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    CN TM

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    Computer Networks (Code : 310245) Semester V - Computer Engineering (avitribai Phule Pune University) J. S. Katre ME, Glectronics and Telecommunication) Formerly, Assistant Professor Department of Electronics Engineering | Vishwakarma Institute of Technology (V.L.T.), Pune. ‘Maharashtra, India ® PO268A dp eles | Engineering Division ‘Computer Networks (Code : 310245) (Semester V, Computer Engineering, Savtribai Phule Pune University) J.S. Katre. Copyright © by Author. All rights reserved. No patt of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or stored ina retrieval system, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopy, recording, or other electronic oF ‘mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ‘This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by the way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, oF ‘otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior writen coasent ia any form of binding or cover other than which itis published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above. First Printed in India January 2001 First Edition as per New Syllabus: June 2017 (For Savitribal Phule Pune University) ‘This edition is for sale in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and designated countries in South-East Asia. Sale and purchase ofthis book outside ofthese countries is unauthorized by the publisher. Printed at : Image Offset, Dugane Ind. Arca Survey No. 28/25, Dhayari, Near Pari Company, Pune —41, Maharashtra State, India. E-mail :rahulshahimage@gmail.com ISBN ; 978-93-5224-5917-0 Published by ‘Tech-Max Publications Head Office: B/S, First floor, Maniratna Complex, Taware Colony, Aranyeshwar Corner, Pune -411009. Maharashtra State, India Ph: 91-20-24225065, 91-20-24217965, Fax 020-24228978. Email :info@techmaxbooks.com, ‘Website : www.techmaxbooks.com (FID: TP407) (Book Code : PO268A] Syllabu; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune Third Year of Computer Engineering (2015 Course) (310245) Computer Networks Examination Scheme In-Sem(Paper) ——_: 30 Marks End-Sem (Paper): 70 Marks Course Objectives : To understand the fundamental concepts of networking standards, protocols and technologies. ‘To lear different techniques for framing, eror control, flow control and routing. To lear role of protocols at various layers in the protocol stacks, To learn network programming. To develop an understanding of modern network architectures from a design and performance perspective, Course Outcomes : On completion of the course, student will be able to : Analyze the requirements for a given organizational structure to select the most appropriate networking architecture, topologies, transmission mediums, and technologies. ‘Demonstrate design issues, flow control and error control. ‘Analyze dataflow between TCP/IP model using Application, Transport and Network Layer Protocols, Ilustrate applications of Computer Network capabilities, selection and usage for various sectors of user commanity. ustrate Client-Server architectures and prototypes by the means of correct standards and technology. Demonstrate different routing and switching algorithms. Unit Physical Layer : Introduction of LAN ; MAN ; WAN ; PAN, Ad-hoc Network, Network Architectures : Client-Server ; Peer To Peer ; Distributed and SDN, OSI Model, TCP/IP Model, Topologies : Star and Hierarchical ; Design issues for Layers, Transmission Mediums : CATS, 5e, 6, OFC and Radio Spectrum, Network Devices : Bridge, Switch, Router, Brouter and Access Point, Manchester and Differential Manchester Encodings ; TEEE802.11: Frequency Hopping (FHSS) and Direct Sequence (DSSS). (Refer chapter 1) Unit 1r Logical Link Control : Design Issues : Services to Network Layer, Framing, Error Control and Flow Control. Error Control: Parity Bits, Hamming Codes (11/12-bits) and CRC. Flow Control Protocols : Unrestricted Simplex, Stop and Wait, Sliding Window Protocol, WAN Connectivity : PPP and HDLC. (Refer chapter 2) Unit 1 Medium Aceess Control : ‘Channe! allocation : Static and Dynamic, Multiple Access Protocols : Pure and Slotted ALOHA, CSMA, WDMA, IEEE 802.3 Standards and Frame Formats, CSMA/CD, Binary Exponential Back -off algorithm, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, IEEE 802. 1a/b/g/n and IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 Standards, Frame formats, CSMA/CA, (Refer chapter 3) Network Layer : Switching techniques, IP Protocol, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, Subnetting, NAT, CIDR, ICMP, Routing Protocols: Distance Vector, Link State, Path Vector, Routing in Internet: RIP ,OSPF, BGP, Congestion control and (QoS, MPLS, Mobile IP, Routing in MANET : AODV, DSR. (Refer chapters 4 and S) ‘Transport Layer : Services, Berkley Sockets, Addressing, Connection establishment, Connection release, Flow control and buffering, Multiplexing, TCP, TCP Timer management, TCP Congestion Control, Real Time Transport protocol (RTP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Quality of Service (QoS), Differentiated services, TCP and UDP for Wireless. (Refer Chapter 6) Unit: Application Layer : Domain Name System (DNS), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Email : SMTP, MIME, POP3, Webmail, FTP, TELNET, Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). (Refer chapter 7) aoa (EF comp nett SPP ; Table of Contents Chapter 1 : Physical Layer 14110 1.97 ‘Syllabus Network, Network Architectures : Client-Server ; Distributed and SDN, OSI Mode, TCPAP Model, Topologies : Star ‘and Horarchical, Design issues. for Layers, Transmission Mediums: CATS, 50, 6, OFC and Radio Spectrum, Network Devices : Bridge, Switch, Router, brouter and Access Point, Manchester and Dilrential Manchester Encodings ; 1EEE802.11 : Froquency Hopping (FHSS) and Direct Sequence (DSSS). + Introduction of LAN ; MAN ; WAN ; PAN, Adshoc Poor To Peer, Ma 12 18 19 140 1.5.1 Typos of Transmission Technology ae 19 Network Scale ee) Natwork Classico by ek Gooyarhy 9 171 Local Area Netwotts (LAN)... 172 Ethemel.... 173 Motopaltan Noa Natok (AN 112 1.7.4 Wide Arca Network (WAN). 143 1.75 PAN (Personal Aroa Network) 14 1.7.8 CAN (Campus Area Networt) 15 1.7.7 Wireless Networs.. 1.78 ntomotwors. 1.7.9. Comparison of LAN, WAN and MAN. ‘Acs Hoo Networks. = wok Catena Component Ai. Peorto-Poor Notwott.. = 1.10.1. When to use Peer to Poor Networks 1.102 Advantages of Peor to Paor Networks... 1.103 Disadvantages of Poor to Poor Networks... 1 12 113 14 115 [1.16 17 148 119 120 (ont / Server NetWork (Sever Based NetWOt nan 18 1.114 Communication in Gien Sever ‘Configuration. ws Advantages of Cent saver Network Disadvantages of Censor Networks. ‘Aplcatons of Clent-server Configuration... 1 ‘Comparison between Pear-o-Peer Network and (ont Saver Network. 119 1118 Ditbuted Netting 120 1.11.7 SON (Sofare Dafned Network). 120 Layered Tast.. 12 Network Software. 123 1481 Proocl Horie (aya Architect). 123 1.13.2 Reasons for having Layered Protocols and its Bonet. 1183 Dsadariags of Layeod Attoct. 1.184 How does Data Trans take Paco? Notwork Architect. 1.441 Vital Conmurcatonbawoon Lays. Design sss for tho Layer... Intraces and Serves. 1.16.1 nites and Poor nti. 1.10.2. Senice Provider and Sie User. 1163 Serco Access Points (SAPS) 1.164 feace Data Unt (OU)... 1.165 Service Data Unt $0). 41488 Protocol Dea Unit (PDL)... Connection Crete and Comconless Senices 1.174 Connedton Ofenied Serve... 1172 Comeconess $08... 1.17.3 Comparison of Connection Oriented and CConnocontess Sere... 1474 Quay of Save (008) ATS Sondce Prine... Relatonsip of Services to Prtocob.. 1.18.1 Serve. 1.182 Protocol Reference Mod on 081 Mode. 4.201 Funetons of Oiterent Layers. 102 Exchange ol norman using the Si Model 33 Physical Layer. ve Data nk Layer. A 119 119 1419 at aig. 114 11s: sa 24 ‘Computer Networks (SPPU) Table of Contents 121 122 123 1.24 125 128 127 128 ‘The TOPIP Reference Model. 121.4 Introduction to TOPAP.. 1.21.2 Overviow of TCPAP Architecture. 1-40 1.21.3 Description Of TOPAP Model aenn nnn P41 1.21.4 Comparison of OS! and TOPAP Models... 1-42 ‘Transmission Media... eee ta] 1.22.1 Classification of Transmission Med 1-82 1.22.2 Comparison of Wired and Wireless Media... 1-43 1.22.3 Typos of Wired Media... 144 ‘Twisted Pait Cabls.. so M8 1.28.1 Types of Twisted Pair Cables. 144 1.282 Categories (Cal) of UTP. 145 4.233 Category 3 and Category § (Cat 3 and Cat 5) UTP Cables a 6 Category 6 (Cat 6) UTP. 148 Catagory 7 (Cat 7) Shielded Screen Twisted Pac (sstP).. 1-46 ‘Applications of Twisted Pair Cables. ‘Comparison of Twista Pair Cables... 128.8 ConeCttS anna 1.239 Connector for Twist Palr Cable Coaxial Cables. 1.24.1 Characteristics ofa Co-Axial Cable 1.242 Co-aiel Cable Standards. 1.243 Applications of Coal Cables... 1.244 Baseband Co-axal Cable. = 1.245 Broadband Co-ial Cable 1.288 Connector for Co-xial Cable. Optical Fiber Cabies.. 1.25.1 Light Sources for Fiber. 149 1.25.2 Principle of Light Propagation in a Fiber... 1-49 1.25.3. Relation between Incident Angle and Emerging Angle 151 Modis of Propagator oe 51 Single Mode Fibers... 151 4.256 Multimode Fibers. 151 1257 Charctstiso Optcal Fer Cables... 183 ‘Comparisons : : 153 1.26.1 Comparison of Step Index and Graded Indox Fives. Comparison of Single Mode and Muttmodo FIDO nn 153 Comparison of Optical Fiber with Coaxial and “Twisted Pair Cables. 184 Acvartages and Daadaiage of er Ope Foes 154 1234 1235 1236 1237 1254 1255 153 1.262 1263 1.27.4 Advantages of Optical bers. vee 54 1.27.2 Disadvantages of Optical Fibers. 155; 1.27.3 Applications... 155: [Unguided (Wireless) Media, = 155 1.28.1 "Unguided Media : Wireless... 55 129 130 131 12 133 134 135 138 138 199 1.40 Mt 1282 156 1283 a 58 1.28.4 157 1285 157 Network Connecting Dev. enn 157 Hubs. 158 1304 159 Repeaters 159 1314 Active Hubs an 160 131.2 _Inlligent Hubs. +80 Bridgas. Peer 1.92.4 Transparent B90 rc 1-62 1.32.2 Source Routing Bridges. 164 1.323 Comparison of Transparent and Source Routing Bridge 165 1324 Romolo Bikes. 165 1328 Bids Comectng Doron LANs. 165 Wireless Access Point (AP). 166 1.88.1 Applications of AP. von 8B 1.38.2 Difference Between AP. and Ad hoc Notwork. sen 1-66 1.383 Unions of AP. 186 1334 Secu. 168 1338 68 Routers. 1-68 Gatoways.. 168 Switches. = 169 1.96.1 Two Layer Sth... 169 1.36.2 Thee Layer Sviteh 149 1.363 Comparison of Hub and Switch... 170 1.38.4 Media Convertor. 1-70 1368 Comparson of ait and 964.70 1.98.8 Comparison of Bridge, Switch and Hub... 1-71 1136.7 Comparison of Bridges, Roulors and Switches... 1388 Brouter.. Definition of Line Coding. z 172 197: Spl Phase Marchese Fomat ve 137.2. Diferential Manchestar Code 1 Introduction to WLAN and WPAN... 1.98.1 IEEE Standards... 1382 We ‘Wireless LAN - 802.11 (Architecture) ‘Componants ina Typical EEE 802.11 Network. 140.1 Basle Service Sot (BSS)... 178 1.40.2 Types of Stafonsin ESS. “7 Introduction to Spread Spectrum. v7 How is the $8 Signal Diferent fom the Normal Signal? va sata Computer Networks (SPPU) le of Contents 1.42 Agpications of Spread Spactum Modulation . 243 Staring and Ending Character wth Character 1.43 Clasitcation of he Spread Spectrum Modulation Stung ~ “24 ‘Techniques. ae 1-78 244 — Character Stuffing. 24 1.44 Mode t Spread Spctum Dit! Conmuncaton 245. Staring and Ending Fags, with Bt Stig. 2-5 System, a 179 248 Physical Layer Coding Viaons 28 1.45 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) 1-80 | 25 Error Control... 27 1.45.1 Operation fhe Enoodor (Transit). 1-80 25.4 Function ofa Tier. 27 1452 Receiver... +81 | 26 enor Detection and Corecton.... se 1453 Features of DSSS... 181 26.1 impart Definitions Ralted 16 Code ....28 1454 Applications of DSSS 880M nnn 181 262 EnorDeteton. = 29 1.46 Frequency Hop Spread Specrum (FH-SS) Signals... 182 263 240 4148.1. Types of Frequency Hoping. 182 264 Patty 2.10 147 Slow Frequoncy Hopping. san FB 265. TwoDiensonal Pay Check 212 147.1 Operation of the FHMESK Transmit. 1-89 268 Oyo Redundancy Check (CRG) on 214 1472. FHMESK Receiver 19 26.7 Ero Conecion 1.48 Fast Frequency Hopping. 184 26.8 Linear Block Codes... 149 Advantages and Disadvantages of DS-SS and FH-SS 269 Hamming Codes. Systems. Sod 26.10 Soved Examples. 149.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the 0S-SS Seri ince System = aid 27 Flow Control, 1402 soar eter ass Pm, Cpa 1s) conpatsoe 28.1 An Unrstcted Simplox Protocol. 228 1.50.1 Comparison. of Siow and Fat Frequency ed eer ree meen wn BB Hopping. 1-86 2.8.3 A Simplex Protocol for Noisy Channel. 226 1.50.2 Comparison of DSSS and FH-SS Systems 1-96 eeu . sansa vm 1-86 a Shepler2: Logical Link Control___2-1 to250_ ‘Syllabus : Design Issues: Services to Network Layer, Framing, Eer Cnt and Flow Cont Er Cont: Party Bs, Hamming || 3.10 ‘Codes (11/12-bits) and CRC. Flow Control Protocols: Unrestricted || 2.14 High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protoco! 239 ‘Simplex, Stop and Walt, Siding Window Protocol, WAN 2.11.1 Frame Structure in HDLC. 2-40, CConectvty: PPP and HOLC. 2.412 Frame Typesin HDLC. 2at 2.1 tnroduction, . 2.113 Transparency in HOLG. 2.42 2:1 Postion ef Data nc Layr a 242 22 Data Link Layer Design Issues 2.12 Ynys GAC in Data Link Protos in Trae and nat in (Functions of Data Link Layer)... ee ™ coo 23 Senices Provided o Network Layer. 2.13 Ways of Accassing he ntemet. 23.1 Types of Services Providd. 2.14 SUIP-Satal Line ; 248 232 Unactnonadged Comectoross Serves. : eee oem Ee) 23:3 Acknowledged Connectionless Serica. 3 2151 2.3.4 Acknowledged Connection Oriented Service... 2-3 2182 2.4 Framing v 23 2183 241 Framing Methods. on 2184 242 Character Count.. 2h 2185 2156 x Computer Networks (SPPU) Table of Contents 2.187 Auhonicaton Protocols 383 Tokon Pass. 310 2158 _ Network Conte Protocol (NCP) 39 Chanezaion 2.159 MUL PPP nn 391° FOMA 2.15.10. Oitrence between SLIP and PPP 392 TOMA. : 2.16 Solved Exampls.. 383 Code Divison Mule Access (COMA) + Review Question. 394 Comparison of FOMA, TOMA and COMA. 310 Ethemat 3101 (once) ana TT a1oa Shapler3: Medlum Access Contro!____3-1 103-62 3.104 Syilabus : Channel allocation: Static and Dynamic, Multiple sas 3.106 Gigabit Ehemet.. Aecus Pics Pure on Sted ALOHA SMA WOMA EEE |] 08 |S 8023, Standards and Frame Formals, CSMACD, Binary 3:12 TractonalEthomet (EEE 6023. - Exponential Backoalgoitm, Fast Ethemet, Gigabit Ethemet, ee eat IEEE 002.1 a/bgtn and IEEE 002.15 and IEEE 802.16 Standards, hoe pat oot Frame fomats, CSMAVCA. 5 3123 Addressing 321 3.4 Introduction ; 3124 Types of Addresses. sat 31.4 MAC and LLC Sublyor.. 3.125 Physical Propers of Ethernet. 322 3.2 The Channel Allocation Problem. 32 3.126 Physica Layer Implementation of Traditional 321 Static Channel Aloaton in LANs and MANs.. 3:2 Ehheme. 322 Dynamic ChamelAlocaton. ~32 | 3.13 changes inthe Standards 33. Maple Access. 93 | 3.16 Brged EtteMet en 8.24 Random Access. 83 | 3.15 Switched and Ful Duplex Ehamet.. 33.2. Evolution of Random Access MANO nnn 5:3 2.151 Swiched Ehemet.. 3.4 Multiple Access (ALOHA System) 33 3.15.2 Full Duplex Ethemet. 341 Pur ALOHA... 33 | 316° Fast Enomet 842 Protocol Flow Ghar for ALOHA.. 34 3.16.1 Autonego8060N nnn | 343 Eficoncy ofan ALOHA Chama. a 2162 Physical Layer implementation... 3.44 SED ALOHA ene compe 8S. | 817 | Gigabit them nrnwmnnennnnrn 345 Comparison of Pure and Slotted ALOHA....3-6 3.17.1 Physical Layer Implementtn... 85 Carter Sense Muliplo Access (CSM... 36 8.172 Ton Gigabit Ethoret. 35.1 Carfor Senso Multiple AccessCalisionDatecon | 3,18 Token Bus : IEEE 6024, (CSMA/CD)...... ~37 | 319 ‘Token Ring System [IEEE 802.5). ee) 352 CSMACD Procedure 38 3.191 Comparison of Access Cont! Methods...3-30 353° CSMACA... 3192 Comparison of 8023, 8024 and 8005 IEEE 36 Colson Free Protocol... SLANE nnn re) 361 Bitmap Protco. 3.193 Why cant Etmet and Token Ring be usedn a 362 Binary Countdown. WAN? 301 36.3 Limited Contenton Protocols. 3.20 Introduction to WLAN and WPAN. 364 The Adoptive Trea Wak Prtooo 3201 WHA ne 27 Binary Exponential Back of goin... 3.21 Infrastructure and Ad Hoc Netw 3:74 Wevelongth Dison Mutiplexing.... 3211 TholSM Band.. 37.2 Wavelongin Division Mutiple Access Protocis | 922 Fundamentals of WLANS.. wows). : 349 3.22.1. Wireless LAN Configraon 38 Conte 0088. 314 9122.2 Applications of Wireless LAN ou. 3.8.1 Reservation Systems O44 322.3 Wireless LAN - 802.11 (Architecture). 382 Paling 3418 | 323 Technical esues FB computer Networks (SPPU) 324 3.25 326 327 3.28 329 30 331 ase 3.33 34 3.38 3.38 337 3.38 339 340 3.23.1 Dilerence between Wireless and Wired ‘Transmission. 3232 Uso of WANG... Design Goats. Notwork AFCHOHUT 3.25.1 Infrastructure Networks 8.252 ACHOCLANS on — ‘Components ina Typical IEEE 802.11 Network. 3.26.1 Basic Service Set (BSS). 3262 Types of Statons in ESS. ‘Services Offered by a Typical IEEE 802.11 Network. 327.1 AP Services. 3272 STASowiees... IEEE 002,11 Standard. Physical Layer. 3.20.1 802.11 Frame Format 3.202 EEE 902.11 FHSS. 3.293 IEEE 802.11 Dsss. 329.4 IEEE 802.11 a OFDM. 3295 IEEE 902.11 DHR- DSSS. 3.208 IEEE 802.119 OFDM. ‘Basic MAC Layor Mechanisms 8.90.1 Distibuted Foundation Wireless Medium ‘Acosss Control (OFWMAC). Inter-Frame Spacing (FS). DCF and POF 9802.19 nnn PEs Tab & & @ & 3302 3303 3204 3305 3.308 Bee g Wirloss LAN Protocol... 3.95.1 Applications of Buetooth Technology. 335.2 Bluetooth Devos. Btuetooth Specticatons “Transport Protocol Group. 8.87.4. Rado Physical Layer evn 8872 Physical Links in Bluotoot. 3.87.3 Baseband Layer.. 3574 TDMA.. 3.37.5 Frame Format in Baseband Layor (Bluetooth Frame Format). Pconats (Bluetooth Aretitectue). ‘Scatlerats (Bluetooth Architecture) and Issues. Link Manager Protocol (LMP). 40.1. Power Management. 341 342 3.43 344 3402 3403 : 3.40.4 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (cap). 3.40.5 Host Contolerintrtace.. 9.56 Nideleware Protocol Group sn 55 Bluetooth Protie, 356 342.1 Limitations. 387 3422 Buotooth Advantages. 387 3423 Comparison of Biuetooth and WLAN IEEE 802.11x. Applications of Bluotooth... EEE 902.16 (WMANS) 944.1. The 802.16 Prot00l SIAC nn 59 3442 602.16 Frame Format. ven 80 3.443 Difference Betweon IEEE 202.11 and 3.444 3445 Chapter 4 : Network Layer 4110447 Syllabus : Switching techniques, Routing Protocols: Distance Vector, Link Stat, Path Vector, Congestion conto at 42 43 44 45 Network Layer a 4.11 Position of Network Layer. 44.2 Network Layer Dues. Ntwor Layer Dosin sues. 42 42.1. Store and Forward Packet Switching 422 Services Provided othe Transport Layer... 4-3 42.3 Implementation of Connectonless Service 43 424 Implementation of Connecton- Oriented Service. 4s 425 Intemal Orgaizaon ofthe Notwork Layer... 4-5 426 Comparison of Vitua Circuit and Datagrem Subnet. rae) Dalvery. +8 aaa 48 432 “6 Forwartng “7 44.1 Fonarding Tectniques.. 44.2 Next Hop Method Versus Route Method, 44.3 Network Specie Method Versus Host Spectic 44a 44s Routers. g ‘Computer Networks (SPPU) Table of Contents 46 47 48 49 410 an 42 413 434 45 436 4a7 ABA Routing TADS enn Unicast Routing... Ct 48.2 Interior and Exterior Routing... Broadcast ROUEN one Introduction to Switching ‘Switching Methods. ‘Cire Switching Networks. 4401 Three Phases. 4102 Efficiency 4103 Delay. 4104 Advantages... 4105 Disadvantage... : 4.108 Ctroult Switched Technology in Telephone elograph Networks and Message Switching. AANA Advantages. A112 Disadvantages. Packet Switching 4321 Datagram Packet Swing... 4.122 Routing Tabi... 4.123 Efclony... 4124 Delay. 412.5 Advantages of Packet Switching 4126 Disadvantages of Packot Switching... 4.12.7 Datagram Networks in internat. ‘Virtual Crouit Packet Switching... ~ 4981 Addressing 4.132 Three Phases of Communication. AA83 Efiiency nnn AIBA. Delay on os 4135 — Choult Switched Technology in WANS. 4.19.6 Advantages of Viral Circuit Packot ‘Switching, : Disadvantages of Vitual Circuit Packet Switching. 4.138 Comparison of Datagram and Virtual Ccuts 4-23 Multicast RoUtAg nnn Routing Algorithms. 415-1 Desired Properties of a Routing Algor... 4-24 4.152 Types of Routing Agorths. 4.183 Optimaty Principle. ‘Static (Non adaptive) Algor... 4,16: ° Shortest Path Routing, 4.162 _ Dikstra's Algor... 4.163 Flooding Dynamic Routing Algorithms. 4.7.1 Distance Vector Routing Algor 4.172 Count to infnty Problem. 4137 A 28 4473 Link State Routog hh 4.174 Comparison of ink Stat Routing and Distanco ‘Vector Reutng erarchical Routing {rtra and ntrdomain Routing... IntemetWorkng nnn 420.1 Why Ilematwotng 2. 4202. Tho Probloms in ntometworkng 420.3 Dealing wih Incompasbily lave Fragmentation : 421.1 Strategy 1 for Fragmentation (Transparent Se 4212 Strategy -2 or Fragmentation (Nor-ransparont swatogy) “The Network Layer the Inomat. Congaston. 423.1 Need of Congestion Coto. 4232 Causes of Congestion ‘4233 Difrence betwoan Congostin Canto! and Fow Cont Principe of Congestion Cont. Congestion Prevention Pos... Congoston Conlin Vitual Cut SUENE e 418 419 420 421 42 423 424 4.25 Universty Questions and Answors. 5-1 105.59 Chapter 5 : Network Layer Protocols ‘Syllabua : IP Protocol, 1Pv4 and IPVE addressing schemes, ‘Subneting, NAT, CIDR, ICMP, Routing in intemet : RIP, OSPF, BGP, MPLS, Mobile IP, Rouing in MANET : AODV, DSA. BA InrOdUCON nn 5A SAA Why IP Adat688 7 A 5.1.2 Logical Adiressos (IP Addresses) 52 52 ARP (Address Resolution Protood).. 52 5.2.1 Mapping of P Address into a MAC Address...5-3 52.2 ARP Operation... — 53 523 ARP Cache Memory. 54 5.24 ARP Packet Format 54 525 Encapsulation 54 52.6 Operation of ARP on Intomet. 54 52.7 Four Diferent Cases. 55 B28 Prony ARP cnn 5.3 Internat Protocol (IP). 53.1 Datagram, 5.3.2 Siucture of IP Frame Heade g ‘Computer Networks (SPPU) Tablo of Contents, 84 55 87, 58 59 510 533. Sovices Provided 534 (Pvt Adossos 535 Network Ades. 535 Spedall Adcrosses : 537 Adass Mass (Ootaut Masi). 538 Limtatéos of vs 539. Subneting AP 512 53.10 Subnet Mask. 512 53.11 Classless Adrosing.. 519 53:12 Superating 13 58.13. Who Decides th P AS65568? neue 548 58.14 Rogiterod and Urelstered Adress... 513 ou At IPv6 Adsrsses 14 542 ABbrovaton.. 543 CIDANetaton.... S44 Categorias of Adde88 oo. 515 545. (Pv6 PecketFomat 548 NAT—Notwork Ads Translaon n 518 Extension Head... ot) 551. Fragmentan... 552. Authancaton and Pe) nn SAB 553 Migrating to IP (Compatby to Pv)... 518 554 Compattion between v4 and PV, Motto. 58.1 Routing or Mee Host... 582 MobioIP..... Mapping Physical Adress to Logical Access 5741 The Reverse Adress Resolution (RARP) Proce 572 Sohed Examples. 521 YOMP (tet Conta Massage Protea . 525 58.1 Types of Messages. $82 Quoy.. 5.83 Diflorent Types of Messages in IOMPV6.... 5-28 Unicast Routing Protocols... 523 FIP (Routing Information Protoc) FIP Updating Algorithm, Iniazing the Routing Table 5.104 5.102 5.103 Updating the Routing Table Bat 512 8.13 514 515 516 517, 5.104 AIP Operation. 5.105 RIP Message Format. Disadvantages of FIPYt FIP Version 2 : 5108 5107 OSPF Routing Prot nn BANA Foatues of OSPF. 5112 Mati 5113 Types oun 511.4 Unk State Advertisements (LSAS).. 5AL5 OSPF Packet Types. 5.11.8 Comparison betwoen AP and OSPF. Border Gateway Protca 5.121 Pat Vector Routing. Path Vector Messages. Loop Prevention... 5122 5123 5.124 Pa Atrbutes 5125 Types of Messages. 5.126 BGP Operation nn 5127 BGP Routing. 5.128 How does BGP Solve the Count to Infinity ProbIOM ? nn Solved Examples... MPLS (Muli-Protocl Label Switching) 5.141 MPLS Header 3 5.142 5.4143 Forwarding Tabi Fouling in MANET.. ‘Problome with Routing in Mobile Ad soe Networks, Characteristics of tha Routng Protocol for (MANET. How doos MPLS Work 7... 5.15.1 5.152 ‘Classification of Routing Protocols in MANETs: 5.183 ‘Table Driven Routing Protocols (Proactiv). 5.16.1. Destination Saquenced Distance Vector Routing Protocol (OSV). 551 ‘On-demand Routing Protocol (Reactive). 589 5.17.41 Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR)... 5-54 g ‘Computer Networks (SPPU) “Table of Contents 5.172 Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing 68.2 User Datagram 613 Protocol (AOD\).... 683 UDP Psoud Header oa ‘© Review Question 684 UDP Operation 6415 5.18 Universty Questions and Answers. 685 Applications of UDP... 616 69 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)... 616 88.1 Relationship Between TCP and IP. 616 892 Ports and Sock 617 {Chapter 6: Transport Layer 6110661 | 610 Features of cP a 618 611 TOP Sanvies.. ee DO Syllabus : Services, Borkiey Sockets, Addressing, Connection |] 6:12 TCP Features. estabishmont, Comecton release, Fow contol and buena, |! 6.13 Tho TOP Protocol Multiplexing, TCP, TCP Timer management, TCP Congestion 6191 TCP Segment... CContol, Res! Time Transport protocol (RTP), Stream Control 6.4182 The TCP Segment Header Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Qualty of Service (Gos), 183 Coedoum, Diflorentiated services, TCP and UDP for Wireless. 614 TCP Connections 81 Inoue nnn 64 6.14.1. TCP Connection Estabishment... 62 Transport Layer Duties and Functional, 6.142 Connection Termination Protocol, [Connection Releas6) sen 6.2.1 Process-10-P100088 DEINE nn. 62.2 Client Server Paradigm... 62.3 Addressing in Traneport Layer 62.4 Multplexing and Demutipiexi 62.5. Connection Oriented Versus Connsctonlass Sonica . 6143 TCP Connection Management 6.144 TCP Comocton Release... 615 TCP State Diagram, 616 TCP Sliding Window (TCP Transmission Pot)... 6.16.1. Nage's Algorithm, 6.162 ity Window Syndrome, 8.47 TCP Congestion Cont. 6.17.4 Slow Start Algorithm... 6.17.2 Internet Congestion Control Agortim... 6.173 Congestion Avoidance (Additive Inerease)..6:31 628 Reliability at Transport Layor Versus Reliaitty at DLL. : 63 The Transpor Layer Serv08s 63.1 Qualty of Sonvie (Qos). 64 Transport Service PrMVOS oc. 6.4.1 Nosting of TPDUs, Packets and Frames an. BeEeaeee 6.17.4 Fast Retransmission 6st 85 Sockets and Their Programming 6175 TCP Tetwe...... eat ery 6.176 Fast Recover... 632 oe 6.18 TCP Timer Management 633 Cd 0 6.18.1 Jacobson’ Aigo. 693 C2 6182 _Kam's Algorithm oot tad 6183 Other Timers in TCP... 638 555 Connection rented Concurent Server 6.18.4 Comparison of UDP and TCP..... 694 (Steam Socket) ett 6.19 Socket Programming with TCP... 635 66 Elements of Transport Protocols. 612 aspen 6.19.1 Socket Programming With TOP eonennn.895 6.7 The Intomet Transport Protocols (TCP and UDP)... 6:12 6.19.2 Socket Programming with UDP. on 96 8.8 User Datagram Prot0cl (UDP) .cnvenesennnene 649 Loe 620° Protocols or RealTime intoractve Appts anu. 6-37 68.1 Well Known Ports for UDP. 613 EE computer Networks (SPPU) 6.20.1 ATP (Real Timo Protocol 6202. ATCP[ ATP Control Protocol 6203 RTOP Packets... 6.21 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).. 621.1 Introduction. 621.2 Steam ContolTransrission Protocol Message Format. 6218 SCTP Compared to TOP. 6214 Message-Based Mut Stoaring 621.5 SCTP Mutthoming 6.22. Qually of Sonice (8... 6.22.1 Pow Charactrisics. = 6.22.2 Techniques for Achieving Good QoS... 622.3 Trafic Shaping 6.224 Leaky Bucket Algorithm. 6.22.5 Tokon Bucket Algorithm 6.228 Combination of Token Bucket and e227 623 Scheduling and Poicing.. 623.1 Unk Scheduling Discpsina 24 Policing 6.25 Inlaid Sarcas and Diterentad Sores. 6251 inser. 6.252. Classes of Sri. e 6.253 _Diforentiated Services (Oisary). Syllabus : Domain Name System (ONS), Hypor Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Email SMTP, MIME, POPS, Webmai, FTP, ‘TELNET, Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP), Simple Network Management Protocal (SNMP). ‘Table of Contents 7.4 Applicaton Layer TAA Cllent Server Model. 742 Addressing 7.43 Aeplicaons TAA SO0KB en 7.2 Domain Name Systam (DNS). 7.21 How doos DNS Work? 722 Name Space. 723 FlatNamo Space 7.24 Hierarchical Name Sp208.... 73 Domain Name Space... 7A Distribution f Name SpA 7A Hierarchy of Name Servers. 75 DNSin he intomet.. 751 Generic Domains. 752 County Domain... 78 a 7.8 MIME Mulipurpose Intomet Mal Extensions. 7.8.1 Principle of MIME... 79 Message Transfor Ago: SMTP nn 7.9.1 Commands and Responses. 792 SMTP (Semple Mal Taster Preto) pean... 793 Components of E-nal Syston, 710 ma 7412 IMAP A, Computer Networks (SPPU) 7.41.3 Comparison of MAP and POP 3 snc 718 742 Web Basod Mal. : 718 743 Filo Transfer Protocol (FTP) oc 7418 7.43.1 Communication in FTP... 7432 729 7133 720 7134 7:20 7135 File Transfer 721 7136 724 7437 rat 714 TFTP. : a 72h 7.44.1 Comparison of FTP and TFTP. 722 7.48 Word Wide Web (WWW)... 722 7.15.1 Web from the Users Sie... TD 7.182 Web from the Severs Sid... 7.453 WWW Architecture 724 7.46 Browser (Cent). 716.4 Server. cr oe 25 | 7182. Unitorm Resource Locator (URL)... 7:28 7463 Cookies: User-Server Intracton. 725, 7.A7 Web Documents... : 7:28 7.474 Static Documents 728 7.47.2 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)... 7-28 7473 Dynamic Document. 7474 Common Gateway interlace (Cl). 727 TA75__ Active Documents. 727 7.48 HTTP (Hypertext Transfor Protocol. 7:28 7.48.1 Priniple of HTTP Operation... 728 7182 The Web and HTTP. 7.183 Non-persistant and Persstont Connection, 721 722 728 7184 HTTP Messages. 7.185 Request Message 7.186 Methods (Request Type)... 7187 Fesponsa Message... 7188 7189 Comparison of HTTP and SMTP. 7.20.2 DNS Records (Resource Records)... P2P Fle Sharing FRemole Login : TELNET and SSH. TELNET... 724 7.22.2 Network Vital Terminal (NVT), 7.223 Seourty Problems of TELNET. 7.224 Secure Shell (SSH).. 7225 Part Forwarding... 7226 SSH Packet Format, Host Configuration: DHCP... 728.1 Prov used Prt nn 7.282 Nod or Dynamic Configuration 7283 DHCP 7234 Advantages of DHCP 7.235 Components of DHCP. 7.286 DHCP Operation... 7237 7238 ror Conta 7-239 —Optinizaoons in DHCP... DHCP Operation on Dtferont Networks... 730 731 731 731 son 732 738 7.38 794 734 737 787 137 DBT 740 740, 7-40 Computer Networks (SPPU) 1 Table of Contents 724 7.28.10 DHCP Message Format Configuration. 7244 7.242 Dynamic Address Alocation . 7243 7.243. Address Acquistion State... 7.2432 Eaty Lease Termination... 7.2433 Lease Renewal States. 7244 7245 7248 7247 ‘Static Address Allocation... ‘Transition Stats DHCP Architocture 741 vn THD 742 742 742 742 73 73 748 75, 748 747 125 Simple Notwrk Management Proto! SNMP) nn 747 7254 TAT 7282 TAT 748 7253 7254 7255 17258 Review Questions... ‘Structure of Management Information (SM). 7-48 Management information Base (MIB)... 7-49 ‘Simple Network Management Protocol (sur)... 749 7.26 Universty Questions and Answer... 7.50 aao | Syllabus : To Peer 1.1 _ Introduction Network : * Network is a broad term similar to “system” Network is a communication system which supports ‘many users. In relation with the computers we can say that a “computer network” is a system which allows communication among the computers connected in the network. © There are various ways of interconnecting the computers. Protocol : © For successful communication to occur, it is not ‘enough for the “sender” to simply transmit the message and “assume” that the “receiver” will receive it properly. © There are certain rules that must be followed to censure proper communication, © Asset of such rules is known as a “protocol” of the

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