Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 9th Edition Sherwood Test Bank 1

Chapter 06 – The Peripheral Nervous System - Afferent Division - Special Senses
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 9th

Edition Sherwood 1285866932 9781285866932
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1. Nociceptors are sensitive to ____.

a. sound
b. osmolarity
c. pain
d. light
e. scent
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember
REFERENCES: 6.1 Receptor Physiology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.1 - List six categories of receptors based on their sensitivities to stimuli
2. Some receptors diminish the extent of their depolarization despite sustained stimulus strength, a phenomenon called
____.
a. reduction
b. depolarizing
c. ionization
d. evolution
e. adaptation
ANSWER: e
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.2 - Explain how receptors adapt to sustained stimuli
3. What are rapidly adapting receptors called?

a. phasic
b. tonic
c. clonic
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d. depolarizing
e. responsive
ANSWER: a
4. What kind of tactile receptor is stimulated by light, sustained touch?

a. Pacinian corpuscles
b. Merkel’s discs
c. Ruffini endings
d. Meissner’s corpuscles
e. dermatomes
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.3 - Contrast the inputs carried by visceral and sensory afferents
5. How many tactile mechanoreceptors are estimated to be in a typical fingertip?

a. 17,000
b. 5,000
c. 1,700
d. 500
e. 170
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.5 - Discuss the two factors that influence acuity
6. What kind of nerves carries subconscious input information?

a. sensory afferent
b. sensory efferent
c. visceral afferent
d. visceral efferent
e. peripheral motor
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.4 - Describe the labeling of somatosensory pathways
7. During precortical processing of sensory input, some features of stimuli are accentuated and others are suppressed
through ____.
a. precortical filtering
b. desensitization
c. cortical damping
d. medial inhibition
e. lateral inhibition
ANSWER: e
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1.6 - Define perception
8. How many categories of pain receptors are there?

a. six
b. five
c. four
d. three
e. two
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.2 Pain
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.2 - Summarize the protective mechanism of pain
9. What compound greatly sensitizes all nociceptors to noxious stimuli?

a. serotonin
b. adrenalin
c. prostaglandins
d. dopamine
e. glucose
ANSWER: c
10. What nerve fibers constitute the “fast pain” pathway?

a. A-alpha fibers
b. A-delta fibers
c. A-beta fibers
d. B fibers
e. C fibers
ANSWER: b
11. What is the fastest transmission rate of A-delta fibers?

a. up to 300 m/sec
b. up to 30 m/sec
c. up to 3 m/sec

d. up to 30 cm/sec
e. up to 3 cm/sec
ANSWER: b
12. What painkilling and mood enhancing compounds are released during prolonged exercise, such as jogging?
a. endorphins
b. enkephalins
c. dynorphins
d. substance P
e. alcohols
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.2.2 - Describe the built-in analgesic system of the brain
13. What gland produces tears?

a. lateral gland
b. crimson gland
c. lacrimal gland
d. luminal gland
e. pineal gland
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 6.3 Eye: Vision
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.1 - Describe the protective mechanisms that help prevent eye injuries
14. Within the eye, what innermost pigment layer contains nervous tissue?
a. vitreous humor
b. choroid
c. retina
d. sclera
e. cornea
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.2 - Describe the structure of the eye
15. What happens when the radial muscle of the eye contracts or shortens?
a. The size of the pupil decreases.
b. The size of the pupil increases.
c. The lens becomes more concave.

d. The lens becomes more convex.

e. The iris reflects less light.
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.3 - Outline the functions of the individual components of the eye
16. The photoreceptors in the eye are sensitive only to wavelengths between ____.
a. 40 and 70 nanometers
b. 400 and 700 nanometers
c. 4 and 7 micrometers
d. 40 and 70 micrometers
e. 400 and 700 micrometers
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.4 - Explain the process of refraction and the eye’s refractive structures
17. The strength of the lens depends on its shape, which in turn is regulated by what muscle?
a. constrictor muscle
b. radial muscle
c. suspensory muscle
d. ciliary muscle
e. circulatory muscle
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.5 - Discuss the mechanism of accommodation and the four vision
disorders
18. What condition occurs when the lens of the eye loses elasticity and can no longer assume the spherical shape required
to accommodate for near vision?
a. myopia
b. optomia
c. macular degeneration
d. cataracts
e. presbyopia
ANSWER: e
disorders
19. What photosensitive cells within the retina perceive colors?

a. cones
b. rods
c. bipolar cells
d. horizontal cells
e. ganglions
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.7 - Compare the two photoreceptor cells
20. What is the photopigment in rods?

a. melatonin
b. rhodopsin
c. opsin
d. transducen
e. carotene
ANSWER: b
21. What colors do cones sense?

a. light grey, medium grey, and dark grey
b. yellow, violet, and green
c. green, orange, and violet
d. red, yellow, and blue
e. red, green, and blue
ANSWER: e
22. Night blindness is a result of a deficiency of what nutrient?

a. glutamate
b. vitamin E
c. vitamin B6
d. vitamin A
e. zinc
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.8 - Discuss the processes of dark and light adaptation
23. Where is the optic chiasm located?

a. underneath the hypothalamus

b. underneath the pons

c. underneath the brain stem
d. in the occipital lobe
e. in the visual cortex
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.9 - State the significance of thalamus and visual cortex on the visual
message
24. Depth perception relies on what kind of field of vision?

a. diplopia
b. color vision
c. binocular
d. monocular
e. fovea
ANSWER: c
message
25. What two sensory systems are in the inner ear?

a. eardrum and pinna
b. auditory ossicles and eustachian tube
c. cochlea and auditory ossicles
d. cochlea and vestibular apparatus
e. vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 6.4 Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4 - Describe the structure and functions of the three parts of the ear
26. Human ears can detect sound waves between which ranges of frequencies?
a. 2 to 20 hertz
b. 10 to 100 megahertz
c. 100 to 200 megahertz
d. 1 to 10,000 hertz
e. 20 to 20,000 hertz
ANSWER: e
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.2 - Explain three characteristics of sound waves
27. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the ____.
a. pharynx
b. larynx
c. outer ear
d. frontal sinuses
e. cochlea
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.4 - Outline the role of the middle ear in transmitting airborne sound
waves to the fluid-filled inner ear
28. How many parallel rows of hair are in the organ of Corti?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.5 - Discuss the structure and significance of the organ of Corti
29. Pitch discrimination depends on the shape and properties of the ____.
a. basilar membrane
b. ossicles
c. stereocilia
d. microvilli
e. inner hair cells
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.6 - Discuss how the basilar membrane affects pitch discrimination
30. What are the actin-stiffened microvilli in the organ of Corti?

a. Corti hairs
b. tip link hair
c. stereovilli
d. microcilia
e. stereocilia
ANSWER: e
31. What is the most common cause of partial hearing loss (neural presbycusis)?
a. exposure to loud noises over 150 dB

b. degenerative wearing out of hair cells
c. rupture of the eardrum
d. middle ear infections
e. organ of Corti defect
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.8 - Discuss the two types of deafness and their solutions
32. Hearing damage can occur from brief exposure to high-intensity sounds, but also from frequent exposure to
moderately loud noises greater than what sound level?
a. 75 dB
b. 95 dB
c. 125 dB
d. 150 dB
e. 175dB
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.7 - Discuss how amplitude of vibration affects loudness discrimination
33. Approximately how many chemoreceptors for taste sensation (taste buds) are present in the oral cavity and throat of a
human being?
a. 50,000
b. 10,000
c. 5,000
d. 1,000
e. 500
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 6.5 Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.5 - Summarize the mechanisms of taste and smell
34. Where in the brain is taste perceived?

a. occipital lobe
b. thalamus
c. primary gustatory cortex
d. prefrontal cortex
e. lateral geniculate bodies
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.1 - Describe the location of taste receptor cells

35. What taste sensation is elicited by the most chemically diverse group of tastants?
a. sweet
b. salty
c. bitter
d. sour
e. fatty
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.2 - Identify stimuli for the five established primary taste sensations
36. What are the cells called within the glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs?
a. bulbous cells
b. glomular cells
c. globular cells
d. mitral cells
e. primary cells
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.3 - Discuss how olfactory receptors sort an odor into “smell files”
37. Approximately how many olfactory receptors are within the human nose?
a. 5,000
b. 500,000
c. 1,000,000
d. 5,000,000
e. 50,000,000
ANSWER: d
38. What does the vomeronasal organ (VNO) within the nose detect?
a. bitter taste
b. noxious scents
c. ambient pressure
d. humidity
e. pheromones
ANSWER: e
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.4 - Describe the manner in which the vomeronasal organ detects
pheromones

39. What do pheromones influence in animals and likely people?
a. fight or flight response
b. lactation
c. aggression
d. hunger
e. sociosexual behavior
ANSWER: e
pheromones
40. Osmoreceptors detect changes in the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
41. Tonic receptors do not adapt or adapt slowly.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
42. Sensory information is categorized as somatic (body sense) sensation or special senses.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
43. The smaller the receptive field is in a region, the less its acuity or discriminative ability.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

44. Perception is our unconscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve
impulses delivered to it from mechanoreceptors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
45. Substance P is unique to pain fibers and activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher levels
for further processing.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
46. Perception of pain occurs in the thalamus.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.2.1 - Describe the motivational and emotional responses to pain
47. Endogenous opioids include the endorphins, enkephalins, and dopamine.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.2.2 - Describe the built-in analgesic system of the brain
48. Most of the eyeball is covered by a tough outer layer of connective tissue, the macula, which forms the visible white
part of the eye.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
49. The larger posterior cavity between the lens and the retina contains a clear, jellylike substance, the vitreous humor.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
50. If the aqueous humor is not drained as rapidly as it forms, pressure builds within the eye and creates a condition called
cataracts.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
51. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the iris.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
52. Convex surfaces converge light rays, bringing them closer together.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
53. The two structures most important in the eye’s refractive ability are the iris and the pupil.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
54. The strength of the lens depends on its shape, which in turn is regulated by the ciliary muscle.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

disorders
55. Rod and cone cells contain a G protein called cyclic GMP.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
56. The three ossicles of the middle ear are the malleus, incus, and tympani.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.1 - Illustrate the anatomy of the ear
57. Like photoreceptors, hair cells do not undergo action potentials.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
58. Pressure waves of frequencies associated with sound reception are transferred from the upper compartment through
the thin vestibular membrane into the cochlear duct and then through the basilar membrane into the lower compartment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
59. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) interprets greater hair bending as a louder sound.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
60. Sensorineural deafness occurs when sound waves are not adequately conducted through the external and middle
portions of the ear to set the fluids in the inner ear in motion.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.8 - Discuss the two types of deafness and their solutions
61. The receptor hair cells of each semicircular canal are situated on top of a saddle-shaped ridge located in the ampulla, a
swelling at the base of the canal.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.9 - Explain the importance of the vestibular apparatus in maintaining
equilibrium
62. Umami taste is an acidic taste that was first identified and named by a Japanese researcher and triggered by amino
acids, especially lysine.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
63. In addition to the olfactory mucosa, the nose contains another sense organ, the vomeronasal organ, which is common
in mammals but until recently, was thought nonexistent in humans.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
pheromones
64. CNS adaptation is specific for a particular odor, and responsiveness to other odors remains unchanged.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
65. The conversion of stimulus energy into a receptor potential is known as ____________________.
ANSWER: sensory transduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.1 - Discuss the functioning of the peripheral nervous system
66. ____________________ corpuscles are rapidly adapting and sensitive to light, fluttering touch, such as tickling with a
feather.
ANSWER: Meissner’s
67. Pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation are called ____________________ pathways and they consist of
discrete chains of neurons, or ____________________ lines.
ANSWER: somatosensory; labeled
68. The smaller the receptive field is in a region, the greater its ____________________or discriminative ability.
ANSWER: acuity
69. Besides receptor density, a second factor influencing acuity is ____________________ inhibition.
ANSWER: lateral
70. The sensation of pain is accompanied by motivated ____________________ responses and ____________________
reactions.
ANSWER: behavioral; emotional
71. Impulses from polymodal nociceptors that respond to chemicals released into the ECF from damaged tissue are
carried by small, unmyelinated ____________________.
ANSWER: C fibers
72. ____________________ is a normally inactive substance that is activated by enzymes released into the ECF from
damaged tissue.

ANSWER: Bradykinin
73. The normally transparent elastic fibers in the lens may become opaque so that light cannot pass through, a condition
known as a(n) ____________________.
ANSWER: cataract
74. The pea-sized area immediately surrounding the fovea is called the ____________________ which has a high
concentration of cones and fairly high acuity.
ANSWER: macula lutea
75. ____________________ is the process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals.
ANSWER: Phototransduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.6 - Describe the process of phototransduction by retinal cells
76. Photoreceptors are ____________________ by their adequate stimulus and ____________________ in the absence of
stimulation.
ANSWER: inhibited; excited
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.6 - Describe the process of phototransduction by retinal cells
77. When an individual lacks a particular cone type, the resulting condition is called ____________________, which is
more common in ____________________.
ANSWER: color blindness; men
78. The primary visual cortex is situated in the ____________________ lobe of the brain.
ANSWER: occipital
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3 - Specify the structure and functioning of the human eye
79. Photoreceptors called ____________________ are responsible for night vision.

ANSWER: rods
80. The ____________________ is in the exact center of the retina and the region with greatest acuity.
ANSWER: fovea
DIFFICULTY: Specify the structure and functioning of the human eye
81. The overlapping area seen by both eyes at the same time is known as the ____________________ field of vision.
ANSWER: binocular
message
82. The intensity or ____________________ of a sound depends on the ____________________ of the sound waves.
ANSWER: loudness; amplitude
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.4.2 - Explain three characteristics of sound waves
83. The cochlea is divided throughout most of its length into ____________________ fluid-filled
____________________ compartments.
ANSWER: three, 3; longitudinal
84. The inner hair cells communicate via a chemical synapse with the terminals of afferent nerve fibers making up the
____________________ nerve.
ANSWER: auditory (cochlear)
85. The ____________________ provides information essential for the sense of equilibrium and for coordinating head
movements with eye and postural movements.
ANSWER: vestibular apparatus
equilibrium

86. Each taste bud has a small opening, the ____________________, through which fluids in the mouth come into contact
with the surface of its receptor cells.
ANSWER: taste pore
87. There are five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, ____________________, and ____________________.
ANSWER: bitter; umami
umami; bitter
88. Odor discrimination is coded by patterns of activity in the ____________________.

ANSWER: olfactory bulb glomeruli
89. ____________________ are nonvolatile chemical signals passed subconsciously between individuals of the same
species.
ANSWER: Pheromones
pheromones

Figure 6-20
Answer the following questions using the accompanying diagram.
90. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a ganglion cell?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand / Evaluate
PREFACE NAME: ganglion
91. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a cone?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3

d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
ANSWER: e
92. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a horizontal cell?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
ANSWER: d
93. Which number in the accompanying figure represents an amacrine cell?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
ANSWER: b
94. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a bipolar cell?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
ANSWER: c

95. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a rod?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
ANSWER: a
96. Define perception.

ANSWER: Perception is our conscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a
pattern of nerve impulses delivered to it from receptors. Our perception is different from
what is really “out there” for several reasons. First, humans have receptors that detect only a
limited number of existing energy forms. We perceive sounds, colors, shapes, textures,
smells, tastes, and temperature but are not informed of magnetic forces, polarized light
waves, radio waves, or X-rays because we do not have receptors to respond to the latter
energy forms. What is not detected by receptors, the brain will never know. Our response
range is limited even for the energy forms for which we do have receptors.
DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply
97. Describe the process of dark adaptation.

ANSWER: The eyes’ sensitivity to light depends on the amount of light responsive photopigment present
in the rods and cones. When you go from bright sunlight into darkened surroundings, you
cannot see anything at first, but gradually you begin to distinguish objects as a result of the
process of dark adaptation. Breakdown of photopigments during exposure to sunlight
tremendously decreases photoreceptor sensitivity. In the dark, the photopigments broken
down during light exposure are gradually regenerated. As a result, the sensitivity of your eyes
gradually increases so that you begin to see in the darkened surroundings. However, only the
highly sensitive, rejuvenated rods are “turned on” by the dim light.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.3.8 - Discuss the processes of dark and light adaptation
98. Describe the role of the otolith organs.

ANSWER: The otolith organs provide information about the position of the head relative to gravity and
detect changes in the rate of linear motion. The otolith organs, the utricle and the saccule, are
saclike structures housed within a bony chamber situated between the semicircular canals and
the cochlea. The hairs (kinocilium and stereocilia) of the receptor hair cells in these sense
organs also protrude into an overlying gelatinous sheet, whose movement displaces the hairs
and results in changes in hair cell potential. Many tiny crystals of calcium carbonate -- the
otoliths (“ear stones”) -- are suspended within the gelatinous layer, making it heavier and
giving it more inertia than the surrounding fluid. When a person is in an upright position, the
hairs within the utricle are oriented vertically and the saccule hairs are lined up horizontally.
equilibrium
99. Discuss how the gut and airways “taste” also.

ANSWER: Scientists have discovered cells in the stomach and intestine that have the same GPCRs and
gustducin-activated pathways for “tasting” sweet, umami, and bitter as those in the tongue
taste buds. The gut taste cells sense the chemical composition of the contents in the lumen of
the digestive tract and are believed to trigger physiological responses important in dealing
with the food.
For example, when the gut taste cells detect something sweet, they initiate a cascade of
events leading to production of molecules that stimulate gut motility, enhance absorption of
glucose by the digestive tract, stimulate secretion of insulin in anticipation of the blood-borne
arrival of absorbed sweet food, and contribute to the sensation of being full. By contrast,
detection by the gut taste cells of something bitter (suggestive of being potentially toxic)
slows absorption or spurs vomiting.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUPH.SHER.16.6.5.1 - Describe the location of taste receptor cells
100. Stimulation of a receptor alters its membrane permeability, usually by opening channels that permit an influx of what
ions?
a. calcium
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. sodium
e. iron
ANSWER: d

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Chapter 06 – The Peripheral Nervous System - Afferent Division - Special Senses

Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 9th

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1. Nociceptors are sensitive to ____.

3. What are rapidly adapting receptors called?

4. What kind of tactile receptor is stimulated by light, sustained touch?

5. How many tactile mechanoreceptors are estimated to be in a typical fingertip?

6. What kind of nerves carries subconscious input information?

8. How many categories of pain receptors are there?

9. What compound greatly sensitizes all nociceptors to noxious stimuli?

10. What nerve fibers constitute the “fast pain” pathway?

11. What is the fastest transmission rate of A-delta fibers?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3

13. What gland produces tears?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4

d. The lens becomes more convex.

19. What photosensitive cells within the retina perceive colors?

20. What is the photopigment in rods?

21. What colors do cones sense?

22. Night blindness is a result of a deficiency of what nutrient?

23. Where is the optic chiasm located?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6

b. underneath the pons

24. Depth perception relies on what kind of field of vision?

25. What two sensory systems are in the inner ear?

30. What are the actin-stiffened microvilli in the organ of Corti?

a. exposure to loud noises over 150 dB

34. Where in the brain is taste perceived?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9

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41. Tonic receptors do not adapt or adapt slowly.

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46. Perception of pain occurs in the thalamus.

47. Endogenous opioids include the endorphins, enkephalins, and dopamine.

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57. Like photoreceptors, hair cells do not undergo action potentials.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember

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79. Photoreceptors called ____________________ are responsible for night vision.

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88. Odor discrimination is coded by patterns of activity in the ____________________.

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91. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a cone?

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92. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a horizontal cell?

93. Which number in the accompanying figure represents an amacrine cell?

94. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a bipolar cell?

REFERENCES: 6.3 Eye: Vision

95. Which number in the accompanying figure represents a rod?

96. Define perception.

97. Describe the process of dark adaptation.

98. Describe the role of the otolith organs.

99. Discuss how the gut and airways “taste” also.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Apply

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