Collision regulations 

are the bible for the navigators.

This is the area onboard that do not distinguish between a
fresh third mate and an experienced captain.

Everyone who is supposed to keep an independent navigational

watch on wheelhouse is supposed to have the same level of
understanding of each rule of the road.

The problem is that the rules of the road though carefully

drafted; have not been written in an easy language that
everyone can understand.
There is a lot of scope to read between the lines.

For example, While there is a rule on the narrow channel

the definition of narrow channel is left to the interpretation of
the seafarers.
Rule 2 of the COLREGS (Responsibility) is one such rule.

In this post, we will discuss the rule 2 of the COLREGS.

Why Rule 2 was required?

Some cooks do not like to be told how to cook food on ships.

Once upon a time, someone on a ship told the chief cook that
his food, though very good always have a little bit of extra salt.
Next day onwards he found the food with absolutely no salt in
it.

Rule 2 of the COLREGS aims to avoid a similar situation with

the collision regulations.

Each rule of the COLREGS has specified the exact actions that
need to be taken by each vessel on a collision course.

But what if some seafarers followed these rule strictly to a

point that the vessel could be in grave danger if at that point
COLREGS was followed.

Sea is vast and there is an increasingly huge number of ships

at sea. Which means that there could be thousands of peculiar
situation that a ship could be subjected to.
To define each of such situations and action to avoid the
collision in these thousands of situations could be as difficult
task as telling the chief cook the exact amount of salt that he
needs put in the food.

Instead, we can give the menu of the week to the chief cook
and ask the chief cook to use his common sense to prepare the
food that would taste good.

This common sense could be called ‘ordinary practice of cooks”.

Similarly, instead of defining each and every peculiar collision

situations, we can define the most common situations and ask
the seafarers to use their common sense to follow these rules
as well as any peculiar situation that they may encounter.

This common sense is called ordinary practice of seaman.

In short, rule 2 of the COLREGS asks the seafarers to follow the

rules of the road but following the rules of the road cannot be
an excuse for collision.

Let us discuss rule 2 in detail now.

Rule 2 of the COLREGS (Responsibility)

Here is the complete rule 2 of the COLREGS.

(a). Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the

owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any
neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any
precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of
seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case. 
(b). In construing and complying with these Rules due regard
shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to
any special circumstances, including the limitations of the
vessels involved, which may make a departure from these
Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger. 
Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or
the owner, master or crew thereof, from the
consequences of any neglect to comply with these
Rules
First thing first. The dictionary meaning of the word
“Exonerate” is “to absolve someone from a blame for a fault”.

And the simple meaning of this line is straightforward. We need

to comply with the rules of the road.
In case of an incident that was the result of someone not
following the rules of the road, there could absolutely be no
excuse.

But there is something more that this line of the rule 2 implies.

It does not just put the entire responsibility on the navigator on

the bridge at the time of the incident. It involves the vessel,
the shipowner, the master and the crew of the ship.

For example, the shipowner cannot have the defense in a

collision incident that involves navigators of his ship not
following the rules.

It is also the general responsibility of the shipowner to ensure (

i.e. through periodic navigational audits) that the ship crew
follows the rules of the road.
Similarly, it is the responsibility of the master to ensure that his
navigators follow the rules of the road.

In other words, rule 2 sets the responsibilities straight.

It is the responsibility of the master and the owners to create

an environment of compliance with the rule of the road.

And it is the responsibility of the navigator at the scene to

actually follow the rule of the road.
There is no way to escape this responsibility.

or of the neglect of any precaution which may be

required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the
special circumstances of the case.
Let us understand this by an example.

You are on a vessel and there is another vessel head-on.  You

usually Alter course at 6-mile range which is absolutely fine.

You arrive at 6-mile range from this vessel only to find yourself
in this situation.
A situation where there is no room for alteration of course and
avoid the risk of collision with another vessel.

Now here is the thing.

In case of collision, no one can escape with an excuse that “we

wanted to follow the COLREGS but there was no room for
alteration of course and avoid the risk of collision”.
Rule 2 of the COLREGS not only required to follow the rules but
also to take required precautions.

The precautions to not to arrive in a situation that would

warrant a situation where there is no possible way to ROR
compliance.

For example, in the above case, we can reduce our speed as a

proactive measure and meet the target vessel in an area that is
clear of the fishing traffic.
Ordinary practice of seaman
There is a lot of emphasis on this term in rule 2: the Ordinary
practice of seaman.

In simple words, this term just means “common sense”.

Not every situation will be listed in the COLREGS and rule 2 is
just asking to use common sense when dealing with the
situations.

In an area of restricted visibility, the master may have posted

the lookout as required by the company’s SMS manual.

But the ordinary practice of seaman may require the master to

post additional person (over and above the requirements of
bridge watch level) on the wheelhouse or on forecastle
considering the other factors like traffic density in the area.

Calling the master on the wheelhouse at the right time is

another example of precaution required by the “ordinary
practice of seaman”.

The term “ordinary practice of seaman” tries to fill any gaps in

the COLREGS.
Also, consider the overtaking situation in a TSS where you are
overtaking another vessel.
Rule 13 requires that we can overtake the vessel from any of
her sides.

But precautions as per the “ordinary practice of seaman”

suggests that we must overtake this vessel from her port side.

This is because, at the time of overtaking, she is most certainly

going to alter her course to her starboard.
But let us assume that we decided to overtake her from her
starboard side and which led to a collision.

We have neither violated rule 13 (overtaking) nor rule 10

(traffic separation schemes).

But we may still be charged with the violation of COLREGS.

We have violated rule 2 as in this case we have failed to take

the precautions required by the ordinary practice of seaman.

I can go on and on with similar situations where navigators

need to take precautions as per the ordinary practice of
seaman.

The bottom line is that we need to follow COLREGS and there is

no doubt about it but while doing so we also need to take
precautions as required by the ordinary practice of seaman.

In construing and complying with these Rules due

regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and
collision and to any special circumstances, including the
limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a
departure from these Rules necessary to avoid
immediate danger. 
This is where it all gets interesting.
The first part of rule 2 warns us about the consequences of not
following the COLREGS and here is the second part of the same
rule allowing us to violate the COLREGS.

But this is also the part that is incorrectly interpreted most of

the times.

The most common mistake that I see is we quote this part of

the rule on every occasion that we have difficulty taking action
as required by the COLREGS.

A head-on situation with target vessel at a 6NM range and

there is a shallow patch on the starboard side.
Can we alter our course to port citing rule 2(b)?

We cannot.

Rule 2(b) allows us to make the departure from the COLREGS

only to avoid immediate danger.

“Immediate danger” is important phrase here.

In construing and complying with these Rules due
regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and
collision and to any special circumstances…
Even in situations of immediate danger, it is not that we always
have to take action contrary to what is expected as per
COLREGS.

We need to take into account the dangers of navigation such as

fishing traffic on one side or shallow patch area on one side.

After considering these dangers, if it is necessary to make a

departure from the COLREGS, we can proceed.

…including the limitations of the vessels involved

In deciding if the departure from the rules is necessary, we also
need to take into account the limitations of not only own vessel
but another vessel too.

Let us say you find yourself in a head-on situation (immediate

danger situation) with a loaded VLCC which is slow steaming.

There are few vessels overtaking you from your starboard side
and there is no way you can alter your course to the starboard
side.
VLCC would have a limitation here. She cannot effectively alter
her course.

Considering this limitation, it would be best to quickly alter

your course to port (hard to port) to avoid immediate danger.

Even if VLCC tried to alter her course to her starboard, she

would have a very slow (or negligible) rate of turn and would
not come in way of your port turn.
This is just one of the example.

All this part of rule 2(b) is asking us to consider the limitations

of the vessels when deciding if the departure from the
COLREGS would be the best possible way to avoid immediate
danger.

….which may make a departure from these Rules

necessary to avoid immediate danger
Rule 2(b) only allows us to violate the COLREGS to avoid only
the immediate danger.

For example, if you have altered your course to port to avoid

immediate danger of collision with the VLCC, it does not mean
that you can continue with the violations with other nearby
vessels too.

The departure from the rules is allowed only for a brief period
to avoid the immediate danger.

As soon as that danger is clear, you must come back to the

COLREGS compliance immediately.

Conclusion
 COLREGS rule 2 (Responsibility) is one of the most important
rules.
It sets the seriousness of the COLREGS compliance and warns
about the consequences for non-compliance.

Rule 2(a) requires that not only we need to comply with the
COLREGS, in doing so we also need to take precautions so that
we do not land in a situation where non-compliance with the
COLREGS is the only way to avoid danger.

In other words, we must use the ordinary practice of seaman

when complying with the COLREGS.

Rule 2(b) allows us to make a departure from COLREGS

provided

 There is an immediate danger

 After considering the limitations of the vessel, that is the best

way to avoid immediate danger

After the immediate danger is clear, the vessel must return to

complying with the COLREGS with other vessels in the vicinity.