Introduction To Criminal Justice Systems Diversity and Change 2nd Edition Rennison Test Bank 1

Instructor Resource
Rennison, Introduction to Criminal Justice, 2nd Edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018
Introduction to Criminal Justice Systems

Diversity and Change 2nd Edition
Rennison
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Chapter 4: The History of Policing
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The earliest known system of policing in England was the ______, a social unit of 12 people.
A. frankpledge
B. borh
C. constable
D. tyth
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.1: Summarize the influence of early English policing on policing and the
increasing professionalization of policing in the United States over time.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Early English Policing
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. ______ were precursors to sheriffs who ensured orderly conduct and pursued and apprehended
criminals in early English county-like regions.
A. Thieftakers
B. Parish constables
C. Shire reeves
D. Watchmen
Ans: C
Instructor Resource
3. Early English ______ operated in some ways like modern day bounty hunters.
A. thieftakers
B. bondsmen
C. watchmen
D. shire reeves
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
4. The ______ is considered the beginning of modern public policing.

A. Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
B Central Criminal Court Act 1856
C. London Government Act 1899
D. City of London Police Act 1839
Ans: A
Answer Location: The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
5. ______ established the London’s Metropolitan Police Force at Scotland Yard.

A. Lord John Russell
B. William Bourne
C. August Vollmer
D. Sir Robert Peel
Ans: D
6. In colonial America, ______ operated in the colonies to maintain the weapons and equipment
of each hundred and ______ worked in counties.
A. parish constables; sheriffs
B. sheriffs; parish constables
C. bobbies; peelers
D. sheriffs; watchmen
Ans: A
Instructor Resource

Answer Location: Colonial America and Policing
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. ______ are self-appointed distributers of justice with no legal authority.

A. Constables
B. Vigilantes
C. Hundredman
D. Watchmen
Ans: B
Answer Location: Vigilantes
8. ______ are often considered the first organized police organization in America.
A. Slave patrols
B. Vigilantes
C. Sheriffs
D. Night watchmen
Ans: A
Answer Location: Slave Patrols
9. Which U.S. city created the first detective division?

A. New York
B. Philadelphia
C. Boston
D. Los Angeles
Ans: C
Answer Location: Professionalism Enters American Policing
10. Which U.S. city consolidated its three rival police components in 1844 into a centrally
directed police department based upon the English Bobbies?
A. New York
B. Philadelphia
C. Boston
D. New Orleans
Instructor Resource
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify how the nature of policing in the United States has changed
over time.
11. ______ is considered the Father of American Policing.

A. Robert Peel
B. August Vollmer
C. O.W. Wilson
D. James Q. Wilson
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate the contributions of August Vollmer and the International
Association of Chiefs of Police on policing in the United States.
Answer Location: August Vollmer: The Father of American Policing
12. An early method of interrogation was ______, which included brutalizing an individual to
gather information.
A. enhanced interrogation
B. sensory overload
C. the first degree
D. the third degree
Ans: C
13. August Vollmer first implemented the use of the ______ system to classify offenders and
crimes.
A. modus operandi
B. corpus delicti
C. stare decisis
D. res publica
Ans: A
Answer Location: Technology
Instructor Resource
14. August Vollmer and several colleagues formed the ______, a professional organization of
criminologists.
A. Justice Studies Association
B. International Association of Chiefs of Police
C. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
D. American Society of Criminology
Ans: D
15. The ______ began in 1871 and continues today as a leader in professionalizing police
officers and police agencies.
A. International Association of Chiefs of Police
B. Fraternal Order of Police
C. Police Executive Research Forum
D. Association of Chief Police Officers
Ans: A
Answer Location: International Association of Chiefs of Police
16. In the early days of policing, females were called:

A. police sergeants
B. policewomen
C. police officers
D. police matrons
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.4: Review the role of women and minorities in early policing.
Answer Location: Female Police Officers
17. The role of the first female in the Los Angeles Police Department in the 1880s was to:
A. aid children and women who were victims and offenders
B. perform clerical work
C. work as a dispatcher
D. perform the same police duties as male officers
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
18. In 1910, ______ became the first full-time paid policewoman with arrest powers in the Los
Angeles Police Department.
A. Lucy Gray
B. Lola Baldwin
C. Alice Stebbins Wells
D. Georgia Robinson
Ans: C
19. The first Black female police officer was:

A. Lucy Gray
B. Lola Baldwin
C. Alice Stebbins Wells
D. Georgia Robinson
Ans: D
20. The first African American police officer was appointed by the ______ mayor in 1872.
A. New York
B. Chicago
C. Philadelphia
D. Los Angeles
Ans: B
Answer Location: Black Police Officers
21. Julius Boyd Loving, the first African American deputy in the Los Angeles Sheriff’s
Department, is known for his contributions to
A. the jail system
B. patrol operations
C. crime prevention
D. community outreach
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
22. ______ was New York City’s first Black officer, sergeant, lieutenant, and parole
commissioner.
A. Samuel Walker
B. Samuel Battle
C. Roy Green
D. Wiley Overton
Ans: B
23. ______ was one of the first cities to hire Asian Americans as police officers and in higher
level positions.
A. Los Angeles
B. San Francisco
C. Chicago
D. Philadelphia
Ans: B
Answer Location: Asian Police Officers
24. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 sought to end the use of ______ to register to vote.
A. a poll tax
B. voter ID laws
C. literacy tests
D. felony disenfranchisement
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 4.5: Identify the sources and consequences of the unrest in policing during
the 1960s and 1970s.
Answer Location: Legislative Changes
25. The ______ outlawed discrimination based upon race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, and
gender.
A. Civil Rights Act of 1964
B. Voting Rights Act of 1965
C. Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
D. Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
26. As a response to rising crime rates in the 1960s and the perceived lack of control over the
sales of firearms, Congress enacted the:
A. Civil Rights Act of 1964
B. Crime Victims' Rights Act
C. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
D. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Ans: C
27. Which of the following was not one of the provisions of the Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act of 1968?
A. It established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.
B. It established rules for obtaining wiretap orders.
C. It included provisions that regulated firearm sales.
D. It included enhanced penalties for hate crimes.
Ans: D
28. The official use of dogs in law enforcement can be traced to

A. Belgium
B. England
C. Ancient Rome
D. New York
Ans: A
Answer Location: Canine Police Officers
29. Intentionally injuring or killing a K-9 is a(n) ______ in most jurisdictions.

A. summary offense
Instructor Resource
B. misdemeanor
C. felony
D. not illegal
Ans: C
30. According to your text, since the 1980s, working conditions for police officer have improved,
in part due to:
A. improvements in local government
B. improvements in community relations
C. improvements in firearms
D. the proliferation of police unions
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 4.6: Summarize how policing has become more than just law enforcement,
and offer ideas as to the direction of the future of policing in the United States.
Answer Location: Policing as More Than Law Enforcement
True/False
1. The notion of a professional uniformed police officer is relatively new.

Ans: T
Answer Location: Introduction: Policing as a Dynamic Entity
2. Under the frankpledge system, membership in a tything was voluntary.

Ans: F
3. Thieftakers were privately hired by crime victims.

Ans: T
Instructor Resource

4. English thieftakers were corrupt and engaged in illegal activities themselves.

Ans: T
5. The constables created by the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 were called “coppers.”
Ans: F
6. In America, colonial sheriffs were a proactive police force that patrolled to deter criminal
activity.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Colonial America and Policing
7. Vigilantes are groups of citizens who distribute justice according to their own rules.
Ans: T
8. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 required that runaway slaves by returned to their master and
outlined punishments for those who aided runaway slaves.
Ans: T
over time.
Answer Location: Slave Patrols
9. In the 19th century, police officer was an undesirable, low-paying job.

Instructor Resource
Ans: F
over time.
10. August Vollmer was the first to use scientific analysis of evidence in policing.
Ans: T
11. The majority of police departments in the United States require that officers have a college
degree.
Ans: F
12. Originally, women were only considered for clerical work in police departments.
Ans: F
13. There were no African American police officers in the United States until after the Jim Crow
era.
Ans: F
14. Very few of the officers in the Los Angeles Police Department are Latino.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 4-4: Review the role of women and minorities in early policing.
Answer Location: Hispanic Police Officers
Instructor Resource
15. The presence of American Indian police officers predates the establishment of the United
States.
Ans: T
Answer Location: American Indian Police Officers
16. Estimating the number of LGBTQ police officers is difficult given the stigmatization that
continues to be attached to this identification.
Ans: T
Answer Location: LGBTQ Police Officers
17. The police often used excessive force against demonstrators during the civil rights movement
of the 1960s.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Unrest in Policing (1960S and 1970S)
18. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discriminatory practices that led to widespread
disenfranchisement of Blacks.
Ans: T
19. Canine officers have always been received positively by the public.
Ans: F
20. Since the 1980s, there has been a call for police to act less like social workers and to focus
more on crime control.
Ans: F
Instructor Resource
Short Answer
1. Explain how thieftakers differed from modern day bounty hunters.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should note that the crime victim pays the thieftaker (not the
bondsman). Thieftakers are criminals themselves, who would perjure themselves at trial. They
imprisoned the thieves that they captured without treating them humanely.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Explain why Sir Robert Peel is called the “Father of Modern Policing.”
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should include that his Metropolitan Police Act consolidated
the system of parish constables and night watchmen into a central police force. He created
guidelines for police such as public approval, the need for police to operate in impartial service
to the law, and the need to only use force when necessary.
3. Identify the purpose of vigilantes in colonial America.

Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should indicate that vigilantes were citizens with no legal
authority who operated according to their own rules. They tracked down and punished criminals.
Other movements turned on corrupt sheriffs and government officials. Yet another group served
to protect citizens from outlaw gangs when police and courts were not available.
over time.
4. Why were early efforts at policing ineffective overall?

Ans: Answers will vary. Answer may include: policing was reactive with no attempts to deter
crime, the law was selectively applied, citizens did not respect law enforcement, agents were
corrupt, and many people did not want laws enforced because crime was equated with sin.
over time.
Instructor Resource

Answer Location: Ineffective Policing Reigns
5. Initially, citizens did not support a formal and professional police force in the US. Why did
opinions change in the 1830s?
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer may include: the growth of the cities and the heterogeneity of
the population, an impression that crime was out of control, mass immigration, beliefs that
poverty, crime, vice, and disease were on the rise, riots and fires in major cities, and economic
depressions.
over time.
6. Explain how the police officer’s job in the 19th century differed from today.
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer may include that it was a desirable job with high pay. Police
were responsible for tasks such as maintaining public health and sweeping the streets. Police
responsibilities included walking beats, moderating domestic fights, and putting out fires.
over time.
Cognitive Domain: Application
7. Explain why August Vollmer is considered the “Father of American Policing.”

Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should cover his embrace of science and technology in law
enforcement and his advancements in police education and professionalization.
8. Identify the police techniques and technologies that August Vollmer introduced to policing.
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer may include: telephone boxes and dispatch, radios for officers,
the use of vehicles for patrol, centralized record systems, the use of modus operandi to identify
crime patterns, the lie detector, and scientific instruments for use in employment screening.
9. Identify the contributions of the International Association of Chiefs of Police to U.S. policing.
Instructor Resource
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer may include: fostering cooperation between agencies,
increasing professionalism of law enforcement, making policing more proactive, the creation of a
national fingerprint database and national crime collection data, and the dissemination of
information via Police Chief Magazine.
Answer Location: International Association of Chiefs of Police
10. Describe the controversies that accompanied the hiring of the first female police officers.
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer may indicate that people believed that women should contribute
in a volunteer capacity, rather than as officers. People were concerned about women wearing a
uniform, patrolling a beat, and arresting men and Blacks (rather than just other women and
children).
11. Why is it difficult to estimate the number of LGBTQ police officers in the United States?
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should include that law enforcement has (and still is)
characterized as homophobic, so many LGBTQ officers are not open. This identification
continues to be stigmatized even though many organizations now exist to support LGBTQ
officers.
Answer Location: LGBTQ Police Officers
12. What were the main recommendations of The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (1967)?
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should include: increasing education requirements to college
levels, improving training and facilities, modernizing recruitment and promotion, improving
community relations, recruitment of minorities, and improving officer supervision.
13. Explain why support for canine officers waned during the civil rights era.
Ans: Answers will vary. Answer should indicate that canine officers came to symbolize police
aggression and violent attitudes. Dogs were released on protesters, including children and
bystanders.
Instructor Resource

14. How did the increase of police unions improve working conditions for officers?
Ans: Higher salaries, greater benefits, and forcing administration to negotiate with the union
prior to making personnel decisions.
15. What directions do you see in the future of policing?

Ans: Answers will vary. Possible responses include: greater professionalism through education
and training, an increase (or decrease) in the militarization of police, a focus on the policing of
multicultural communities, use of technology to better allocate resources and prevent crime,
greater diversity in police recruitment, and so on.

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Instructor Resource

Rennison, Introduction to Criminal Justice, 2nd Edition

Introduction to Criminal Justice Systems

Chapter 4: The History of Policing

4. The ______ is considered the beginning of modern public policing.

5. ______ established the London’s Metropolitan Police Force at Scotland Yard.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

7. ______ are self-appointed distributers of justice with no legal authority.

9. Which U.S. city created the first detective division?

11. ______ is considered the Father of American Policing.

16. In the early days of policing, females were called:

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The first Black female police officer was:

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. The official use of dogs in law enforcement can be traced to

29. Intentionally injuring or killing a K-9 is a(n) ______ in most jurisdictions.

1. The notion of a professional uniformed police officer is relatively new.

2. Under the frankpledge system, membership in a tything was voluntary.

3. Thieftakers were privately hired by crime victims.

Answer Location: Early English Policing

4. English thieftakers were corrupt and engaged in illegal activities themselves.

9. In the 19th century, police officer was an undesirable, low-paying job.

1. Explain how thieftakers differed from modern day bounty hunters.

3. Identify the purpose of vigilantes in colonial America.

4. Why were early efforts at policing ineffective overall?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

7. Explain why August Vollmer is considered the “Father of American Policing.”

Cognitive Domain: Application

15. What directions do you see in the future of policing?

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