Unit 8- Chemical energy

Understanding exothermic reactions Comparing endothermic and exothermic changes

Define exothermic-gives out heat to the surrounding Define endothermic- takes in heat from the surroundings

Describe 3 examples of exothermic reactions

Adding string bases or reactive metals to acids Give an example of an endothermic reaction
Reaction between iron wool and oxygen When a salt such as potassium chloride is dissolved in water
Adding calcium oxide to cold water
Draw and annotate and energy level diagram for an endothermic reaction
Explain why some reactions are exothermic
In a chemical reaction when new bonds are formed, energy is transferred to the
surroundings in the form of heat

Draw and annotate and energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction

Explain why some reactions are endothermic

The energy absorbed from the surrounding to break bonds is greater than the
energy released when making new bonds
 Investigating endothermic reactions Explaining the use of catalysts
Explain how a cold pack works What is a catalyst?
Squeezing the pack causes the mixing of water and ammonium nitrate from A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but remains unchanged at the end
separate chambers. The mixture cools rapidly because the energy required to of the reaction
break the chemical bonds is greater than the energy released when making new
bonds. How could you prove that a substance was a catalyst and not a reactant?
Measure the mass at the start and the end of the reaction. If the mass remains
Define independent variable and give an example unchanged then it is a catalyst.
The variable that is changed in an investigation e.g. mass of ammonium nitrate
What is an enzymes and how do they work?
Define dependent variable and give an example A enzyme is a biological catalyst. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions in
The variable that is measured in an investigation e.g. temperature rise cells by lowering activation energy.

Define control variable and give an example Name one industrial manufacturing process that makes use of a catalyst
A variable that must be kept constant in an investigation to ensure that it is a fair Manufacture of ammonia
test e.g. volume of water
Name the catalysts found in a catalytic convertor
What is the range? The lowest to the highest value Platinum and rhodium

What is an interval? The gaps/intervals between each independent variable value How does a catalytic convertor work?
They remove harmful gases from car exhaust fumes. The catalyst strips nitrogen
What type of graph should be plotted for continuous data? atoms from the nitrogen oxide and holds onto them. These react with one another
Line graph to form nitrogen gas

List 3 rules for drawing results tables

The table should be labelled with headings for the IV and the DV, IV should always
be in the left hand column, units only appear in table headings, the table should be
populated with the values selected for the IV