Qn 1 :

a. The size of a carriage is very small as compared to the distance between two stations.
Therefore, the carriage can be treated as a point sized object.
b. The size of a monkey is very small as compared to the size of a circular track. Therefore,
the monkey can be considered as a point sized object on the track.
c. The size of a spinning cricket ball is comparable to the distance through which it turns
sharply on hitting the ground. Hence, the cricket ball cannot be considered as a point object.
d. The size of a beaker is comparable to the height of the table from which it slipped.
Hence, the beaker cannot be considered as a point object.

Qn 2 :
a. A lives closer to school than B.
b. A starts from school earlier than B.
c. B walks faster than A.
d. A and B reach home at the same time.
e. B overtakes A once on the road.

Explanation : a. In the given x–t graph, it can be observed that distance OP < OQ. Hence,
the distance of school from the A’s home is less than that from B’s home.
b. In the given graph, it can be observed that for x = 0, t = 0 for A, whereas for x = 0, t has
some finite value for B. Thus, A starts his journey from school earlier than B.
c. In the given x–t graph, it can be observed that the slope of B is greater than that of A.
Since the slope of the x–t graph gives the speed, a greater slope means that the speed of B
is greater than the speed A.
d. It is clear from the given graph that both A and B reach their respective homes at the
same time.
e. B moves later than A and his/her speed is greater than that of A. From the graph, it is
clear that B overtakes A only once on the road.
Qn 3 : Distance covered while walking = 2.5 km.
Speed while walking = 5 km/h
Time taken to reach office while walking = (2.5/5 ) h=1/2 h

If O is regarded as the origin for both time and distance, then at t = 9.00 am, x = 0
and at t = 9.30 am, x = 2.5 km
OA is the x-t graph of the motion when the woman walks from her home to office. Her stay
in the office from 9.30 am to 5.00 pm is represented, by the straight line AB in the graph.
Now, time taken to return home by an auto = 2.5/5 h =1/10 h =6 minute
So, at t = 5.06 pm, x = 0
This motion is represented by the straight line BC in the graph. While drawing the x-t graph,
the scales chosen are as under:
Along time-axis, one division equals 1 hour.
Along positive-axis, one division equals 0.5 km.

Qn4: Distance covered with 1 step = 1 m

Time taken = 1 s
Time taken to move first 5 m forward = 5 s
Time taken to move 3 m backward = 3 s
Net distance covered = 5 – 3 = 2 m
Net time taken to cover 2 m = 8 s
Drunkard covers 2 m in 8 s.
Drunkard covered 4 m in 16 s.
Drunkard covered 6 m in 24 s.
Drunkard covered 8 m in 32 s.
In the next 5 s, the drunkard will cover a distance of 5 m and a total distance of 13 m
and falls into the pit.
Net time taken by the drunkard to cover 13 m = 32 + 5 = 37 s
The x-t graph of the drunkard’s motion can be shown as:

Qn5: Speed of the jet airplane, vjet = 500 km/h

Relative speed of its products of combustion with respect to the plane,

vsmoke = – 1500 km/h

Speed of its products of combustion with respect to the ground = v′smoke

Relative speed of its products of combustion with respect to the airplane,

vsmoke = v′smoke – vjet

– 1500 = v′smoke – 500

v′smoke = – 1000 km/h

The negative sign indicates that the direction of its products of combustion is opposite to
the direction of motion of the jet airplane.

Qn 6: The initial velocity of the car = u

Final velocity of the car = v

Distance covered by the car before coming to rest = 200 m

Using the equation,

v = u + at

t = (v – u)/a = 11.44 sec.

Therefore, it takes 11.44 sec for the car to stop.

Qn 7: Length of the train A and B = 400 m

Speed of both the trains = 72 km/h = 72 x (5/18) = 20m/s

Using the relation, s = ut + (1/2)at2

Distance covered by the train B

SB = uBt + (1/2)at2

Acceleration, a = 1 m/s

Time = 50 s

SB = (20 x 50) + (1/2) x 1 x (50)2

= 2250 m

Distance covered by the train A

SA = uAt + (1/2)at2

Acceleration, a = 0

SA = uAt = 20 x 50 = 1000 m

Therefore, the original distance between the two trains = SB – SA = 2250 – 1000 = 1250 m

Qn 8: The speed of car A = 36 km/h = 36 x (5/8) = 10 m/s

Speed of car B = 54 km/h = 54 x (5/18) = 15 m/s

Speed of car C = – 54 km/h = -54 x (5/18) = -15 m/s (negative sign shows B and C are in
opposite direction)

Relative speed of A w.r.t C, VAC= VA – VB = 10 – (-15) = 25 m/s

Relative speed of B w.r.t A, VBA = VB – VA = 15 – 10 = 5 m/s

Distance between AB = Distance between AC = 1 km = 1000 m

Time taken by the car C to cover the distance AC, t = 1000/VAC = 1000/ 25 = 40 s

If a is the acceleration, then

s = ut + (1/2) at2

1000 = (5 x 40) + (1/2) a (40) 2

a = (1000 – 200)/ 800 = 1 m/s2

Thus, the minimum acceleration of car B required to avoid an accident is 1 m/s2

Qn 9: Speed of each bus = Vb

Speed of the cyclist = Vc = 20 km/h

The relative velocity of the buses plying in the direction of motion of cyclist is Vb – Vc
The buses playing in the direction of motion of the cyclist go past him after every 18 minutes
i.e.(18/60) s.

Distance covered = (Vb – Vc ) x 18/60

Since the buses are leaving every T minutes. Therefore, the distance is equal to Vb x (T/60)

(Vb – Vc ) x 18/60 = Vb x (T/60) ——(1)

The relative velocity of the buses plying in the direction opposite to the motion of cyclist is
Vb + Vc
The buses go past the cyclist every 6 minutes i.e.(6/60) s.

Distance covered = (Vb + Vc ) x 6/60

Therefore, (Vb +Vc ) x 6/60 = Vb x (T/60)——(2)

Dividing (2) by (1)

[(Vb – Vc ) x 18/60]/ [(Vb + Vc ) x 6/60 ]= [Vb x (T/60)] /[Vb x (T/60)]

(Vb – Vc ) 18/(Vb +Vc ) 6 = 1

(Vb – Vc )3 = (Vb +Vc )

Substituting the value of Vc

(Vb – 20 )3= (Vb + 20 )

3Vb – 60 = Vb + 20

2Vb = 80

Vb = 80/2 = 40 km/h
To find the value of T, substitute the values of Vb and Vc in equation (1)

(Vb – Vc ) x 18/60 = Vb x (T/60)

(40 – 20) x (18/60) = 40 x (T/60)

T = (20 x 18) /40 = 9 minutes

Qn 10: a. When the basketball moves upward its acceleration is vertically downwards.

b. At the highest point of the ball’s ascend the velocity of the ball is 0 and its acceleration ,a
= g =9.8 m/s2 ( acceleration due to gravity ) in the vertically downward direction.

c. Taking the above assumption, we get:

(i) During downward motion, x = positive, velocity, v = positive and acceleration, a = g = +ve.

(ii) During upward motion, x = +ve, velocity = -ve and acceleration = g = positive.

d. Given,

Initial velocity, u = 10 m/s

a = 9.8m/s2

Final velocity, v = 0

Thus, using the third equation of motion, we get:

v2 – u2 = 2gs

s = (v2 – u2) / 2g

s = ( 0 – 102) / 2 x ( – 9.8 )

s = – 100 / -19.6 = 5.10 m

Therefore the ball attains a maximum height of 5.10m.

Now to find the time of ascent, t

v = u + at

t = (v – u) / a

= -10/-9.8 = 1.02s
Thus, the total time taken by the ball to ascend and come down (air time) = 2 x 1.02 = 2.04
seconds

Qn11: a. When an object is thrown vertically up in the air, its speed becomes zero at
maximum height. However, it has acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity (g)
that acts in the downward direction at that point.

b. Speed is the magnitude of velocity. When speed is zero, the magnitude of velocity along
with the velocity is zero.

c. A car moving on a straight highway with constant speed will have constant velocity. Since
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, acceleration of the car is also zero.

[Link] statement is false in the situation when acceleration is positive and velocity is
negative at the instant time taken as origin. Then, for all the time before velocity becomes
zero, there is slowing down of the particle. Such a case happens when a particle is
projected upwards.

This statement is true when both velocity and acceleration are positive, at the instant time
taken as origin. Such a case happens when a particle is moving with positive acceleration
or falling vertically downwards from a height.

Qn 12: Given,

Height, s = 90 m

Initial velocity of the ball, u = 0

Acceleration, a = g = 9.8 m / s2

Final velocity of the ball = v

Using the second equation of motion, we get:

s = u + (½) at2

90 = 0 + ½ (9.8t2)

Therefore , t2 = 180 / 9.8

Or, t = 4.29 secs.

Where t is the time taken by the box to hit the floor.

Using the first equation of motion ,we get final velocity v = u + at

Thus, v = 0 + 9.8×4.29 = 42.04 m / s

Rebound velocity of the box, uR = ( 9/10)v = ( 9 x 42.04 )/ 10 = 37.84 m/s

Let t’ be the time taken by the box to reach maximum height after bouncing off the floor

Using the first equation of motion we get:

v = uR + at′

0 = 37.84 + (– 9.8) t′

t’ = -37.84 / -9.8 = 3.86s

Total time taken by the ball = t + t′ = 4.29 + 3.86 = 8.15 seconds.

Since the time of ascent = the time of descent, the box takes 3.86 s to hit the ground for the
second time.

The box rebounds off the floor with a velocity = (9/10)37.84 = 34.05 m/s

Time taken by the box for the second rebound = 8.15 + 3.86 = 12.01 s .

The speed-time graph of the ball is as follows:

Qn13 : Let us consider an example of a football, it is passed to player B by player A and

then instantly kicked back to player A along the same path. Now, the magnitude of
displacement of the ball is 0 because it has returned to its initial position. However, the total
length of the path covered by the ball = AB +BA = 2AB. Hence, it is clear that the first
quantity is greater than the second.
( b ) Taking the above example, let us assume that football takes t seconds to cover the
total distance. Then,

The magnitude of the average velocity of the ball over time interval t = Magnitude of
displacement/time interval

= 0 / t = 0.

The average speed of the ball over the same interval = total length of the path/time interval

= 2AB/t

Thus, the second quantity is greater than the first.

The above quantities are equal if the ball moves only in one direction from one player to
another (considering one-dimensional motion).

Qn 14: Distance to the market = 2.5 km = 2500 m

Speed of the man walking to the market= 5 km/h = 5 x (5/18) = 1.388 m/s

Speed of the man walking when he returns back home = 7.5 km/h = 7.5 x (5/18) = 2.08 m/s

(a) Magnitude of the average speed is zero since the displacement is zero

(b)

(i) Time taken to reach the market = Distance/Speed = 2500/1.388 = 1800 seconds = 30
minutes

So, the average speed over 0 to 30 minutes is 5 km/h or 1.388 m/s

(ii) Time taken to reach back home = Distance/Speed = 2500/2.08 = 1200 seconds = 20
minutes

So, the average speed is

Average Speed over a interval of 50 minutes= distance covered/time taken = (2500 +

2500)/3000 = 5000/3000 = 5/3 = 1.66 m/s

= 6 km/h

(ii) Average speed over an interval of 0 – 40 minutes = distance covered/ time taken =
(2500+ 1250)/2400 = 1.5625 seconds = 5.6 km/h

Qn 15:
Instantaneous velocity is the first derivative of distance with respect to time (dx / dt).
However, dt is so small it is assumed that the moving particle does not change direction. As
a result, the total distance and the magnitude of displacement become equal in this time
interval. Thus, instantaneous speed and magnitude of velocity are equal.

Qn 16:

a. The given x-t graph, shown in (a), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because a particle cannot have two positions at the same instant of time.

b. The given v-t graph, shown in (b), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because a particle can never have two values of velocity at the same instant
of time.

c. The given v-t graph, shown in (c), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because speed being a scalar quantity cannot be negative.

d. The given v-t graph, shown in (d), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because the total path length travelled by the particle cannot decrease with
time.

Qn 17: No

The x-t graph of a particle moving in a straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path for t > 0
cannot be shown as the given graph. This is because, the given particle does not follow the
trajectory of path followed by the particle as t = 0, x = 0. A physical situation that resembles
the above graph is of a freely falling body held for sometime at a height

Qn 18: Speed of the police van, vp = 30 km/h = 8.33 m/s

Muzzle speed of the bullet, vb = 150 m/s

Speed of the thief’s car, vt = 192 km/h = 53.33 m/s

Since the bullet is fired from a moving van, its resultant speed can be obtained as:

= 150 + 8.33 = 158.33 m/s

Since both the vehicles are moving in the same direction, the velocity with which the bullet
hits the thief’s car can be obtained as:

vbt = vb – vt

= 158.33 – 53.33 = 105 m/s

Qn 19:
a. The given x-t graph shows that initially a body was at rest. Then, its velocity increases
with time and attains an instantaneous constant value. The velocity then reduces to zero
with an increase in time. Then, its velocity increases with time in the opposite direction and
acquires a constant value. A similar physical situation arises when a football (initially kept at
rest) is kicked and gets rebound from a rigid wall so that its speed gets reduced. Then, it
passes from the player who has kicked it and ultimately gets stopped after sometime.

b. In the given v-tgraph, the sign of velocity changes and its magnitude decreases with a
passage of time. A similar situation arises when a ball is dropped on the hard floor from a
height. It strikes the floor with some velocity and upon rebound, its velocity decreases by a
factor. This continues till the velocity of the ball eventually becomes zero.

c. The given a-t graph reveals that initially the body is moving with a certain uniform velocity.
Its acceleration increases for a short interval of time, which again drops to zero. This
indicates that the body again starts moving with the same constant velocity. A similar
physical situation arises when a hammer moving with a uniform velocity strikes a nail.

Qn 20:

Negative, Negative, Positive (at t = 0.3 s)

Positive, Positive, Negative (at t = 1.2 s)
Negative, Positive, Positive (at t = –1.2 s)
For simple harmonic motion (SHM) of a particle, acceleration (a) is given by the relation:
a = – ω2x ω → angular frequency … (i)
t = 0.3 s
In this time interval, x is negative. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be negative.
Therefore, both position and velocity are negative. However, using equation (i), acceleration
of the particle will be positive.
t = 1.2 s
In this time interval, x is positive. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be positive.
Therefore, both position and velocity are positive. However, using equation (i), acceleration
of the particle comes to be negative.
t = – 1.2 s
In this time interval, x is negative. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be negative. Since
both x and t are negative, the velocity comes to be positive. From equation (i), it can be
inferred that the acceleration of the particle will be positive.

Qn 21:

Interval 3 (Greatest), Interval 2 (Least)

Positive (Intervals 1 & 2), Negative (Interval 3)
The average speed of a particle shown in the x-t graph is obtained from the slope of the
graph in a particular interval of time.
It is clear from the graph that the slope is maximum and minimum restively in intervals 3
and 2 respectively. Therefore, the average speed of the particle is the greatest in interval 3
and is the least in interval 2. The sign of average velocity is positive in both intervals 1 and 2
as the slope is positive in these intervals. However, it is negative in interval 3 because the
slope is negative in this interval.

Qn 22 :

Average acceleration is greatest in interval 2

Average speed is greatest in interval 3
v is positive in intervals 1, 2, and 3
a is positive in intervals 1 and 3 and negative in interval 2
a = 0 at A, B, C, D
Acceleration is given by the slope of the speed-time graph. In the given case, it is given by
the slope of the speed-time graph within the given interval of time.
Since the slope of the given speed-time graph is maximum in interval 2, average
acceleration will be the greatest in this interval.
Height of the curve from the time-axis gives the average speed of the particle. It is clear that
the height is the greatest in interval 3. Hence, average speed of the particle is the greatest
in interval 3.

In interval 1:
The slope of the speed-time graph is positive. Hence, acceleration is positive. Similarly, the
speed of the particle is positive in this interval.

In interval 2:
The slope of the speed-time graph is negative. Hence, acceleration is negative in this
interval. However, speed is positive because it is a scalar quantity.

In interval 3:
The slope of the speed-time graph is zero. Hence, acceleration is zero in this interval.
However, here the particle acquires some uniform speed. It is positive in this interval.
Points A, B, C, and D are all parallel to the time-axis. Hence, the slope is zero at these
points. Therefore, at points A, B, C, and D, acceleration of the particle is zero.