Q)) What is It The derivative of a function gives us the slope of the line tangent to the function at any point on the graph. This can be used to find the equation of that tangent line. ty Note that7 = We first recall the definition of the derivative of a function. The derivative of the function f whose value at a number xin the domain of fis given by a jig, FORA FO) eae h if the limit exists. For example, let us compute the derivative of the first function: f(x) = (3x? + 4). Let us first solve the numerator of the quotient FG +h) — fe) = (3@ + h)? +4) — (3x? + 4) Substituted she given in the formula = (3x? +6xh + 3h? + 4) = (3x? + 4) Simplified and combined like terms 6xh + 3h? = h(éx + 3h).Therefore, fixe lm foeanr peo Gwen py canoe Substintion iy tse Simpify im(6x + 3h) Substitute value of h tox Final answer We see that computing the derivative using the definition of even a simple polynomial is an overlong process. Let’s examine the different Algebraic Differentiation Rules. How do we find derivatives? Differential calculus is the process of finding the exact derivative directly from a formula of the function without using graphical methods. In practice, we use some rules that tell us how to find the derivative of almost any function. In this lesson, we will introduce these rules. Rules for Finding the Derivitative RULE 1: The Derivative of a Constant A constant function f(x) is defined by f(x) = ¢ ory = cand has a derivative /"(x) = 0 or y" =c, respectively. dy_ad ame a =" In words, the derivative of a constant is zero. EXAMPLE 1, Find the derivative of y = 5 Solution: y= 5 is a constant function, hence the derivative is equal to zero. That is, 26) =0 é —» y=5erivative of y =B +a. Solution: That is, y =8 +7 is aconstant function, hence the derivative is equal to zero. wy P= 24m =040=0. EXAMPLE 3. Find the derivative of y = 6. i Pex gy Solutions 2 = 4(6) = RULE 2: The Derivative of a Power Let y = f(x) =x", where n is a positive integer, then for every real value of x ad a dx (a") =nx"! where n>0 In words, the derivative of the nth power of a variable is the product of n and the (a —1)th power of the variable or to differentiate x to a positive integer power, take the power and multiply it by x raised to the next lower integer power. EXAMPLE 1. Find the derivative of y = x‘. Solution: Using the Power Rule, we get dy _d dy_d = dy 4 nent = Mot ate yer = Fat enens’ Stag beth aae —+ yext = (12)xt2-1 = 12x14 EXAMPLE 3. Find the derivative of y = x. we ae Lemania He. ae) ne Solution: ysx = 2RULE 3! The Derivative of a Constant Times a Function The derivative of a constant multiplies a function is the constant times the derivative as illustrated by the formula below. dy_d a de ag FON = CF) EXAMPLE 1. Find the derivative of y = 5x. ‘Solution: The constant is not affected by differentiation. da a d yeSe = eR f= #59 == (5)(x?™) = (x9 = SCL) | dx EXAMPLE 2. Find the derivative of y = 3x°. Solution: = y=3x8 => eZ fo) = Ba 2G x8) = 32 (x5) = 6x! = 18r5 EXAMPLE 3. The position of an object at any time x is given by f(x) = 3x* — 40x° + 126x* — 9, Determine the velocity of the object at any time x. Solution: Fx) = 8x* —40x9 + 126x? -9 => HS ae = 40x? + 126x? — 9) * = 4(3)x4 — 3(40)x3-" + 2(126)x?1 - 0 d & = 1ax3 - 20x? + 252x aeRULE e Derivative of Sum and Differences. Let y=u+vand y=u—v where u= f(x) and v = g(x) are differentiable functions of x, then or d(u+v) =du+dv or d(u—v)=du-—dv In words, the derivative of a sum of a finite number of differentiable functions is a sum of the derivatives, and the derivative of the difference equals the difference of the derivatives. EXAMPLE 1. Find the derivative of y = 3x? + 2x - 1. Solution: y=3x* +2x-1, = 2x +20) -0 ay Pea ort2 ! 2 Y= + 2x1 i j es | EXAMPLE 2. Solution: DY ay qt wi-4 EXAMPLE 3. Find the derivative of y = 6x4 — 7x3 + 5x?. Solution: — 2 = a¢6x3) — 3(73%) + 2(5x) dy et 24x39 — 21x? + 10x‘Deri Let y = uv, where w= f(x) and v = g(x) are differentiable functions of x, then re of a Product In words, the derivative of a product of two functions is the first function multiply the derivative of the second plus the second function multiplied by the derivative of the first. EXAMPLE 1. Find the derivative of y = (x? + 2x)(2x - 1). Solution: Let us (x? +2x) du = 3x? +2 v=2r-1 dv=2 dQ: v) = udv +vdu Formula a us di v du SoG + 2x)(2) + (2x —1)(3x7 +2) ‘Substitution to the formula os 2x3 + 4x + 6x9 — 3x? + 4x -2 Simplify Y= gx} — 3x7 +8x -2 Final answer a y= (et +2x)Qx- 1D + EXAMPLE 2. Find the derivative of y = (x? — 3x2)(x? + 4x +2). ‘Solution: d(u-v) =udv + vdu Formula - = (x3 — 3x*)(2x +4) # (x? + Ax + 2)8x? - 6x) Substitution to the formula B= ant 2x4 — 12x? + 3x! + Ge — 182? - 12x Simplify Bo 5xt + 4x3 - 30x? — 12x Final answerRULE 6: The Derivative of a Quotient Let y = 4, where w= /(x) and v = g(x) are differentiable functions of x, then 2-46)- In words, the derivative of a quotient of two functions is the denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator. EXAMPLE 1. Find the derivative of y = +4 Solution: tet du = 2x dy = 3x2 Formula }ax)~(x? +4) (3x7) ea Substinted the given to the formula Simplified the numerator Factored out the common monomiat dy __x(v?4an42) ax Gan? Final answer (4) EXAMPLE 2. Find the derivative of y = Solution: First, we simplify the expression by factoring the numerator and the denominator, then we differentiate the remaining expression. aera Factored out (1*= 1) and the denominator then proceeded to cancellation,du=2x +2 dvel (xo niCaxeaia (ete zat Ca) nF Formula Substitution to the formula. Simplified the numerator Final answer