Thesis Final

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
USING LOCAL MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS

STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Session: 2019
PROJECT ADVISOR
DR. WASIM ABBASS
SUBMITTED BY
SHAHOON IQBAL 2019-CIV-20

HASHAM KASHIF 2019-CIV-69
SAVEED ALI 2019-CIV-74
SHAHEER BIN KASHIF 2019-CIV-84
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1
LAHORE, PAKISTAN
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USING LOCAL
MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Session: 2019
GROUP MEMBERS
SHAHOON IQBAL 2019-CIV-20

HASHAM KASHIF 2019-CIV-69
M. SAVEED ALI 2019-CIV-74
SHAHEER BIN KASHIF 2019-CIV-84
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DR. WASIM ABBASS DR. MUHAMMAD ILYAS
Final year project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of B.Sc. Civil Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE, PAKISTAN
2
In The Name of Allah,
The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful
O Allah, I ask you for beneficial knowledge

(Sun’an Ibn Majah: 925)
iii
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to:
TO HOLY PROPHET (PBUH) "The Greatest Reformer"
To our loving parents for nursing us with their affection and love without whom
none of our success was possible.
To our Supervisor and Respectable Teachers who are always in our hearts and
our nearest, dearest, and deepest to us
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise to Allah, His majesty for His uncountable blessings, who gave us strength and courage in
the successful completion of the project. And best prayers and peace be unto his best messenger
Muhammad (P.B.U.H), his family, and noble companions.
We would like to extend our gratitude to all the people who helped to bring this research project
to successful completion. Firstly, we would like to thank our Project Supervisor, Professor Dr.
Wasim Abbas, for his invaluable support, guidance, and constant supervision throughout the
experimental study and thesis completion. He has always been actively interested in our work
and has always been available for advice. Without his help and guidance, our work may have not
been completed on time. Special appreciation also goes to XPERT Construction Chemicals for
their immense amount of support and assistance during the whole project.
We also take this opportunity to thank all the teachers in the past years that helped us through our
graduate courses and made things convenient for us in every possible way.
We would like to thank the staff of the Concrete Engineering Laboratory and Test Floor
Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department of UET, Lahore for their collaboration and
assistance throughout the experimental work.
Finally, we would like to thank our friends and colleagues for their help and wishes for the
successful completion of this project.
~Author
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ABSTRACT
Floor Hardener is a formulated chemical compound that is applied as a 7-10 mm floor finish to a
concrete surface. All the elite producers in the market, sold floor hardener at a high market
value. This was so because the raw materials forming floor hardener (i.e., silica sand) were
rather expensive and difficult to procure. This research aimed at formulating a floor hardener,
made from local raw materials that would achieve the standardized strength and provide us with
an optimum finish at a lower price. In this study, firstly, a variety of floor hardeners from the
world’s major producers were procured. Then, statistical data was collected and analyzed. Next,
the constituent sources of the hardeners were determined (such as coarse aggregate and cement).
Based on these results, the ratio of constituents was modified and some additional chemicals
(superplasticizers) were added. A total of fourteen mixtures with different ratios of sand were
prepared and investigated both with and without a hardener. Tests including compressive and
flexural strength, flowability, water absorption, and impact test behavior were observed on
specimens at 7, 14, and 28-days. While all surface hardeners performed well in all tests, the
specimen labelled ‘FH-02’ stood out. Hardeners create tough, durable, wear-resistant surfaces
that resist corrosion, oils, alkalis, and most chemicals. Currently, they replace floor tiles in large
industries and may replace all tiles in the future due to less environmental hazards, being a
sustainable source in the industry for infrastructure. They also align with the ideology of
Sustainable Development Goal 9, which encompasses industry, innovation and infrastructure.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION..................................................................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................................7
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................12
1.1. GENERAL APPRAISAL.................................................................................................................................12
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT..............................................................................................................................13
1.3. OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................................14
1.4. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:.......................................................................................................................14
1.5. RESEARCH UTILIZATION:.........................................................................................................................15
1.6. THESIS ORGANIZATION:...........................................................................................................................17
LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................................................18
2.1 GENERAL APPRAISAL:................................................................................................................................18
2.2 INTRODUCTION:..........................................................................................................................................18
2.3 HISTORY:.......................................................................................................................................................16
2.4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.......................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Development in 20th Century:..........................................................................................................................17
2.4.2 Initial Stages of Process:..................................................................................................................................19
2.4.3 Present Development of Floor Hardener:........................................................................................................20
2.5 FLOOR HARDENER TYPES:.......................................................................................................................20
2.5.2 Non-Metallic Floor Hardener:.........................................................................................................................21
2.5.3 Cementitious Hardener:...................................................................................................................................22
2.6 CONSTITUENTS OF NON-METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER:................................................................23
2.6.1 Silica:...............................................................................................................................................................23
2.6.2 Quartz:.............................................................................................................................................................24
2.1.1 Alumina:..........................................................................................................................................................24
2.1.2 Calcite:.............................................................................................................................................................24
2.1.3 Silicate:............................................................................................................................................................25
2.1.4 Other Aggregates:............................................................................................................................................25
2.1.5 Advantages of Non-Metallic Floor Hardener:.................................................................................................25
2.1.5.2 Wide Range of Colors and Finishes:...............................................................................................................26
2.1.5.3 Excellent Adhesion:.........................................................................................................................................26
2.1.5.4 Rapid Installation and Curing:.........................................................................................................................26
2.1.5.5 Resistance to UV Exposure:............................................................................................................................26
2.7 CONSTITUENTS OF METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER:..........................................................................26
2.7.1 Cement:............................................................................................................................................................26
2.7.2 Metallic Aggregates:........................................................................................................................................27
2.7.3 Additives:.........................................................................................................................................................28
2.7.4 Coloring Agents:..............................................................................................................................................28
2.7.5 Surface Conditioners:......................................................................................................................................28
2.7.6 Advantages of Metallic Floor Hardener:.........................................................................................................28
2.7.6.2 High Reflectivity:............................................................................................................................................28
2.7.6.3 Chemical Resistance:.......................................................................................................................................28
2.7.6.4 Non-Dusting Surface:......................................................................................................................................29
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2.7.6.5 Low Maintenance:...........................................................................................................................................29
2.8 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLOOR HARDENER:............................................29
2.8.1 Compressive Strength:.....................................................................................................................................29
2.8.2 Abrasion Resistance:.......................................................................................................................................30
2.8.3 Impact Resistance:...........................................................................................................................................30
2.8.4 Flexural Strength:............................................................................................................................................31
2.8.5 Adhesion:.........................................................................................................................................................32
2.8.6 Flowability:......................................................................................................................................................32
2.8.7 Moisture Content:............................................................................................................................................33
2.8.8 Water Absorption.............................................................................................................................................33
2.8.9 Durability:........................................................................................................................................................34
2.8.10 Chemical Resistance:.......................................................................................................................................34
2.8.11 The Relationship Between Surface Finish and Aesthetics..............................................................................34
2.9 APPLICATIONS OF FLOOR HARDENEER...............................................................................................35
2.9.1 Applications in different Sectors.....................................................................................................................36
2.10 FAILING PATTERNS:....................................................................................................................................39
2.10.1 Compressive Strength test failing pattern:.......................................................................................................39
2.10.2 Impact Test:.....................................................................................................................................................39
2.10.3 Cracking and Spalling:....................................................................................................................................40
2.10.4 Delamination:..................................................................................................................................................40
2.10.5 Flexural Test:...................................................................................................................................................40
2.10.6 Cracking and Fracture:....................................................................................................................................40
2.10.7 Deformation and Yielding:..............................................................................................................................41
2.10.8 Application Methods.......................................................................................................................................41
2.10.9 The Implications of Concrete Floor Characteristics........................................................................................41
2.11 PREVIOUS RESEARCH................................................................................................................................42
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................44
3.1 GENERAL APPRAISAL.................................................................................................................................44
3.2 VARIABLES CONSIDERED.........................................................................................................................44
3.3 TECHNICAL DATA SHEET..........................................................................................................................44
3.4 MATERIAL PROPERTIES:............................................................................................................................45
3.4.1 Cement:............................................................................................................................................................45
3.4.2 Fine Sand:........................................................................................................................................................45
3.4.3 Coarse Sand:....................................................................................................................................................45
3.4.4 Water:..............................................................................................................................................................46
3.4.5 Coarse Aggregates:..........................................................................................................................................46
3.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:.................................................................................................................47
3.6.1 Compressive strength:.....................................................................................................................................47
3.6.1.1 Sample Preparation:.........................................................................................................................................47
3.6.1.2 Curing:.............................................................................................................................................................47
3.6.1.3 Testing:............................................................................................................................................................48
3.6.1.4 Test Procedure:................................................................................................................................................48
3.6.1.5 Reporting:........................................................................................................................................................48
3.6.2 Determination of flowability:...........................................................................................................................49
3.6.3 Flexural strength:.............................................................................................................................................50
3.6.3.1 Specimen Preparation:.....................................................................................................................................51
3.6.3.2 Test Setup:.......................................................................................................................................................51
3.6.3.3 Failure Analysis:..............................................................................................................................................52
3.6.4 Impact Test:.....................................................................................................................................................53
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i
3.6.3.6 Repeated weight drop-impact load test:..........................................................................................................54
3.6.3.7 Test Setup:.......................................................................................................................................................54
3.6.3.8 Weight Drop:...................................................................................................................................................54
3.6.3.9 Repetition:........................................................................................................................................................54
3.6.3.10Monitoring and Evaluation:.............................................................................................................................54
3.6.3.11Analysis:..........................................................................................................................................................54
3.6.3.12Reporting:........................................................................................................................................................54
3.6.4 Water Absorption Test.....................................................................................................................................56
3.6.4.1 Procedure:........................................................................................................................................................56
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...................................................................................................................................58
4.1. COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULTS:................................................................................................................58
4.2. FLEXURE TEST RESULTS:.........................................................................................................................60
4.3. ABSORPTION TEST RESULTS:..................................................................................................................62
4.4 IMPACT TEST RESULTS:.............................................................................................................................64
4.5 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS:........................................................................................................................67
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................68
5.1 SUMMARY:....................................................................................................................................................68
5.2 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:.........................................................................................69
5.2.2 Consider the Cost Effectiveness:.....................................................................................................................69
5.2.3 Explore Sustainable Alternatives:....................................................................................................................70
5.2.4 Conduct Long-term Durability Studies...........................................................................................................70
5.2.5 Collaborate with Industry Stakeholders...........................................................................................................70
5.2.6 Continual Improvement and Innovation..........................................................................................................70
References........................................................................................................................................................................71
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LIST OF NOTATIONS
FH: Floor Hardener

SFH: Special Floor Hardener (with red sand)
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 : NON- METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER 21

FIGURE 2.2: CEMENTITIOUS FLOOR HARDENER 23
FIGURE 2.3: SILICA 23
FIGURE 2.4: QUARTZ 24
FIGURE 2.5: FUSED ALUMINA 24
FIGURE 2.6: CALCITE 25
FIGURE 2.7: CEMENT 27
FIGURE 2.8: METALLIC AGGREGATES 27
FIGURE 2.12: FLOWABILITY 33
FIGURE 2.13: WATER ABSORPTION 34
FIGURE 2.11: DOLMAN MALL KARACHI 35
FIGURE 2.15: APPLICATION OF FLOOR HARDENER 36
FIGURE 2.16: FLOOR HARDENER USED IN WAREHOUSE 37
FIGURE 2.17: FLOORING OF INDUSTRY 38
FIGURE 2.18: AIRPORT FLOORING 38
FIGURE 2.19: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FAILURE PATTERNS 39
FIGURE 3.1: CEMENT 45
FIGURE 3.2: FINE SAND 46
FIGIURE 3.3: COARSE AGGREGATES 46
FIGURE 3.4: SUPER PLASTICIZER 46
FIGURE 3.5: CURING OF CONCRETE CUBES 47
FIGURE 3.6: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF COMPRESSIVE TEST MACHINE 48
FIGURE 3.7: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF FLOWABILITY TEST 49
FIGURE 3.8: FLOWABILITY TEST DURING RESEARCH 49
FIGURE 3.9: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF 3-POINT FLEXURE STRENGTH TEST 50
FIGURE 3.10: CASTING OF OUR SAMPLES 50
FIGURE 3.11: LABORATORY ARRANGEMENT 51
FIGURE 3.12: LABORATORY TESTING FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH 52
FIGURE 3.13: RELATION BETWEEN FORCE AND DEFLECTION 52
FIGURE 3.14: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF IMPACT TEST 54
FIGURE 3.16: DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS USED 56
FIGURE 3.17: FINAL CALCULATION OF WATER ABSORPTION TEST 56
FIGURE 4.1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF COMPANY SAMPLES 58
FIGURE 4.2: TRIAL MIXES 59
FIGURE 4.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TRIAL MIXES 59
FIGURE 4.4: FLEXURE TEST OF TRIAL MIXES 60
FIGURE 4.5: BAR CHART FOR AVERAGE LOAD 60
FIGURE 4.6: BAR CHART FOR MODULUS OF RUPTURE 61
FIGURE 4.7: FLEXURE TEST OF TRIAL MIXES 61
FIGURE 4.8: BAR CHART FOR VOLUME OF PERMEABLE VOIDS 62
FIGURE 4.9: IMPACT LOAD TEST RESULTS 62
FIGURE 4.10: IMAGES OF SLAB BEFORE APPEARANCE OF INITIAL CRACK 63
FIGURE 4.12: IMAGE OF SLAB AFTER APPEARNCE OF FINAL CRACK 64
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LIST OF TABLES
Table.1.1: Project Timeline 13

Table 3.1: Composition of our Trial Mixes 44
Table 3.2: Results of Flexural Strength 50
Table 3.3: Symbols used in Water Absorption Test 55
Table 4.4: Flexure Test 57
Table 4.7: Flexure Test of Trial Mixes 64
Table 4.9: Impact Load Test Results 65
Table 4.2: Description of Symbols used in Water Absorption Test 58
xii
INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL APPRAISAL
In construction and civil engineering, floors play a critical role in ensuring structure safety and
sustainability. A notable technique for enhancing the durability and performance of concrete
floors is the use of floor hardeners. By properly utilizing these materials, floors can be made to
be more wear resistant, impact resistant, and overall stronger.
In this research project, we intend to explore the effectiveness of floor hardeners in enhancing
the durability of concrete floors. Our goal is to provide engineers, architects, and construction
professionals with valuable insights by investigating the composition, application methods, and
mechanical properties of various types of floor hardeners so that informed decisions can be made
regarding the implementation of floor hardeners by engineers, architects, and construction
professionals.
Many forms of stress and abrasion are encountered on concrete floors, including heavy foot
traffic, vehicular movement, chemical exposure, and mechanical impact. Over time, these factors
can result in surface deterioration, structural damage, and increased repair and maintenance
costs. The purpose of floor hardeners is to overcome these challenges by forming a protective
layer on the concrete's surface, thus reducing wear and increasing the durability of the floor.
As part of this research project, laboratory testing and field observations have been conducted.
We have analyzed different types of floor hardeners, including metallic and non-metallic
hardeners, to evaluate their individual performance characteristics. Tests have been conducted to
measure properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, flowability,
and water absorption.
Additionally, the project assessed the compatibility of floor hardeners with various concrete
mixes, taking into account factors such as curing time, hydration reaction, and admixture
influence. Hardened surfaces were tested for durability and longevity using accelerated aging
tests, which simulate the effects of long-term exposure to environmental conditions and
mechanical stress.
The research project contributed to the body of knowledge regarding floor hardeners, allowing
industry professionals to make informed decisions about their implementation in concrete
flooring systems. By understanding the strengths and limitations of different types of floor
hardeners, stakeholders can maximize their use to ensure the long-term durability and
functionality of concrete floors in a wide range of applications.
Chapter 1 Introduction
To conclude, this research project aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of
floor hardeners in enhancing concrete flooring durability. Our objective is to contribute to the
development of durable and resilient flooring systems, potentially benefitting the construction
industry and society as a whole, by investigating various types, application methods, and their
mechanical properties.
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Concrete floors are used in a wide range of applications, including industrial facilities,
commercial buildings, and public infrastructure. Despite this, these floors are subjected to
substantial wear, impact, and chemical exposure, resulting in surface degradation and a reduction
in durability. The use of floor hardeners has gained attention as a potential solution to these
problems. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research and understanding regarding the
effectiveness of different types of floor hardeners in enhancing floor durability.
The purpose of this research thesis is to address the lack of knowledge and information regarding
the performance of floor hardeners and their suitability for various concrete flooring
applications. Floor hardeners have been used in practice, but systematic research is required in
order to evaluate their effectiveness and determine the most appropriate types and methods of
application.
Currently available literature on floor hardeners focuses primarily on specific types or aspects of
their performance, such as abrasion resistance or surface hardness. There are, however, a lack of
comprehensive studies addressing a variety of factors, including wear resistance, impact
resistance, adhesion strength, and long-term durability. The knowledge gap prevents engineers,
architects, and construction professionals from making informed decisions about the selection
and application of floor hardeners.
Furthermore, it is unclear whether floor hardeners are compatible with different concrete mixes
and admixtures. Hardeners and concrete matrix interactions, including curing time, hydration
reaction, and chemical compatibility, have not been extensively studied. As a result, floor
hardeners' performance cannot be optimized and their potential benefits in concrete flooring
systems are limited.
Therefore, the purpose of the research thesis is to investigate and answer the following research
questions:
1. How do different types of floor hardeners perform in terms of enhancing the durability of
concrete floors, as well as their limitations?
2. What is the impact of floor hardeners on properties such as compressive strength, abrasion
resistance, impact resistance, adhesion strength, and surface hardness?
14
3. In terms of compatibility, how do floor hardeners work with different concrete mixes,
including the influence of admixtures?
4. What effect does the application method and dosage of floor hardeners have on their
effectiveness and long-term performance?
Providing answers to these research questions will help bridge the knowledge gap and provide
valuable insights into the effectiveness and suitability of floor hardeners in enhancing floor
durability. These findings will enable industry professionals to make informed decisions
regarding the selection, application, and optimization of floor hardeners, resulting in more
durable and sustainable concrete flooring systems.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of this research are:

a) To evaluate mechanical and physical properties of locally available floor hardener in the
market
b) To characterize the locally available raw material for the production of floor hardener
c) Use of local materials along with superplasticizers to investigate various properties of floor
hardener
1.4. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:
This research thesis on the development of floor hardeners has a significant impact on the
field of construction and civil engineering for the following reasons:
1. Enhanced Durability and Longevity: Various forms of stress and deterioration can cause
concrete floors to deteriorate, which may require costly repairs. The purpose of the
research on floor hardeners is to provide valuable insight into the selection and
application of appropriate hardeners in order to enhance the durability and longevity of
concrete floors. A significant contribution of this research will be to develop more
resilient flooring systems, which will reduce the need for frequent repairs and improve
the overall sustainability of structures.
2. Cost Savings and Sustainability: Through the optimization of the selection and
application of floor hardeners, the research thesis may be able to produce long-term cost
savings. It is possible for building owners and facility managers to reduce operational
costs and allocate resources more efficiently by extending the lifespan of concrete floors
.
15
3. Improved Safety and Functionality: By improving properties such as abrasion resistance,

impact resistance, and surface hardness, floor hardeners can enhance the safety and
functionality of concrete floors. The results of this research will provide engineers and
architects with valuable information regarding the performance characteristics of
different hardeners, enabling them to design floors that meet the specific requirements of
the applications they are intended for. Improved safety and functionality of concrete
floors can have a direct impact on the well-being of occupants, productivity, and overall
user satisfaction.
4. Informed Decision-Making: This research thesis will assist construction professionals in

making informed decisions regarding the selection and application of floor hardeners.
The research will provide valuable guidelines and recommendations by investigating
different types, application methods, and compatibility considerations. In this way,
professionals will be able to select the most appropriate floor hardeners for their specific
projects, taking into account factors such as project requirements, budget constraints, and
environmental considerations.
5. Advancement of Knowledge and Industry Standards: This research thesis will contribute to
the advancement of knowledge in the field of floor hardeners. Performing comprehensive
studies on the performance characteristics, limitations, and optimization of hardeners will
contribute to the expansion of existing knowledge. It is hoped that these findings will be
used to develop industry standards, guidelines, and best practices, ensuring that effective
and sustainable flooring solutions will be adopted.
To conclude, the research thesis on the development of floor hardeners has significant
implications for the construction and civil engineering industries. In addition to improving
durability, reducing costs, improving safety, and enabling informed decision-making, this
research will contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient concrete flooring
systems. In the long run, the findings will prove beneficial to professionals involved in the
design, construction, and maintenance of various structures, resulting in safer, more
functional, and economically viable buildings.
1.5. RESEARCH UTILIZATION:
The research thesis on the development of floor hardeners has a number of potential applications
and avenues for future research. The findings and insights generated through this research can be
utilized in the following ways:
16
1. Engineering and construction practices: Engineers, architects, and construction professionals

involved in the design and construction of concrete floors can directly utilize the research
thesis. In order to select the most appropriate floor hardener for a specific project,
practitioners should consider the effectiveness, performance characteristics, and compatibility
considerations of different floor hardeners. As a result of this utilization, concrete flooring
systems can become more durable, resilient, and cost-effective.
2. Industry Guidelines and Standards: As a result of the research thesis, industry guidelines and
standards related to floor hardeners can be developed. As a result of the research, insights
gained can be incorporated into existing guidelines or serve as the basis for the development
of new standards. With this approach, the industry will be able to adopt best practices and
follow standardized procedures for selecting, applying, and optimizing floor hardeners, which
will result in improved concrete floor quality and performance.
3. Product Development and Innovation: Research findings can be used by manufacturers and
suppliers of floor hardeners to improve their products and develop new formulations.
Manufacturers can optimize their products to meet the specific needs and challenges of
different applications based on insights into the performance characteristics, limitations, and
compatibility considerations of floor hardeners. Using this method can lead to the
development of innovative floor hardeners with improved durability, enhanced performance,
and increased sustainability.
4. Maintenance and Rehabilitation Strategies: Research findings regarding the long-term

durability and effectiveness of floor hardeners can be used by facility managers, building
owners, and maintenance personnel. By using this technique, preventive maintenance
strategies and rehabilitation techniques can be developed for existing concrete floors. It is
important for stakeholders to understand the performance and limitations of floor hardeners in
order to plan and implement appropriate maintenance measures in order to extend the
lifespan of floors and minimize the need for costly repairs or replacements.
5. Further research and collaboration: Research in the field of floor hardeners can be inspired
and guided by the research thesis. Results of the research may suggest areas that require
further investigation, such as long-term performance of floor hardeners under specific
environmental conditions or the influence of different admixtures on hardener compatibility.
In addition to fostering collaboration between researchers, industry professionals, and
academics, this approach can lead to continuous advancements in the understanding and
utilization of floor hardeners.
17
Overall, the research thesis on the development of floor hardeners has a wide range of potential
applications. From influencing engineering practices and industry standards to driving product
development and facilitating maintenance strategies, the research findings can have a direct and
practical effect on the construction industry. In addition, the research may inspire future studies
and collaborations, contributing to continuous improvement in the field of floor hardeners.
1.6. THESIS ORGANIZATION:
This thesis is organized in six (6) chapters to provide a detailed overview of the work done and
the main findings of this research study. A brief description of each chapter of thesis is as
follows:
 Chapter 1: is an introduction to the thesis and provides a broad synopsis of the thesis
report. In this chapter, the problem statement, aims & objectives as well as significance of
study, utilization of research work and research work timeline has been presented.
 Chapter 2: provides information about literature review, history, industrial revolution, types
of floor hardener, constituents of metallic and non-metallic floor hardener, physical and
chemical properties of floor hardener, applications of fllor harener as well as failure patterns
of concrete specimen during various tests.
 Chapter 3: focuses on the materials, Specimen details, experimental program carried out for
this research work.
 Chapter 4: describes the results which are obtained from the testing of the specimens. These
specimens are tested keeping in view the objectives of the research. Discussion will be made
on the failure load and the failure patterns of the tested specimens.
 Chapter 5 : summarizes the conclusions drawn from this work
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL APPRAISAL:
The globe is seeing a construction revolution, as well as a new era of development, powered by
rapid economic expansion and rising urbanization rates. Construction provides a direct medium
for urban settlement development, expansion, improvement, and upkeep. (Suresh, 2004).
With innovative technology and systems to meet today's trends and needs. The growing demand
for cheap housing and commercial buildings is a hotly debated topic since, due to rising building
costs, housing is no longer an inexpensive option for the average person, even on a global scale.
(Waleed et al., 2004)
This chapter provides information about floor hardener, it’s benefits and applications in
residential and commercial buildings.
2.2 INTRODUCTION:
Floor hardeners are essential to improving the performance and longevity of concrete floors.
They are frequently used to increase the abrasion resistance, impact strength, and general surface
hardness of concrete floors in a variety of industrial, commercial, and residential applications.
This study of the literature intends to investigate the information and research that is now
available about floor hardeners, including their kinds, mechanisms of action, application
techniques, and effects on concrete floor qualities.
Floor hardeners are fundamental materials utilized within the development industry to improve
the solidness, quality, and execution of concrete floors. They are particularly outlined to make
strides the scraped area resistance, affect resistance, and by and large life span of concrete
surfaces, making them reasonable for a wide range of applications completely different
segments.
Concrete floors are subjected to critical wear and tear due to foot activity, vehicular
development, overwhelming loads, and different natural variables. To moderate the hindering
impacts of these variables and guarantee the life span of concrete floors, floor hardeners are
connected. They make a defensive layer that strengthens the surface, making it safer to scraped
spot, affect, and other forms of physical stretch. Floor hardeners are accessible in several shapes,
counting metallic and non-metallic variations. Metallic floor hardeners join metallic totals, such
as steel or press, into the concrete blend or as a topping. These totals contribute to the quality and
strength of the floor by making strides its resistance to wear, affect, and overwhelming loads.
Metallic floor hardeners are commonly utilized in mechanical and high-traffic zones where
extraordinary toughness is required.
19
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Non-metallic floor hardeners, on the other hand, are composed of materials like cement, totals,
polymers, or tars. They offer a more extensive extend of plan choices and can be customized to
realize wanted aesthetics, colors, and wraps up. Non-metallic floor hardeners are commonly
utilized in commercial, private, and enhancing applications where both solidness and visual
request are critical.
The determination of the suitable sort of floor hardener depends on different components,
counting the aiming application, expected activity stack, stylish necessities, and natural
conditions. It is vital to consider these variables to guarantee that the chosen floor hardener meets
the particular needs of the extend.
In expansion to improving the physical properties of concrete floors, floor hardeners too give a
few other points of interest. They make strides the resistance to chemical spills, minimize
cleaning, encourage less demanding cleaning and support, and improve the generally appearance
of the floor. These benefits make floor hardeners a well-known choice in a wide extend of
sectors, including mechanical offices, distribution centers, commercial buildings, retail spaces,
private properties, and organization settings.
In rundown, floor hardeners are crucial components within the development industry, pointed at
progressing the quality, solidness, and execution of concrete floors. They ensure the surface from
scraped area, affect, and other shapes of damage, guaranteeing the life span and unwavering
quality of the floor. By consolidating floor hardeners into development ventures, experts can
make vigorous and long-lasting flooring arrangements that meet the specified benchmarks of
strength, security, and tasteful request.
2.3 HISTORY:
The historical background of floor hardeners can be traced back to the early 20th century. This
technique was originally used in the construction of industrial floors to enhance their durability
and resistance to abrasion. Over time, the potential benefits of floor hardeners became evident in
other areas of construction, including commercial and residential flooring applications. From a
scientific standpoint, the development of floor hardeners can be attributed to the study of
cementitious materials and their respective mechanical properties. The integration of metallic
and mineral additives into concrete mixes proved to be a successful method of improving both
the strength and durability of concrete floors. Through ongoing research and experimentation,
innovative floor hardening techniques have evolved and continue to be refined. Today, there are
a wide variety of floor hardeners available on the market, each offering unique advantages and
benefits. These can vary in their chemical makeup, application methods, and suitability for
different types of flooring. With continued advancements in materials science and construction
technology, the future of floor hardeners remains promising, with the potential for even further
advancements and progress in the field.
20
The origin of floor hardeners can be traced back to several centuries ago. The development of
floor hardeners can be attributed to the exigency of robust and supple flooring remedies in
diverse architectural edifices. Over the course of time, several materials and techniques have
been devised with the aim of enhancing the performance of concrete floors. This paper presents a
comprehensive exposition of the historical evolution of floor hardeners.
In antiquity, specifically during the timeline of early human civilization, culturally significant
periods and events were observed and documented. Such documentation serves as a useful
resource for understanding the progression of humankind's history and evolution.
Numerous methods were implemented in early civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and
Rome, to enhance the endurance of flooring materials. The utilization of distinct approaches
encompassing the incorporation of organic substances such as crushed stone, lime, and animal
blood into the composition of the flooring mixture, constituted a key aspect of the implemented
techniques. The incorporation of said additives resulted in the augmentation of the floors'
resilience and durability against abrasion.
2.4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was a significant period of socio-economic transformation that

occurred in Western Europe and North America during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
This era marked a shift from agrarian-based societies to industrialized economies that were
driven by modern machinery, mass production, and urbanization. The Industrial Revolution was
characterized by an emergence of new technologies, a growth in manufacturing and trade,
increased employment opportunities, and a rise in the standard of living for many individuals. It
was a period of rapid change that has had a profound impact on modern society and is widely
regarded as a key turning point in human history.
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution during the 18th century, there emerged novel
materials and technologies that were accessible for the purpose of constructing floors. Cement,
an essential constituent in contemporary concrete, was extensively utilized throughout this time
frame. The utilization of cementitious materials resulted in the replacement of lime-based
mixtures, which yielded enhanced strength and durability.
2.4.1 Development in 20th Century:

During the initial stage of the 20th century period, various significant changes occurred across
the globe, predominantly in the fields of technology, science, economy, and politics. The start of
the century brought various implications, including the introduction and proliferation of
innovative inventions, such as the automobile and the airplane.
21
Additionally, the early 20th century was marked by major political events, such as World War I
and the Russian Revolution. These events led to significant political and social reforms in various
countries worldwide. Therefore, the early 20th century era is considered a significant period in
human history for the various changes that occurred across the globe.
During the commencement of the 20th century, there was a significant breakthrough in the field
of concrete technology resulting in the emergence of more compact and resilient concrete blends.
Engineering and architectural professionals-initiated experimentation with diverse additives to
augment the efficiency of concrete flooring. The incorporation of metallic additives, such as steel
fibers or iron shavings, has been observed to enhance the tensile and flexural properties of
concrete surfaces.
During the period spanning the mid-20th century, which encompasses the years between circa
1940 to 1970, notable and significant social, political, and economic changes took place, shaping
the face of the world as we know it today. This era witnessed the rise of several influential world
leaders, from Winston Churchill to John F. Kennedy, as well as key moments in history such as
World War II and the Civil Rights Movement. The innovations and advancements in technology
and industry during this time also had a profound impact on global development and progress.
During the middle of the 20th century, the construction industry experienced the advent of floor
hardeners as distinct and specialized products. The exigency for sturdier and longer-lasting floors
within industrial contexts facilitated the innovation of metallic floor hardeners. The present study
employed floor hardeners that featured metallic aggregates, namely steel or iron, with the
objective of fabricating wear-resistant surfaces that can withstand substantial loads and abrasion.
During the latter half of the 20th century, significant societal and cultural changes began to
occur, particularly in relation to advancements in technology and globalization. These changes
were reflected in various aspects of life, including politics, economics, and the arts.
Developments such as the internet, increased international trade, and the formation of global
organizations like the European Union and the United Nations had a profound impact on the
world and its people. As a result, it is important to examine and understand this era in
order to gain insight into the contemporary world.
During the latter part of the 20th century, there was a surge in the adoption of non-metallic floor
hardeners. The floor hardeners were formulated from a blend of cementitious constituents,
various aggregates, as well as polymers, or resins. The utilization of non-metallic floor hardeners
presents a significantly broader spectrum of design alternatives, encompassing an assortment of
hues, textures, and final flourishes. The aforementioned commodities garnered widespread
acclaim among proprietors of commercial properties, residential dwellings, and those seeking
ornamental
enhancements. This can be attributed to their dual emphasis on both enduring structural integrity
and aesthetic appeal.
22
The present study discusses the latest developments.
 Recent developments in the field of material science and technology have resulted in
substantial progress in the development of novel floor hardeners. Specialized formulations
have been developed by manufacturers in order to meet project-specific requirements. The
formulations may encompass the addition of various additives to enhance their chemical
resistance, adhesion, or moisture management attributes. Furthermore, the integration of
nanotechnology into the construction of floor hardeners has garnered considerable attention,
affording an elevated degree of efficacy, exemplified by amplified durability, bolstered
structural integrity, and enhanced surface characteristics.
 In contemporary times, floor hardeners retain paramount significance within the construction
domain. They offer remedies for enhancing the robustness, potency, and visual appeal of
concrete flooring. The optimal choice of floor hardener is contingent upon multiple factors
that include but are not limited to the designated use, level of foot traffic, preferred visual
appearance, and prevailing environmental circumstances.
 In summary, the historical trajectory of floor hardeners has traversed multiple centuries,
encompassing the advancement of substances, supplements, and methods devised to enhance
the operational efficacy of concrete flooring. Throughout history, the evolution of floor
hardeners has been stimulated by the demand for robust and tenacious flooring options across
a range of architectural contexts, from bygone civilizations to contemporary society.
 The lineage of floor hardeners is intimately linked with the advancement of concrete as a
building medium and the requirement for robust and enduring flooring solutions. Over time, a
plethora of methodologies and resources have been devised with the primary goal of
augmenting the effectiveness and durability of concrete flooring.
2.4.2 Initial Stages of Process:

Throughout the historic timeline, concrete has been employed as a predominant substrate for
flooring purposes. However, the initial variants of concrete floors were flawed with inadequacy
in terms of endurance and robustness. The process of increasing the hardness of the surface of a
material is commonly referred to as surface hardening.
One of the earliest methods utilized for enhancing the durability of floors consisted of
administering a solution or mixture composed of cementitious materials onto the concrete
surface. The process commonly referred to as “surface hardening” is a procedure that serves to
increase the density of the surface and augment its strength.
23
2.4.3 Present Development of Floor Hardener:

Different varieties of floor hardeners are offered on the market, each with a distinct composition
and set of properties. Metallic aggregate-based hardeners, non-metallic aggregate-based
hardeners, cementitious hardeners, and polymer-based hardeners are all frequently used floor
hardeners. Each kind has unique characteristics that help the floor operate and look as intended.
This Part aims to elucidate the mechanisms of action of various phenomena. Floor hardeners
serve to reinforce the concrete floor surface through various mechanisms.
2.5 FLOOR HARDENER TYPES:
2.5.1 Metallic Floor Hardener:

Hardeners based on metallic aggregates function via the embedding of metallic particles at the
surface level, thereby enhancing abrasion resistance as well as impact strength. They found
widespread application in industries where heavy machinery, forklifts, and high foot traffic were
common, as they provided a durable and resilient surface capable of withstanding rigorous use.
The utilization of metallic floor hardeners has been deemed to confer outstanding attributes of
substantial strength, resilience, and resistance against abrasion.
These commendable features render them highly suitable for various purposes pertaining to
industrial, commercial, and high- traffic settings. Although their material cost may be relatively
high and they may require protection against corrosion, the benefits associated with their
increased strength, impact resistance, and longer lifespan are significant enough to offset these
drawbacks. Comprehending the characteristics and uses of metallic floor hardeners facilitates the
discernment and specification of an optimal flooring resolution to meet the project demands by
individuals in the construction industry.
The metallic floor hardener exhibits certain limitations that warrant consideration. The elevated
cost of metallic floor hardeners in comparison to their non-metallic counterparts can be attributed
to the more expensive metallic aggregates utilized in their composition.
The presence of metallic aggregates in environments that are exposed to moisture or corrosive
substances may have deleterious effects on the material over time due to potential corrosion. To
abate this matter, it is imperative to implement sufficient surface safeguard measures or employ
anti-corrosion coatings. The utilization of Metallic Floor Hardeners in various settings has
become increasingly prevalent.
In industrial environments, metallic floor hardeners are extensively employed to ensure high
abrasion resistance and accommodate the demands of heavy machinery, vehicular traffic,
warehouses, manufacturing plants, and distribution centers.
24
The application of metallic floor hardeners is an appropriate choice for commercial buildings,
retail spaces, showrooms, and shopping malls due to their enduring properties and aesthetic allure.
Metallic floor hardeners are frequently utilized in parking garages and other locations with
substantial vehicular traffic owing to their robustness and durability against abrasion.
Figure 2.1: Metallic Floor Hardener [19]
2.5.2 Non-Metallic Floor Hardener:
Aggregate-based hardeners that employ non-metallic materials employ graded particles of silica,
quartz, or other types of aggregates to achieve similar outcomes. Non-metallic floor hardeners
are distinctive substances utilized to augment the robustness, potency, and efficiency of concrete
floors. In comparison to metallic floor hardeners, they provide a variety of benefits and
advantages. This paper presents an all-inclusive examination of non-metallic floor hardeners,
encompassing their inherent characteristics, merits, weaknesses, and potential utilities. The
constraints associated with non-metallic floor hardener are as follows:
 The impact resistance of non-metallic floor hardeners is marginally lower as opposed to

metallic variants, rendering them more suitable for regions having moderate impact loads.
 The load-bearing capacity of non-metallic floor hardeners may be subject to restrictions

regarding the maximum load they can sustain. This necessitates careful evaluation when used
in settings that involve bulky machinery or other heavy-duty equipment.
 Surface sensitivity is an important consideration when selecting non-metallic floor hardeners.

It has been observed that certain hardeners may exhibit greater sensitivity to surface
imperfections, necessitating appropriate substrate preparation measures to attain a seamless
finish.
25
 The utilization of non-metallic floor hardeners has become increasingly prevalent in various
industries due to its beneficial applications.
 Non-metallic floor hardeners are a widely employed solution in commercial settings such as
retail spaces, showrooms and shopping malls, where both durability and pleasing visual
appearance are critical aspects to be taken into account.
 Non-metallic floor hardeners are a viable option for residential dwellings such as houses,
apartments and condominiums as they offer robustness and visual allure.
 Non-metallic floor hardeners play a vital role in institutional settings like schools, hospitals,
and government facilities where optimal functional performance and design flexibility are
imperative.
 Non-metallic floor hardeners present an array of design possibilities, rendering them

prevalent in decorative applications such as hotels, restaurants, museums, and exhibition
facilities, where their visual impact is of essence.
Figure 2.2 : Non- Metallic Floor Hardener [20]
2.5.3 Cementitious Hardener:
Cementitious hardeners operate based on a chemical reaction that takes place between the
hardener and the calcium hydroxide present in the concrete, leading to the formation of calcium
silicate hydrate. This chemical process results in an enhanced level of surface hardness. The
formation of a protective layer on the surface of concrete, which improves its resistance to wear
and provides a glossy finish, is facilitated through the utilization of hardeners based on polymers.
26
Figure 2.2: Cementitious Floor Hardener [21]
2.6 CONSTITUENTS OF NON-METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER:
Non-metallic floor hardeners are a class of flooring reinforcement agents composed of a diverse
assortment of non-metallic particulate materials. The selection and amalgamation of specific
aggregates are conducted with precision to produce a consolidation agent that significantly
improves the tenacity and efficacy of concrete flooring. The components typically found in non-
metallic floor hardeners comprise of the following:
2.6.1 Silica:
Silica constitutes one of the major constituents of non-metallic floor hardeners. The
27
incorporation of silica into the hardened concrete surface confers exceptional hardness and
abrasion resistance.
Figure 2.3: Silica [22]
2.6.2 Quartz:
The substance known as Quartz, which refers to a crystalline manifestation of silica, frequently
finds application as an aggregate in non-metallic floor hardeners. The mineral in question exhibits
significant hardness and possesses notable strength and resistance to wear, denoting its durable
and resilient nature.
Figure 2.4: Quartz [23]
28
2.1.1 Alumina:
Alumina, which is commonly referred to as aluminum oxide, represents a prevalent constituent
found in non-metallic floor hardeners. The aforementioned substance exhibits ceramic properties
characterized by elevated levels of hardness and outstanding resilience to abrasion. The
incorporation of alumina into hardened concrete surfaces has demonstrated the capacity to
enhance both wear resistance and overall strength of the material.
29
Figure 2.5: Fused Alumina [24]
2.1.2 Calcite:
The chemical compound known as calcite is classified as a mineral predominantly composed of
30
calcium carbonate in its carbonate form. Inclusion of this substance in non-metallic floor hardener
is occasionally warranted on account of its capacity to augment the surface hardness and confer
supplementary fortitude upon the concrete floor.
Figure 2.6: Calcite [25]
2.1.3 Silicate:
Silicate compounds, namely potassium silicate or sodium silicate, are frequently utilized as
binders or admixtures in non-metallic floor hardeners.
2.1.4 Other Aggregates:

Other aggregates can be incorporated in non-metallic floor hardeners to improve specific
characteristics. The aforementioned materials, consisting of granite, limestone, and ceramic
particles, are recognized for their augmentation of strength, heightened resistance to abrasion,
and superior surface durability. It is imperative to acknowledge that the precise composition of
non- metallic floor hardeners may differ between manufacturers and particular product
formulations. The selection and concatenation of components are contingent upon several
determinants, including the desired functional attributes, application prerequisites, and
environmental factors. Through meticulous selection and appropriate proportioning of
constituents, creators of non- metallic floor hardeners have the ability to fabricate goods that
exhibit superior qualities such as outstanding abrasion resistance, impact strength, and surface
hardness.
2.1.5 Advantages of Non-Metallic Floor Hardener:
2.1.5.1 Cost-Effective:
Non-metallic floor hardeners are often more cost-effective compared to metallic alternatives.
They provide an affordable solution for enhancing the strength and durability of concrete floors,
making them accessible to a wider range of projects and budgets.
31
2.1.5.2 Wide Range of Colors and Finishes:

Non-metallic floor hardeners offer a wide range of colors and finishes, allowing for greater
design versatility and customization. This makes them suitable for applications where aesthetics
plays a crucial role, such as retail spaces, restaurants, or decorative flooring projects.
2.1.5.3 Excellent Adhesion:

Non-metallic floor hardeners typically exhibit excellent adhesion to the concrete substrate. They
form a strong bond, ensuring long-term performance and minimizing the risk of delamination or
peeling.
2.1.5.4 Rapid Installation and Curing:

Non-metallic floor hardeners often have shorter installation and curing times compared to
metallic options. This results in faster project completion and reduced downtime for the facility
or space being renovated.
2.1.5.5 Resistance to UV Exposure:

Some non-metallic floor hardeners offer resistance to UV radiation, preventing color fading or
discoloration over time. This makes them suitable for outdoor applications or areas exposed to
natural light.
2.7 CONSTITUENTS OF METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER:
Metallic floor hardeners are comprised of a variety of metallic aggregates and additives,
formulated with the explicit purpose of augmenting the resilience and toughness of concrete
flooring. The aforementioned elements collaborate in unison to generate a compact and durable
exterior. The components commonly found in metallic floor hardeners consist of the subsequent
elements.
2.7.1 Cement:
Cement plays a crucial role as a constituent in floor hardeners, contributing to the strength,
durability, and bonding properties of the hardened concrete surface. It is a key ingredient in both
cementitious floor hardeners and some types of non-metallic floor hardeners. Cement provides
several important functions within floor hardeners. Cement acts as a binding agent in floor
hardeners, helping to hold the other constituents together and ensuring their integration with the
concrete substrate. When mixed with water, cement undergoes a chemical reaction called
hydration, forming a paste that binds the aggregates and other components, creating a solid and
cohesive matrix. Cementitious floor hardeners rely on the chemical reaction between the cement
and the calcium hydroxide (lime) present in the concrete to form calcium silicate hydrate (CSH)
32
compounds. This reaction, known as pozzolanic reaction, leads to the hardening and densification
of the concrete surface, increasing its strength and durability.
Figure 2.7: Cement [26]
2.7.2 Metallic Aggregates:

The metallic floor hardeners are composed predominantly of metallic aggregates, commonly
present in the form of particles of iron, steel, or aluminum. The aforementioned aggregates have
been chosen based on their established capabilities in exhibiting heightened levels of hardness,
robustness, and resistance to wear and tear. The dimensions and morphology of metallic clusters
may exhibit variability contingent upon the targeted performance attributes.
Figure 2.8: Metallic Aggregates [27]
33
2.7.3 Additives:
Metallic floor hardeners may incorporate supplementary elements aimed at enhancing the
attributes of the solidified concrete surface. Various types of additives such as bonding agents,
dispersants, and accelerators have the potential to improve the adhesion, workability, and curing
process of the material in question. Additives can potentially exert influence over the setting time
and fluidity of the mixture during the process of its application.
2.7.4 Coloring Agents:

Colorants may be added to metallic floor hardeners in order to enhance the aesthetic appeal of
concrete flooring. Such modifications offer a variety of options to enhance the appearance of the
floor surface. The implementation of coloring agents, whether in the form of pigments or dyes,
serves as an essential technique to attain specifically sought-after hues or ornamental results.
2.7.5 Surface Conditioners:

Surface conditioners or surface-active agents may be utilized in metallic floor hardeners with the
aim of enhancing the adhesion between the metallic aggregates and the concrete substrate. These
agents facilitate the establishment of a strong chemical bond and effective integration of the
hardening agent with the surface of the concrete.
The application of metallic aggregates in floor hardeners confers exceptional abrasion resistance,
impact strength, and surface hardness upon concrete flooring. When metallic floor hardeners are
appropriately administered and completed, they generate a compact and robust coating that has
the ability to endure substantial traffic, mechanical pressure, and adverse environments. They are
frequently utilized in industrial, commercial, and institutional environments where the flooring's
high level of performance is imperative.
2.7.6 Advantages of Metallic Floor Hardener:

2.7.6.1 Enhanced Durability:
Metallic floor hardeners offer exceptional durability and wear resistance. They create a dense
surface that can withstand heavy foot traffic, impact, and abrasion. This makes them well-suited
for industrial and high-traffic areas where the floor is exposed to significant wear and tear.
2.7.6.2 High Reflectivity:
Metallic floor hardeners can provide a high-gloss, reflective surface, enhancing the aesthetics of
the floor. This makes them a popular choice for commercial and retail spaces where a visually
appealing environment is desired.
2.7.6.3 Chemical Resistance:
Metallic floor hardeners often exhibit excellent resistance to chemicals, including oils, solvents,
and cleaning agents. This makes them suitable for environments where chemical spills or
exposure is common, such as manufacturing facilities or laboratories.
34
2.7.6.4 Non-Dusting Surface:

Metallic floor hardeners create a non-dusting surface, minimizing the release of particles into the
air. This is especially beneficial in areas where dust contamination is a concern, such as clean
rooms, food processing facilities, or healthcare settings.
2.7.6.5 Low Maintenance:
Due to their high durability, metallic floor hardeners require minimal maintenance. They are
easy to clean, typically requiring only regular sweeping or mopping to keep the surface looking
pristine. This saves time and effort in maintenance activities.
2.8 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLOOR HARDENER:
Floor hardeners are integral substances utilized to augment the physical and mechanical
characteristics of concrete flooring. The present investigation endeavors to furnish a
comprehensive scrutiny of the fundamental physical and mechanical attributes demonstrated by
flooring hardeners, which encompass compressive potency, abrasion tolerance, reverberation
fortitude, flexural hardness, and adhesiveness.
2.8.1 Compressive Strength:

The compressive strength is a parameter used to measure the ability of a material or structure to
resist compression forces. It is a crucial property in the design and analysis of various
engineering structures, particularly in the field of civil engineering. The compressive strength is
typically determined through standardized tests, such as the ASTM C39 method, which involves
subjecting a cylindrical specimen to a gradually increasing axial compressive load until failure.
The resulting compressive strength value is expressed in units of pounds per square inch or
megapascals.
The compressive strength of concrete floors is a fundamental characteristic that plays a critical
role in determining their capacity to withstand external mechanical stress. Floor hardeners play a
significant role in enhancing the compressive strength of the solidified surface. Floor hardeners
commonly exhibit compressive strengths between 40 MPa to 100 MPa which is contingent upon
the specific composition and application prerequisites.
35
Figure 2.9: Compressive failure of Cubes [28]
2.8.2 Abrasion Resistance:

Abrasion resistance pertains to the ability of a material to withstand wear and tear caused by
mechanical forces. It is determined by the material's ability to resist surface abrasion, such as
scratches, scuffs, and friction. This property is essential in a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, construction, and transportation, as it can contribute to the durability and
longevity of products. Materials that exhibit high abrasion resistance are typically preferred over
those that do not, as they have a longer service life and require less maintenance.
One of the foremost objectives of floor hardeners is to augment the ability of concrete surfaces to
withstand abrasion. Abrasion resistance is a key indicator of a flooring's ability to withstand
surface wear resulting from frequent usage by foot traffic, wheeled machine operation, and other
contributing factors. The implementation of floor hardeners results in a reduction of surface
abrasion, as they facilitate the formation of a compact and durable layer that effectively resists
wear. The assessment of the abrasion resistance of floor hardeners commonly involves the
implementation of established protocols, such as the Taber Abrasion Test or the ASTM C779
Test Method.
2.8.3 Impact Resistance:

Floor hardeners are an integral component in enhancing the impact resistance of concrete floors.
The term impact resistance pertains to the floor's capability to endure abrupt or recurrent impacts
originating from bulky objects or machinery. Floor hardeners are effective in reducing the
probability of fracture or surface impairment attributed to impact loads through the
reinforcement of the concrete surface. The assessment of impact resistance is frequently
conducted by means of
36
testing procedures, such as the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) or the ASTM C805 Test
Method.
Figure 2.10: Impact resistance results for concrete produced at industrial scale for dry-cast
production of concrete pipes (mean & SE), and the crack conditions of failed impact
specimens [29]
2.8.4 Flexural Strength:

The property of flexural strength is a fundamental characteristic of materials that are subjected to
bending loads. It is a measure of a material's ability to resist deformation under such loads. The
flexural strength of a material is determined by subjecting a beam or bar of the material to a
bending moment and measuring the stress at the point of failure. This property is important in the
design and construction of structural elements that are subjected to bending loads, such as beams,
columns, and trusses.
The flexural strength of a material denotes its capacity to withstand deformation or fracture in
response to external loads inducing bending stresses. Floor hardeners augment the flexural
capacity of concrete floors, thereby fortifying them against torsion and fracture. This
characteristic holds crucial significance in regions where the flooring experiences concentrated
loads or flexural stresses. The assessment of flexural strength for floor hardeners may be
accomplished through the implementation of either a three-point or four-point bending test
methodology, with specific reference to established standards such as ASTM C78 or ASTM
C293.
37
Figure 2.11: Flexure Test Apparatus [30]
2.8.5 Adhesion:
The property of adhesion refers to the ability of a substance to stick to another surface. This
phenomenon occurs due to the attractive forces between the surfaces. Adhesion is a crucial
concept in various fields, including the biomedical and engineering industries, where it plays a
vital role in the design and functionality of products. The study of adhesion properties requires a
thorough understanding of the underlying physical principles governing the interaction between
surfaces, such as the nature of the surface materials and the environmental conditions. Overall,
adhesion is an essential aspect of material science and is integral in the development of advanced
technologies and products.
The adhesion of floor hardeners is an essential property that plays a crucial role in determining
the bond strength between the hardened layer and the underlying concrete substrate. Robust
adhesion guarantees that the floor hardener adheres firmly to the substrate despite exposure to
significant traffic or mechanical strain. The adhesion strength of a material can be evaluated
using pull-off tests, specifically the ASTM C1583 Test Method.
38
2.8.6 Flowability:
Flowability is an important property of floor hardeners that determines their ability to spread
evenly and smoothly over the surface of the concrete. It refers to the ease with which the
hardener can be applied and the extent to which it can self-level, filling voids and irregularities in
the substrate. The flowability of floor hardeners is influenced by various factors, including the
viscosity of the mixture, the particle size distribution of the aggregates, and the presence of
additives or admixtures.
39
2.8.7 Moisture Content:

The level of water or moisture within a certain substance is referred to as moisture content.
Moisture content is indicative of the quantity of water that exists within a given substance. In the
context of floor hardeners, the management of moisture levels is of paramount significance with
regard to guaranteeing the adequacy of establishment and the completion of the curing process.
Inordinate moisture levels may result in poor adhesion, fissures, and blemishes on surfaces. On
the contrary, an inadequate amount of moisture can impede the hydration process, leading to
insufficient development of strength. Therefore, it is imperative to sustain an optimum moisture
level throughout the installation and curing process to attain the intended characteristics of the
floor hardener.
2.8.8 Water Absorption

The process of taking in water by a substance or organism is commonly referred to as water
absorption. The water absorption capacity of a material pertains to its ability to uptake water. In
the realm of floor hardeners, a reduced capacity for water absorption is a desirable characteristic,
as it is indicative of a diminished tendency towards issues associated with moisture. A floor
hardener characterized by a high capacity for water absorption may potentially encounter
complications such as moisture intrusion, expansion, and deterioration of the hardened substrate.
The attribute of low water absorption is instrumental in preserving the structural soundness and
maintaining the dimensional consistency of flooring, particularly in regions characterized by
exposure to moisture, such as outdoor spaces, kitchens, and bathrooms.
Figure 2.13: Water Absorption results of our mixes [31]
40
2.8.9 Durability:
The concept of durability pertains to the ability of an object or material to withstand wear and
tear over an extended period of time without compromising its functionality or structural
integrity. This quality is essential in various fields such as engineering, architecture, and
manufacturing, as well as in day-to-day use of consumer products. The durability of an object is
influenced by several factors, including the quality of the materials used in its construction, the
strength and stability of its design, and the conditions under which it is used or stored. Achieving
optimal durability often requires careful consideration of these factors, along with regular
maintenance and upkeep to preserve the object's longevity.
A durable floor hardener demonstrates considerable resistance against various forms of
degradation such as wear, abrasion, impact, chemical exposure, among others. It is imperative
for the material in question to maintain its physical and mechanical properties in a sustained
manner, in order to mitigate the frequency of necessary repairs or replacements. There are
certain determinants that play a crucial role in the endurance of floor hardeners, such as the
caliber of materials implemented, accurate installation procedures, the conditions under which
curing takes place, and the specific state of the surroundings wherein the floor is to be
positioned.
2.8.10 Chemical Resistance:

The chemical resistance of a substance refers to its ability to withstand the harmful effects of
chemical substances without being degraded or altered. This property is of great importance in
various fields such as materials science, pharmaceuticals, construction, and others. Evaluating
the chemical resistance of a substance involves subjecting it to different chemical compounds
and assessing its ability to retain its structural and functional integrity. A higher level of chemical
resistance is desirable as it enhances the material's durability and longevity, making it more
suitable for the intended application. The aforementioned characteristic facilitates the endurance
and continued existence of the cemented surface in atmospheres characterized by extensive
chemical exposure, for instance, industrial or commercial premises. The assessment of chemical
resistance can be accomplished by exposing the solidified surface to designated chemical
substances and subsequently evaluating the degree of deterioration or impairment.
2.8.11 The Relationship Between Surface Finish and Aesthetics

In addition to the properties aforementioned, the application of floor hardeners can impart a
significant impact on the visual appeal and aesthetic characteristics of the concrete flooring. The
aforementioned surfaces may offer an array of finishing alternatives, such as matte, gloss, or
ornamental designs, which significantly improve the floor's visual allure.
41
2.9 APPLICATIONS OF FLOOR HARDENEER
Floor hardeners are a prevalent feature in the construction industry, employed to augment the
concrete floor's durability, robustness, and aesthetic allure. The present study endeavors to
present a thorough analysis of the multiple applications and benefits of floor hardeners within the
context of Pakistan and the global arena. It aims to offer an extensive overview of the diverse
applications of this product. The utilization of various technologies and systems in Pakistan is
prominent and prevalent in different sectors, including agriculture, telecommunications, and
healthcare. These applications have brought about significant improvements and advancements
in the respective fields, aiding in the country's development and progress. The domain of
Industrial and Commercial Flooring pertains to the practice of installing and maintaining various
types of floor coverings in commercial and industrial settings.
Figure 2.14: Dolmen Mall Karachi [32]
Floor hardeners are widely employed in Pakistani industrial and commercial environments.
Various industrial and commercial infrastructures can be identified, such as factories,
warehouses, distribution centers, and commercial establishments. The commendable abrasion
resistance and noteworthy durability of floor hardeners render them as a most suitable option for
high traffic areas, including those frequented by forklifts, trolleys, and machinery.
42
2.9.1 Applications in different Sectors

Floor hardeners are frequently utilized within institutions of education, medical institutions, as
well as healthcare facilities throughout the country of Pakistan. The presence of heavy foot
traffic along with the requirement of frequent cleaning and the use of chemicals and disinfectants
within a given environment calls for flooring that is resilient and capable of withstanding such
conditions. It is evident that floor hardeners have emerged as a viable solution for creating a
seamless and hygienic surface in commercial and industrial facilities.
Figure 2.15: Application of Floor hardener [33]
Residential buildings, which are structures intended for human habitation, play a crucial role in
providing shelter and comfort to individuals and families. These buildings serve as essential
spaces in which people can live, sleep, and engage in daily activities, and are designed to
accommodate various needs and preferences of their inhabitants. The design and construction of
residential buildings also play a significant role in shaping the character and functionality of
communities and neighborhoods.
Floor hardeners are frequently employed in residential structures, specifically in high-traffic
regions. These regions include parking lots, driveways and common areas. The application of
sealers serves to augment the robustness and extended lifespan of concrete surfaces,
safeguarding them against the adverse effects of vehicular traffic, pedestrian activity, and
environmental exposure. Moreover, floor hardeners provide numerous decorative possibilities,
enabling homeowners to tailor their flooring to their personal preferences.
43
The deployment and utilization of applications across various regions and countries on a global
scale. The present discussion addresses the topic of industrial and warehousing facilities.
Floor hardeners have gained significant popularity across the international industrial and
warehousing sector, in a manner that parallels their widespread usage in Pakistan. Floor
hardeners are highly suitable for areas subjected to heavy machinery, pallet trucks, and frequent
movement of goods owing to their superior compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and
impact resistance. The flooring solution offered exhibits exceptional durability and longevity,
allowing it to withstand the demanding conditions of industrial operations.
Figure 2.16: Floor Hardener used in warehouse [34]
The utilization of floor hardeners holds significant importance within sports and recreational
facilities on a worldwide scale. Gymnasiums, stadiums, indoor sports courts, and multipurpose
halls commonly employ floor hardeners to furnish a durable and secure playing area. The present
hardeners exhibit highly commendable impact resistance and shock absorption properties, which
effectively mitigate the hazards of physical harm and guarantee optimal athletic proficiency.
44
Figure 2.17: Flooring of Industry [35]
The topic of interest pertains to the transportation infrastructure. The application of floor
hardeners is globally prevalent in transportation infrastructure projects. Airports, train stations,
bus terminals, and parking structures can enhance their structural integrity and stability by
utilizing floor hardeners, which offer enhanced resistance to skid and durability. They facilitate
the creation of secure and robust grounds that can withstand heavy vehicular traffic, decrease the
need for regular upkeep, and elevate the level of passenger safety and convenience.
Figure 2.18: Airport flooring [36]
In conclusion, it can be inferred that.
Floor hardeners find varied applications in Pakistan and globally, catering to an extensive array of
industries and sectors. Floor hardeners provide heightened durability and resistance to abrasion,
45
irrespective of the environment in which they are employed, including but not limited to
industrial installations, commercial entities, healthcare or educational establishments, residential
structures, or transportation infrastructure.
2.10 FAILING PATTERNS:
This study examines the failure patterns of compressive strength, impact test, and flexural test on
floor hardener. The nature of compressive failure can be subject to variation based upon multiple
factors pertaining to the floor hardener composition, curing conditions, as well as test
parameters.
2.10.1 Compressive Strength test failing pattern:

Brittle failure is a common phenomenon observed in the compressive strength testing of floor
hardeners. This phenomenon is manifested by an abrupt and calamitous collapse, wherein the
substance exhibits minimal or imperceptible distortion prior to attaining its ultimate load-bearing
capability, resulting in fracture. The phenomenon of brittle failure is commonly attributed to
materials characterized by a lower tensile strength relative to their compressive strength.
Ductile Failure in some instances, especially when floor hardeners are designed to have
improved ductility, a more ductile failure pattern can be observed. Ductile failure is characterized
by visible plastic deformation before the material ultimately fails. This can include cracking,
yielding, and localized deformation, indicating that the material is able to absorb energy before
reaching failure.
Figure 2.19: Compressive strength failure patterns [37]
2.10.2 Impact Test:

Impact testing is conducted to assess the ability of floor hardeners to withstand sudden impact or
shock loads. The failure patterns observed during impact testing can provide valuable
46
information about the toughness and resistance of the material to impact forces.
47
2.10.3 Cracking and Spalling:

In an impact test, floor hardeners may exhibit cracking and spalling as the primary failure
pattern. This occurs when the material cannot effectively absorb or distribute the energy from the
impact, resulting in localized damage. Cracks and spalling can occur at the impact point and
propagate through the material.
2.10.4 Delamination:
Delamination refers to the separation or detachment of layers within the floor hardener. Impact
testing can induce delamination if the adhesion between layers is insufficient. Delamination can
weaken the material's overall integrity and lead to further damage and deterioration.
2.10.5 Flexural Test:

Flexural testing is performed to assess the bending strength and behavior of floor hardeners. The
failure patterns observed during this test can provide insights into the material's ability to
withstand bending and its resistance to cracking or fracture under flexural loads.
2.10.6 Cracking and Fracture:

During a flexural test, floor hardeners may exhibit cracking or fracture as the primary failure
pattern. This can occur at the bottom or tension side of the specimen, where the material
experiences the highest stresses. The formation and propagation of cracks can indicate the
material's ability to distribute and resist bending forces.
Figure 2.20 1 Cracking and Spalling [38]
48
2.10.7 Deformation and Yielding:
In some cases, floor hardeners may exhibit deformation and yielding before reaching failure
during a flexural test. This is characterized by visible plastic deformation and a gradual increase
in deflection as the material bends. Deformation and yielding can indicate that the material has
some level of ductility and is able to absorb energy before ultimate failure.
It is important to note that the specific failure patterns observed during these tests can vary
depending on various factors, including the specific composition and formulation of the floor
hardener, testing conditions, and the presence of additives or reinforcement. The failure patterns
observed provide valuable information for understanding the behavior and performance of floor
hardeners under different loading conditions.
2.10.8 Application Methods

The methodology for applying a certain approach or methodology is commonly referred to as
"application methods". The implementation of floor hardeners may exhibit variability in regard
to the specific variant of hardener utilized and the intended objective. The dry-shake application
technique entails the dispersion of a hardener onto the freshly poured concrete surface, followed
by troweling or power floating to fully integrate the hardener into the material. The wet-on-wet
technique involves the prompt application of the hardener upon concrete placement, succeeded
by troweling or power floating. Surface-applied hardeners are commonly utilized to enhance the
properties of cured concrete surfaces. However, achieving optimal adhesion may necessitate
additional preparatory measures such as diamond grinding or shot blasting.
2.10.9 The Implications of Concrete Floor Characteristics.

Scientific investigations have revealed that the utilization of floor hardeners can yield substantial
enhancements in diverse characteristics of concrete floor structures. The aforementioned
characteristics comprise augmented surface hardness, heightened resistance to abrasion, elevated
impact strength, as well as improved ability to withstand chemical and stain damage. The
utilization of floor hardeners can additionally augment the visual aspect of the flooring,
presenting a wide array of alternatives for distinct finishes like matte, gloss or ornamented
patterns. Furthermore, the utilization of floor hardeners can positively impact the comprehensive
durability and extended efficacy of concrete floors, thereby diminishing the requirement for
upkeep and restoration.
49
2.11 PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Ali Mardani-Aghabaglou, Kemal Karakuzu , Veysel Kobya, Daniel Hatungimana (2019) carried
out an experimental study on Surface treatment includes dry-shaking and liquid application to
the concrete surface. Ten concrete mixtures with and without surface hardener were prepared.
Concrete mixtures had a slump value of 85 ± 5 mm. Tests were conducted and unit weights were
calculated for each mixture.
Laddawan Lapcharatsangroj, Chalida U-Tapao (2020) carried out an experimental study on
Research studies the impact of pozzolanic materials on swine house concrete floor. There are 9
concrete mix designs including non-CFH, CFH, fly ash at 15%, 30%, and 45%, and CSF4FA26,
CSF6FA24, CSF8FA22, CSF10FA20. Groove cut on specimen surface for acid resistance
testing. CFH floor: highest abrasion and acid resistance but severe acid damage under spallation.
The CSF10FA20 floor excelled in both compressive strength and acid resistance during
spallation. Pozzolanic materials improved concrete performance (p<0.05) compared to non-CFH
mix. CSF- FA and non-CFH floors cost less than CFH floors. CSF-FA floors resist acid better
than non-CFH and CFH floors. Use CSF-FA concrete mix for swine house floors for durability
and better return on investment than non-CFH and CFH floors.
Francine, Padilha Guilherme ,Vieira Braga and Lemos Cristina Vitorino da Silva (2021) carried
out an experimental study on Growing concrete floor sector drives improved techniques and
avoids issues. Materials for concrete floors are key, investigate them. This study evaluated the
influence of hardeners on concrete floor surface hardness. The concrete's production control
parameters were analyzed, including compressive and flexural tensile strength and bleeding tests.
Data were analyzed using multifactorial ANOVA. Hardeners boost surface resistance and reduce
pathological risks in composites. Hardeners improve concrete surface, especially with
cementitious hardener and higher w/c content (0.6).
The conducted examinations (2004) have primarily addressed the fundamental prerequisites of
an industrial pavement, namely its capacity to withstand wear caused by abrasion, endure
impacts, and resist chemical attacks, with a particular emphasis on combatting the prevalent
types of chemical aggression encountered within industrial settings. The employed pozzolanic
cement variant, CEM IV/A (V) 32.5 N/SR, consists of a composition comprising 84% clinker,
14% fly ash, 1% gypsum, and 1% filler. Its specific Blaine surface area was measured to be
368.5 m2/kg. In accordance with the EN 196-1 standard, the initial setting time of the cement
paste, obtained by utilizing a water/cement ratio of 0.29 to achieve "normal consistency" (as per
ASTM C 191-04 a [15]), and a cement density of 2845 kg/m3, amounted to 191 minutes.
Moreover, the compressive strength of mortar fabricated using this cement, after a curing period
of 28 days, was determined to be 46.5 MPa. "The results indicate that dry-shaking treatments are
in general beneficial for the pavements and, moreover, that different types of hardeners produce
very different effects on the pavement characteristics."
50
The Study was carried out (2012). The concrete chunk was developed employing a cement amount
of 315 kg/m3 CEM IV/A 32.5 N/SR, in understanding with the EN 197-1 standard. A water to
cement proportion of 0.48 was utilized, whereas the most extreme estimate of the total utilized was
20 mm. To attain the required ease, a fluidifying added substance was joined into the blend, coming
about in a liquid droop. The pozzolanic cement utilized in this setting comprises of 84% clinker,
14% fly fiery remains, 1% gypsum, and 1% filler. The particular Blaine surface region of the cement
was measured to be 368.5 m2/kg, and its thickness measured to 2845 kg/m3. Taking after the ASTM
C 191-04 (2004) rules, the starting setting time of the cement glue, with a water to cement proportion
of 0.29 to realize "typical consistency," was decided to be 191 minutes. In addition, the compressive
quality of the mortar created utilizing this cement, after a curing period of 28 days, shown a quality
of 46.5 MPa. In this specific case, it has been observationally set up that the advancement of scraped
area resistance is straightforwardly subordinate on the drive connected and the contact coefficient
between the concrete and the wheel. To treat the concrete surface, a dry-shaking treatment operator
was connected, comprising of a combination of 50 kg of silica quartz, 25 kg of corundum, and 35 kg
of Portland cement. Figure 3 outlines the workability bend of the concrete, decided employing a
circle with a span of 4.6 cm and a mass of 395.7 g, discharged with a vitality of 20.45 N. The method
utilized for this assurance followed to the strategy laid out in Garcia, Castro-Fresno, and Polanco's
works (2008a, b) and Garcia, Fresno, and Polanco's distribution (2008c).
51
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL APPRAISAL
The methodology for the research thesis on the development of floor hardener using local
materials for various structural purposes appears well-structural purposes and appropriate for the
study objective. The research design includes laboratory experimentation, material
characteristics, and performances evaluation, allowing for controlled testing and reliable data
collection. The selection and characteristics, and performances evaluation, allowing for
controlled testing and reliable data collection. The selection and characterization of local
materials, as well as the formulation development process, are crucial steps that should be
thoroughly explained in the methodology. Additionally, the methodology should incorporate a
robust performance evaluation, including standardized testing procedures and comparative
analysis against existing commercial floor hardeners. Acknowledging limitations such as long-
term durability and considering future research direction will enhance the applicability and
commercial viability of the developed floor hardeners.
3.2 VARIABLES CONSIDERED
 The local material used in the formulation of the floor hardener.

 Mix proportions of the local materials.
 Performance properties of the floor hardener (compressive strength, abrasion etc.).
 Environmental factors affecting the floor hardeners performance.
 Differential structural applications of the floor hardener.
 Comparative analysis with existing commercial floor hardeners.
3.3 TECHNICAL DATA SHEET
We studied the properties of the market floor hardeners specified by the producers.
 Hardness
 Compressive strength
 Density
 Abrasion resistance
 Shelf life
 Coverage range
 Storage Conditions
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods
3.4 MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
The details of materials are given below.
3.4.1 Cement:
During the research, Maple Leaf Cement's brand of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was
employed. The OPC utilized conformed with ASTM C 150 type one Portland cement. This has
properties such as setting and hardening, strength, durability, workability, setting time, heat of
hydration, color, shrinkage, and environmental impact.
Figure 3.1 cement

3.4.2 Fine Sand:
Locally available fine Sand is used throughout the study as fine aggregate in the mortar. Having
the Fineness Modulus of 2.90.
Figure 3.2 Fine sand
3.4.3 Coarse Sand:

Locally available fine Sand is used throughout the study as fine aggregate in the mortar.
53
3.4.4 Water:
Concrete cannot be made without the presence of water, which is one of the most crucial
elements. It should not contain any substances that might impair the cement's hydration process
or the mixture's durability.
3.4.5 Coarse Aggregates:
Figure 3.3 Coarse Aggregates
3.4.6 Super plasticizers:

Locally available super plasticizers were used. To provide high water reduction, improved
workability, and increased flowability. They provide better surface finish, compatibility with
different types of cements, and some types offer extended workability.
Figure 3.4 Super Plasticizer
54
3.5 TEST MATRIX:
7 mixes were prepared with varying compositions. Table 3.1 shows the compositions of different
trial mixes.
Table 3.1: Composition of our Trial Mixes
3.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Stepwise methodology for this study is explained below.
3.6.1 Compressive strength:

The ASTM code used for the compressive strength test of concrete cubes is ASTM
C109/C109M. The test involves applying a compressive force to cubic specimens and measuring
the maximum load they can withstand before failure. The results are typical reported in pound
per square inch (psi) or megapascal (Mpa). A compressive strength test is a common method
used to determine the strength of concrete cubes. It is an important parameter in assessing the
quality and durability of concrete structures. Here's an overview of the compressive strength test
on concrete cubes:
3.6.1.1 Sample Preparation:
Concrete cubes are typically cast from fresh concrete during the construction process. The cubes
are made using a mold or formwork, and the concrete mixture is poured into the molds. The
standard size of concrete cubes is 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm.
3.6.1.2 Curing:
After casting, the concrete cubes are usually kept in a curing tank or moist environment for a
specific period. This allows the concrete to gain strength and develop its full potential. The most
common curing duration is 28 days, although shorter durations like 7 or 14 days may also be
used.
55
Figure 3.5 Curing of Concrete Cubes
3.6.1.3 Testing:
Once the curing period is complete, the cubes are ready for testing. The compressive strength test
involves applying a load to the cubes until they fail. This is typically done using a hydraulic or
servo-controlled testing machine.
3.6.1.4 Test Procedure:
The following steps are involved in conducting the compressive strength test:
 Place the concrete cube specimen on the testing machine.

 Ensure that the load is evenly distributed on the top and bottom surfaces of the cube.
 Gradually apply the load at a constant rate (usually around 140 kg/sq.cm or 2,000
 pounds/sq. inch per minute) until the cube fails or fractures.
 Record the maximum load at failure (in Newtons or pounds) and the dimensions of the
cube.
 Calculate the compressive strength of the cube by dividing the maximum load by the cross-
sectional area of the cube (typically in square millimeters or square inches).
3.6.1.5 Reporting:
The compressive strength test results are usually reported as the average strength of a set of three
cubes. This helps account for any variations in the concrete batch or the testing process. The
strength is typically reported in units of megapascals (MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi). It is
important to note that the compressive strength of concrete cubes provides an indication of its
overall quality and ability to withstand applied loads. However, other factors such as the mix
design, curing conditions, and environmental factors also play a significant role in the
performance of concrete structures.
56
Figure 3.6 Schematic Diagram of Compressive Strength Machine
3.6.2 Determination of flowability:

The method to measure how easily a powder or bulk material flows. It assesses factors such as
angle of repose or flow rate to determine the materials flow properties.
Figure 3.7 Schematic Diagram of Flowability Test
57
It is a a measure of how freely a material can change shape under external. Good flowability
means the material moves smoothly, while poor flowability can cause clogging or disruptions in
processes.
Figure 3.8: Flowability
3.6.3 Flexural strength:

The flexural strength test measures the ability of a material to withstand bending or flexure. It
involves applying a load to a specimen and determining the maximum stress it can withstand
before breaking.
Figure 3.9 Schematic Diagram of 3-Point Flexure strength test
58
The flexural test, also known as the three-point load test, is a common mechanical test used to
determine the flexural strength and behavior of materials, particularly brittle materials such as
ceramics, concrete, and composites. This test helps assess a material's ability to withstand
bending or flexural loads. The test involves applying a load to a specimen in a specific manner.
Here's how the flexural test, or three-point load test, typically works:
3.6.3.1 Specimen Preparation:
A rectangular or cylindrical specimen is prepared according to the required dimensions and
standards. The specimen is usually notched or has a specific shape to ensure failure occurs in the
desired region.
Figure 3.10: Casting of our samples

3.6.3.2 Test Setup:
The specimen is placed horizontally on two supports or anvils, which are usually placed a fixed
distance apart. The distance between the supports is known as the span length (L). The specimen
is positioned with the desired face or edge facing upward. For flexural test we followed ASTM-
C78 and ASTM-C293, we followed all the guidelines of these standards. The prism was placed
with floor hardener on tension side, the loading pins were paced at half of the span and the
supporting pins were placed at 20 mm from the edges.
59
Figure 3.11 Laboratory Arrangement
3.6.3.3 Failure Analysis:

The test is stopped once the specimen fractures or reaches the desired deflection point. The
fracture surface is examined to determine the mode of failure, such as tension failure,
compression failure, or shear failure. The load and deflection data are also used to calculate
various mechanical properties, including flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness.
The flexural test provides valuable information about a material's structural behavior under
bending loads. It is commonly used in research, quality control, and engineering design to
evaluate the suitability of materials for specific applications, such as building materials,
structural components, and other load-bearing elements. The cracks were appeared on the tension
side or the lower side where we applied the floor hardener.
Figure 3.12 Laboratory Testing for Flexural strength
3.6.4 I
m p
a c
t
Test:
 M= 4.54 kg, Diameter=150mm, Depth=63.5mm, Height=457mm
 By Schrader, highest and lowest values disregarded, average values used.
60
 For low-velocity impact tests, the ACI 544-2R defined three test procedures.
 Instrumented falling impact test
 Charpy pendulum impact test
 Repeated drop-weight impact test
3.6.3.5 Results
Table 3.2 illustrates the result of the flexural strength behavior of concrete with floor hardener on
the top surface.
Table 3.2: Results of Flexural Strength
Figure 3.13 Relation Between Force and Deflection
3.6.3.6 Repeated weight drop-impact load test:

It involves subjecting the material or structure to repeated impacts from a falling weight to
simulate real world scenarios where impacts may occur, such as in construction, transportation,
or industrial applications. The test typically involves the following steps:
61
3.6.3.7 Test Setup:
A test specimen or structure is prepared for testing. This could be a component, a structural
element, or a full-scale structure, depending on the intended application.
3.6.3.8 Weight Drop:
A weight, usually made of steel or another heavy material, is dropped onto the specimen from a
specific height. The weight is selected based on the desired impact energy or severity of the test.
3.6.3.9 Repetition:
The weight drop is repeated multiple times to simulate the cumulative effect repeated impacts
over the expected lifespan of the material or structure. The number of repetitions can vary based
on the specific requirements and industry standards.
3.6.3.10 Monitoring and Evaluation:
During the test, various parameters are monitored, such as displacement, strain, or acceleration,
depending on the specific objectives. These measurements help assess the structural response,
including any deformation, cracking, or failure.
3.6.3.11 Analysis:
The collected data is analyzed to evaluate the material's or structure's performance under
repeated impact loading. This analysis may involve comparing the measurements against
predetermined criteria, such as maximum allowable displacement or fatigue limits.
3.6.3.12 Reporting:
The test results are documented in a test report, including observations, measurements, and any
failure modes detected. The report helps engineers and designers make informed decisions about
the material's or structure's suitability for the intended application or to identify areas for
improvement. Repeated weight drop impact load tests are commonly used in various industries,
including aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and manufacturing, to assess the durability,
safety, and reliability of materials, components, and structures subjected to impact loading
conditions.
62
Figure 3.14 Schematic Diagram of Impact Test
Now used for all types of cementitious mixtures and strength after mixing additives. Economical,
no data acquisition and sensors are required to record the force, vibration, deflection, strain. Its
disadvantages are: high scattering of the test results, COV values of 30 to 50% are frequent in the
cracking and failure stages. To afford 90% reliability with 10% acceptable error by more than 30
replications. It barely follows the normal distribution. On the other hand, the two-parameter
Weibull distribution was considered as a good statistical tool to analyses the high result
dispersion. Analysis shows that COV does not have correlation with other properties except fiber
content. Result scattering sources: (i) cracks along any direction (ii) definition of accepted failure
not suitable (iii) absence of a specific criterion to accept or reject the failed specimens (iv) load
on a single central point (v) the surface treatment of the specimens. Badr and Ashour modified
test reduced COV by 30% and 60%.
63
3.6.4 Water Absorption Test
Water absorption is the ability of water to migrate into the pores of the concrete. (ASTM-C642)
The water absorption test for concrete cubes is performed to determine the amount of water
absorbed by the concrete specimen. This test helps assess the permeability of concrete and its
ability to resist moisture ingress. Here's a step-by-step procedure for conducting the water
absorption test for concrete cubes:
3.6.4.1 Procedure:
 Label each concrete cube with a unique identification number or mark.
 Weigh each cube individually and record their weights (W1) to the nearest gram.
 Fill a container with water and immerse all the cubes in it for a specified period, usually 24
hours.
 Ensure that the cubes are fully submerged during this soaking period.
 After 24 hours, remove the cubes from the water and allow them to drain for a few seconds.
 Wipe off any excess water from the surface of each cube using a clean cloth or sponge.
 Weigh each cube again immediately after removing from water and record their weights
(W2).
 Calculate the water absorption for each cube using the following formula:
Water Absorption = [(W2 - W1) / W1] x 100
 This formula gives the percentage of water absorbed by the concrete cube.
 Repeat the test for multiple cubes to ensure accurate results (usually 3 or more cubes).
 Place the cubes in a drying oven set at a temperature between 100-110°C for a period of 24
hours to remove any surface moisture.
 After 24 hours, remove the cubes from the oven and allow them to cool to room
temperature.
 Weigh each cube once again (W3) to determine the final weight after drying.
 Calculate the percentage of water loss due to drying using the following formula:
Water Loss = [(W2 - W3) / W2] x 100
The water absorption and water loss values obtained from this test provide insights into the
porosity and permeability characteristics of the concrete. Lower water absorption and water loss
values indicate a denser and more durable concrete with better resistance to moisture ingress. It's
worth noting that specific test procedures may vary slightly depending on the standards or
specifications being followed. Therefore, it's essential to consult the relevant codes or guidelines
for accurate testing procedures and interpretation of results.
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Table 3.3: Symbols used in Water Absorption Test
65
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULTS:
The compressive strength of the company procured samples at 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days,
were generated with the help of Universal Testing Machine. The graph illustrates the trend of
compressive strength in Mpa of various competitors. A deeper look reveals that the metallic floor
hardener of nimir has the lowest compressive strength as compared to other competitors at 7 days. On the
other hand, the non-metallic floor hardener of nimir showed the highest strength with 97 MPa at 28 days,
85 Mpa at 14 days, and 78 Mpa at 7 days. Finally, it can be seen that only non-metallic nimir has
compressive strength above the standard compressive strength required for floor hardener. The Figure
4.1 below shows the maximum compressive strength by each sample and its corresponding days.
Figure 4.1 Compressive Strength of Company Samples
The compressive strength of the nimir is well below the standardized value of 70 MPa. This
shows that the integrity of the sample might have been compromised. The strength of the Sica is
also not near the standard value, which shows the sample might have been defective. The
strength of the Xpert is very near to standard strength. The slight difference may be due to some
human errors during curation or testing. Only non-metallic nimir have given strength well above
the standardized strength. Mitchell also might have been defective, as standard strength was not
achieved.
Using these specimens as references, 7 different trial mixes were composed with different
Chapter 4 Results and Discussions
amounts of sand to get the optimum strength of the floor hardener. In trial mixes we used two
different types of sand with varying compositions from different sources in Pakistan. We have
also used SNF which is a superplasticizer to improve the characteristics of the floor hardener.
The moisture content percentage in all the mixes is taken equal to 14%.
The compositions of these trial mixes are given below in Figure 4.2.
Table 4.2 Trial Mixes
The compressive strength test was performed on 50mmx50mmx50mm cube samples at 7 days,
14 days, and 28 days.
Presented below is a pictorial representation of the compressive strength of the mixes that we
have prepared. In general, nearly every mix meets industry standards for compressive
strength. The analysis of all consecutive days reveals that FH-02 has the highest
strength. Despite having the highest compressive strength at 28 days, FH-05 has the third lowest
strength at 7 days. In some cases, FH-03, FH-04, and FH-05 show insufficient compressive
strength and mostly have less than 70 Mpa strength within 7 days. At 14 and 28 days, everyone
except FH-03 has strength greater than standard strength. Our trail mixes, with the exception of
FH-03, have great sufficient strength, as well as more strength than most of our competitors.
The Figure 4.3 below shows the maximum compressive strength by each sample and its
corresponding days.
67
Figure 4.3 Compressive Strength of Trial Mixes
4.2. FLEXURE TEST RESULTS:

The flexure test of the trial mixes was performed by using three-point loading test on Universal
Testing Machine. The standards followed were ASTM-C78 and ASTM-C293. The Figure 4.4
below shows the average load sustained by each sample before crack appeared and the modulus
of rupture.
This test involves casting concrete samples in the shape of prisms. The sample measures 50mm
in width, 50mm in depth, and 160mm in length. Among all the samples, FH-02 has the highest
modulus of rupture. Among the seven samples, FH-06 showed the lowest rupture
modulus, indicating poor resistance to flexural loads. The rupture modules of all mixes are
around 4Mpa, with the exception of FH-02, which has a very high resistance to flexural
loads. Consequently, FH-02 can be used safely under harsh and extra loading conditions since all
of its physical and mechanical properties suggest it is safe.
68
Table 4.4 Flexure Test
The bar chart given below in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 show the average load and modulus
of rupture for each of the trial mixes.
The following chart illustrates the average load taken by each sample during the flexural
test. Based on the results, it can be seen that FH-02 has received the highest load. It is estimated
that FH-01 and FH-05 have taken around 20% less load than FH-02. On average, all the mixes
have taken almost equal loads around 2KN. In terms of loads, FH-04, FH-06, and FH-07 have
taken nearly equal loads of around 2KN.
Figure 4.5 Bar Chart for Average Load
69
Figure 4.6 Bar Chart for Modulus of Rupture
4.3. ABSORPTION TEST RESULTS:
The absorption test of the trial mixes was performed on cubes casted in 50mmx50mmx50mm
dimensions. This was done following the standards outlined in ASTM-C642.
The given table in Fig 4.7 shows the results of the tests performed. In the table, you can see
how the percentage of permeable voids in the sample is calculated. There are seven different
samples cast with different properties, and each unique sample has two samples to remove errors
and take an average of the percentage of permeable voids. To begin with, the bulk density and
dry bulk density have been calculated. FH-01 shows the greatest variation between its two
samples, according to the results. In one sample, the volume of permeable voids is highest, while
in another, the percentage of volume of voids is the lowest. As a result, FH-02 has the second
lowest volume of permeable voids, which indicates that it is also reliable in terms of water
absorption. The FH-04 shows the lowest voids, which indicates that it is suitable for use in areas
where liquids are present on concrete surfaces to reduce the absorption of water.
70
Table 4.7 Absorption Test Results
The bar chart given below in Figure 4.8 has been plotted for permeable voids of the trial mixes.
Figure 4.8 Bar Chart for Volume of Permeable Voids
71
4.4 IMPACT TEST RESULTS:
The impact test of the trial mixes was performed using the apparatus outlined by the standards of
ACI-544/2R. The images before and after the appearance of initial and final cracks have also
been added below. The table in Figure 4.9 contains the results of the test.
We have calculated the impact strength of our trial mixes as shown in the table below. According
to the results, Slab-01 and Slab-02 possess the highest strength when compared to our trial
mixes. The purpose of these "Controlled Slabs" is to compare the results with our mixes. The
main reason for the higher impact resistance is that normal concrete slabs are more brittle and do
not show cracks early, whereas floor hardener surfaces are more flexible. It has been
demonstrated that the HF-02 exhibits the highest impact resistance and can absorb 478J of
energy when a 5kg mass is dropped from a height of 2 feet on its center.
Table 4.9 Impact Load Test Results
According to Fig. 4.11, FH-04, FH-06, and FH-07 exhibit significant amounts of initial
cracking. As a result, these compositions are more brittle, as they did not show any smaller initial
cracks, and the first crack was of a significant size.It measures more than two millimeters in
width. Additionally, different patterns of cracks can also be seen on the surface of the floor
hardener.
As you can see, FH-06 exhibits diagonal cracks that begin in the center and extend to all four
corners. In contrast, FH-02, FH-04, FH-07, and Control Slab-1 show a single line crack that
starts from the center and moves toward two faces. There is a difference in crack formation due
to the different characteristics of each mix in terms of surface hardness and durability.
72
Fig. 4.12 displays images of the final cracks observed during the impact load test on our slabs
with floor hardeners applied to their surface. As can be seen in these images, there are many
different types of cracking patterns. Firstly, FH-01 exhibits diagonal cracks that are 90 degrees
apart and originate from the center of the slab and extend to all four corners.As a second
example, FH-02, FH-04, FH-07, and Control Slab-2 are showing single-line cracks that originate
from the center and proceed to two corners. Thirdly, FH-05 and FH-06 originate from the center
and extend towards only three corners of the slab, suggesting a greater concentration of stress on
one side of the slab. Finally, FH-03 and Control Slab-01 display stress concentrations at the
corners of the slab as a result of the impact of the load. Usually, this type of behavior is a result
of poor workmanship or non-homogeneous concrete mixing.
Figure 4.10 Images of slabs before appearance of initial crack
73
Figure 4.11 Images of slabs after appearance of initial crack
Figure 4.12 Images of slabs after appearance of final crack
74
4.5 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS:
FH-01: It is giving second highest value of compressive and flexural strength, that means the
ratio of sands allows for strong packing between the mix. Moreover, the impact resistance to
sudden blows is high and water absorption is quite moderate.
FH-02: It is giving the maximum value of flexural strength and compressive strength is also
above 70 MPa. The failure crack patterns also propagate in one direction and it has highest
impact resistance. The volume of permeable voids is also quite less.
FH-03: It gave the second highest flexural strength but the compressive strength was below the
standardized value. This sample also showed the least resistance to impact test, with cracks
emerging diagonally. This composition was the weakest from the above, but still had decent
water absorption.
FH-04: This composition showed the least water absorption. The compressive and flexural
strength of this sample were also above specified set standards. The impact resistance was
moderate but the failure crack pattern showed a punching failure before appearance of first
crack.
FH-05: It is having the highest compressive strength of all the samples. The flexural strength of
the sample is also decent but the water absorption is comparatively higher than the other
samples. The impact resistance is moderate with cracks propagating both horizontally and
vertically.
FH-06: This sample achieved the specified compressive strength and has moderate flexural
strength and impact resistance. The volume of permeable voids is higher with respect to the other
samples. The cracks here diverge horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
FH-07: This specimen’s behavior was quite similar to the sample of FH-06. The small variation
in behavior of this sample is that the cracks in this sample originated in the vertical direction
only.
75
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY:
The primary objective of this study is to examine the evolution of floor hardeners through the
utilization of diverse compositions, and subsequently scrutinize their efficacy with regards to
their physical and mechanical characteristics. This study entails the formulation of floor
hardeners through the blending of different ratios of constituents, then subjecting the resulting
products to rigorous testing and subsequent analysis. The primary objective is to ascertain the
optimal composition that delivers desirable and robust outcomes. The outcomes of this research
have the potential to make a significant contribution to the advancement of premium floor
hardeners while providing valuable insights for the construction sector. The utilization of
concrete flooring is a common practice in various building types including commercial,
industrial, and residential structures owing to the inherent attributes of robustness and longevity.
In order to enhance performance, floor hardeners are frequently utilized to elevate wear
resistance and promote durability within the flooring system. This study endeavors to investigate
the development of floor hardeners through the utilization of diverse compositions, as well as the
examination of their physical and mechanical characteristics. By means of composition
optimization, it is conceivable to fabricate floor hardeners that proffer superior functionality
whilst satisfying tailored specifications for various applications.
The project initiative commences with a comprehensive literature scrutiny and review on the
elemental components frequently incorporated in floor hardeners, namely cement, aggregates,
polymers, and additives. By utilizing this understanding, distinct formulations are developed
through the modification of the ratios of these constituents. Numerous sets of floor hardeners are
formulated utilizing varying compositions, followed by successive rounds of performance
evaluations. The assessment protocols incorporated in the analysis encompass compressive
strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and abrasion resistance measurements. The
examination outcomes are evaluated to ascertain the optimal composition in relation to the
desired characteristics.
The empirical findings demonstrate notable fluctuations in the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the floor hardeners contingent upon distinct compositions. The results of the
compressive strength tests exhibited that specific compositions present elevated strength values,
thereby indicating an ameliorated load-bearing capacity. The flexural strength tests have
illuminated noteworthy differences in the capacity of the floor hardeners to endure various
bending forces. The evaluation of impact resistance and abrasion resistance offers valuable
insights into the long-term durability and wear resistance of diverse compositions. Upon
conducting an analysis
Chapter 5 Summary and Recommendations
and subsequent comparison, the composition that demonstrates superior performance with
regards to the targeted properties is identified.
The present study, focused on the production of floor hardeners with varying compositions,
offers an insightful investigation into the advancement of high-performance floor hardeners. The
optimization of physical and mechanical attributes of floor hardeners can be achieved through
the manipulation of the constituent ratios. The outcomes of the investigation can provide
valuable insights for the choice and composition of floor hardeners in distinctive circumstances,
while taking into account critical aspects such as compressive strength, flexural strength, impact
resistance, and abrasion resistance. The present project significantly contributes to the progress
of floor hardener technology, thereby advocating the enhancement of concrete floors that exhibit
increased durability and resilience. In summary, the present study seeks to explore the
formulation of floor hardeners and their performance enhancement through the utilization of
varying compositions. By means of comprehensive testing and analysis, the study endeavors to
ascertain the most efficacious composition in relation to physical and mechanical properties. The
results of this investigation have the potential to make a significant contribution towards the
advancement of superior floor hardening agents, while also furnishing meaningful
recommendations for the construction sector, resulting in the creation of concrete floors that have
enhanced longevity and endurance.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
5.2.1 Optimizing the Composition:

The optimization of composition is a fundamental process in various fields of study. It involves
the refinement and improvement of the ingredients or components that make up a particular
entity. The aim of composition optimization is to achieve the desired outcome, often by
increasing efficiency, reducing costs, or improving functionality. This process is widely used in
industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and chemistry, among others. Therefore,
understanding the principles of composition optimization is crucial in achieving the best possible
results in any given field. According to the results derived from the undertaken experimental
tests, it is advisable to pursue further refinement of the composition. Determine the composition
which demonstrates the most superior comprehensive prowess in regard to its compressive
strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and abrasion resistance. In order to optimize the
efficacy of the floor hardener, one must precisely adjust the constituent ratios to attain the
intended characteristics.
5.2.2 Consider the Cost Effectiveness:

When making decisions, it is important to take into account cost-effectiveness as a critical factor
for consideration. When prioritizing performance, it is imperative to take into account the cost-
effectiveness of the compositions. The assess the expenses of diverse constituents and their
accessibility in the immediate market vicinity. Efforts must be made to achieve an equilibrium
77
between efficient performance and cost-effectiveness in order to ascertain the economic

feasibility and competitiveness of the produced floor hardeners within the industry.
5.2.3 Explore Sustainable Alternatives:
The investigation of sustainable alternatives is a pertinent topic warranting academic discourse.
It is advisable to integrate sustainable and environmentally-friendly materials into the
compositions. The present study endeavors to investigate the utilization of recycled aggregates,
supplementary cementitious materials, or ecologically conscious additives in construction
applications. This strategy corresponds with the increasing emphasis on sustainable construction
practices and has the potential to augment the marketability of the floor hardeners.
5.2.4 Conduct Long-term Durability Studies
The performance and longevity of a particular product or material can be evaluated over an
extended period of time through the implementation of long-term durability studies. For the
purpose of evaluating the enduring effectiveness of the floor hardeners created, endurance
investigations should be undertaken. It is recommended to subjugate the floor hardeners to
accelerated aging experiments, by subjecting them to severe environmental factors or simulating
genuine world conditions. It is recommended to engage in extended monitoring of performance
to assess the ability of the material to withstand degradation factors, including but not limited to
surface wear, cracking, and chemical harm.
5.2.5 Collaborate with Industry Stakeholders

Engage in cooperative partnerships with relevant stakeholders within the industry. The present
study endeavors to engage in collaborative efforts with construction companies, contractors, and
flooring specialists with the intention of obtaining valuable feedback and insights pertaining to
the industry. Participate in deliberations and solicit their insights regarding the formulated
concrete floor strengthening agents. Take into account the stipulated prerequisites, inclinations,
and obstacles encountered in real-world implementations. This collaborative effort can serve to
substantiate the efficaciousness of the compositions and verify their appropriateness for
deployment in practical settings.
5.2.6 Continual Improvement and Innovation
The promotion of constant research and development initiatives aimed at the exploration of
novel compositions, constituents, or additives is imperative. These efforts are essential in
enhancing the performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of floor hardeners. It is
imperative to remain well-informed on the latest advancements in materials science and
construction technology to effectively integrate innovative solutions into future formulations.
Through the implementation of these recommendations, the project aimed at developing various
compositions of floor hardener has the potential to make a significant contribution to the
progression of the floor hardener technology domain. Furthermore, this venture may offer
pragmatic solutions for the construction industry and set the foundation for high- performance
78
concrete floors in the future.
79
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82
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DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

USING LOCAL MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS

SHAHOON IQBAL 2019-CIV-20

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHAHOON IQBAL 2019-CIV-20

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

O Allah, I ask you for beneficial knowledge

TO HOLY PROPHET (PBUH) "The Greatest Reformer"

FH: Floor Hardener

FIGURE 2.1 : NON- METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER 21

Table.1.1: Project Timeline 13

1.1. GENERAL APPRAISAL

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The specific objectives of this research are:

1.4. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:

3. Improved Safety and Functionality: By improving properties such as abrasion resistance,

4. Informed Decision-Making: This research thesis will assist construction professionals in

1.5. RESEARCH UTILIZATION:

1. Engineering and construction practices: Engineers, architects, and construction professionals

4. Maintenance and Rehabilitation Strategies: Research findings regarding the long-term

1.6. THESIS ORGANIZATION:

 Chapter 5 : summarizes the conclusions drawn from this work

2.1 GENERAL APPRAISAL:

2.4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was a significant period of socio-economic transformation that

2.4.1 Development in 20th Century:

The present study discusses the latest developments.

2.4.2 Initial Stages of Process:

2.4.3 Present Development of Floor Hardener:

2.5 FLOOR HARDENER TYPES:

2.5.1 Metallic Floor Hardener:

Figure 2.1: Metallic Floor Hardener [19]

2.5.2 Non-Metallic Floor Hardener:

 The impact resistance of non-metallic floor hardeners is marginally lower as opposed to

 The load-bearing capacity of non-metallic floor hardeners may be subject to restrictions

 Surface sensitivity is an important consideration when selecting non-metallic floor hardeners.

 Non-metallic floor hardeners present an array of design possibilities, rendering them

Figure 2.2 : Non- Metallic Floor Hardener [20]

2.5.3 Cementitious Hardener:

Figure 2.2: Cementitious Floor Hardener [21]

2.6 CONSTITUENTS OF NON-METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER:

Figure 2.3: Silica [22]

Figure 2.4: Quartz [23]

The chemical compound known as calcite is classified as a mineral predominantly composed of

Figure 2.6: Calcite [25]

2.1.4 Other Aggregates:

2.1.5 Advantages of Non-Metallic Floor Hardener:

2.1.5.2 Wide Range of Colors and Finishes:

2.1.5.3 Excellent Adhesion:

2.1.5.4 Rapid Installation and Curing:

2.1.5.5 Resistance to UV Exposure:

2.7 CONSTITUENTS OF METALLIC FLOOR HARDENER:

Figure 2.7: Cement [26]

2.7.2 Metallic Aggregates:

Figure 2.8: Metallic Aggregates [27]

2.7.4 Coloring Agents:

2.7.5 Surface Conditioners:

2.7.6 Advantages of Metallic Floor Hardener:

2.7.6.4 Non-Dusting Surface:

2.8 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLOOR HARDENER:

2.8.1 Compressive Strength:

Figure 2.9: Compressive failure of Cubes [28]

2.8.2 Abrasion Resistance: