2019
xxvii
Acknowledgments
I am deeply obliged to many people who helped in the preparation of this book.
The first person whom I must mention in this regard is my coauthor, long-term collaborator, and
friend, Professor Lowell L. Scheiner, who passed away in July 2018. He shared with me the larger
part of this long, challenging, but ultimately rewarding journey. Only when I had to work alone at
the end of this project, did I fully realize that his collaboration was priceless.
Without the support of President of New York City College of Technology Dr. Russel K. Hotzler
and the whole administration of our college, this book wouldn’t appear.
My colleagues in the Department of Electrical and Telecommunications Engineering Technology
backed me throughout this venture.
Many people assisted me in writing this book in various ways, and I am indebted to them
for their aid. For voluntarily giving up their time and comfort to help me overcome numerous
problems, obstacles, and hurdles, I am especially grateful to Dr. Boris Amusin, Mr. Brian Chu,
Mr. Sergey Genkin, Dr. Mohammed Kouar, Professor Linda Lerner, Dr. Michael Levit, Dr. Zory
Marantz, Dr. Karim Mynbaev, Mr. Alex Ovrutsky, Mr. Wolf Perlov, and Dr. Michael Shur.
I am very appreciative to Mr. Boris Ratner who spent substantial time aiding me to find the correct
interpretations of certain statements and verify the solutions of many problems.
After the death of my coauthor, Mr. Michael Ratner provided invaluable assistance in finishing
the project. For this, I am most sincerely thankful to him.
The use of MATLAB in this book would not be possible without the work done by Ms. Ina
Tsikhanava, who developed the vast majority of MATLAB and Simulink examples and prepared
most of the MATLAB-based figures and tables. Dr. Zory Marantz and Mr. Vitaly Sukharenko also
contributed to the use of MATLAB. I am indebted to these colleagues for their work.
I sincerely thank the reviewers who devoted their time and efforts to assess the proposal for this
manuscript.
I am greatly appreciative of the assistance provided by many people, companies, and organiza-
tions in granting me the permissions to reproduce their graphical materials.
Finally, I want to thank my students whose curiosity about the subject, desire for more in-depth
learning, and general reaction to my teaching inspired me to write this book.
March 2019 Djafar K. Mynbaev

Essentials of Modern Communications - 2020 - Mynbaev

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Essentials of Modern Communications - 2020 - Mynbaev

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Late of New York University Tandon School of Engineering

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Mynbaev, Djafar K., author. | Scheiner, Lowell L., author.

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by SPi Global, Chennai, India

Printed in the United States of America

About the Authors xxi

1 Modern Communications: What It Is? 1

1.2.4 Satellite Communications 59

2 Analog Signals and Analog Transmission 103

2.2.1.2 The Phase of a Sinusoidal Signal: a Detailed Look 132

3 Digital Signals and Digital Transmission 203

3.2 Digital Signals and Digital Transmission – Introduction 232

4 Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC) 259

4.2.A Modes of Digital Transmission 311

5.2.1.4 Applications of RC Filters 380

5.4.2 Introduction to Filter Design 459

6 Spectral Analysis 1 – The Fourier Series in Modern Communications 497

6.2 Introduction to Spectral Analysis 534

7 Spectral Analysis 2 – The Fourier Transform in Modern Communications 615

7.2 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform: A Deeper Look 644

8 Analog Transmission with Analog Modulation 707

8.1.2.7 Power Distribution in an AM Signal 728

9 Digital Transmission with Binary Modulation 823

9.1.1 Essentials of Digital Transmission Revisited 827

9.2.3.6 Discontinuous-Phase FSK (DPFSK) and Continuous-Phase

10 Digital Transmission with Multilevel Modulation 943

Questions and Problems for Section 10.2 995

Specialized Bibliographies 1037

About the Authors

Rationale (Modern Communications)

Audience (Organization of Our Textbook)

New Jersey Djafar K. Mynbaev

March 2019 Djafar K. Mynbaev

You might also like