Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition

GT2013
June 3-7, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA

GT2013-95462

SIEMENS SGT-800 INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE ENHANCED TO 50 MW:

TURBINE DESIGN MODIFICATIONS, VALIDATION AND OPERATION EXPERIENCE
Lieke Wang, Mehdi Bahador, Simon Bruneflod
Mats Annerfeldt, Mats Björkman and Ingvar Hultmark

Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB

SE-612 83 Finspong, Sweden

ABSTRACT D: Hole diameter

Siemens Oil & Gas introduced an enhanced SGT-800 gas DLE: Dry Low Emissions
turbine during 2010. The new power rating is 50.5 MW with a EOH: Equivalent Operation Hours
38.3 % electrical efficiency (ISO) in simple cycle and the best EV-PVD: Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition
in class combined-cycle performance of more than 55 %. The HS: Heat Shield
increased power and improved efficiency from the existing IR: Infrared
47 MW rating are mainly obtained by improved compressor ISO: International Standard Organization
airfoil profiles and improved turbine aerodynamics and cooling LE: Leading Edge
air layout. The upgrade components in the gas turbine are NGV: Nozzle Guide Vane
interchangeable from the existing rating. The current paper is PS: Pressure Side
focused on the design modifications of the turbine parts and RPM: Rotations per Minute
their validation and operation experience. S: Downstream distance
SH: Shower-head
For the turbine section, the main design modifications SLS: Selective Laser Sintering
include the redesigned stage 1 with better aerodynamic and SS: Suction Side
cooling performance, modified stage 3 for increased outlet area, TBC: Thermal Barrier Coating
etc. However, the turbine inlet temperature is not increased TE: Trailing Edge
compared to the existing 47 MW rating. Comprehensive TIT: Turbine Inlet Temperature
validation measures have been taken to make sure that the
modifications meet the design targets, at both the component Greek
level and the system level. The results from the validation tests η: Film cooling effectiveness
have confirmed the turbine performance in terms of
aerodynamics, cooling, life time, etc. In addition, these results
have given a strong basis for future upgrade, e.g., potential INTRODUCTION
cooling air saving has been identified on several areas. The first Launched in 1997 as a 43 MW machine under the name
SGT-800 with 50.5 MW rating was successfully operated and GTX100 [1], the SGT-800 had been rated at 45 MW first, and
tested during the spring 2010 and the expected performance then in 2007 the machine was enhanced to 47 MW. Since then,
figures were confirmed. Up to January 2013, the fleet of this Siemens continued the stepwise evolutionary development
new rating has accumulated >40 000 Equivalent Operation based on experience and proven design solutions so that high
hours (EOH), while the fleet leader has accumulated >16 000 reliability can always be assured (see Figure 1). In 2010, the
EOH. A planned follow up inspection was made after 10 000 SGT-800 was upgraded again with both higher power output
EOH by using borescope for the hot section, and it showed that and higher efficiency. The design modifications, validation and
all the turbine parts were in good condition. operation experience which were associated with this upgrade
are described in this paper. Up to January 2013, about 180 units
NOMENCLATURE
of SGT-800 have been sold, and all of the units are equipped
APS: Air Plasma Spray
with DLE system. The SGT-800 fleet has accumulated more
CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics

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 than 2.2 million EOH, while the fleet leader has passed 90 000
EOH. In addition, the machine has achieved an excellent
average fleet availability and reliability of 96.9% and 99.8%,
respectively, during 2011.
SGT-800 evalution
54
52
Power rating (MW)
50
48
46
44
42
40
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year of first engine start
Figure 1: The evolution of SGT-800
The SGT-800 is a single shaft engine whose core layout is
shown in Figure 2. The engine consists of an inlet housing, 15-
stage axial compressor, an annular combustor, a 3-stage axial
turbine, and an outlet diffuser. The first 3 stages of compressor
are provided with variable guide vanes to meet the requirement
of engine operation condition. The combustor is equipped with
30 dual-fuel burners with low emission at both full and part
loads, e.g., NOx≤15 ppmv (≤42 ppmv on diesel oil) and CO≤5
ppmv capability in the 50 to 100% load range. The first 2 stages
of the turbine are air-cooled, and single crystal material is used
for stage 1 blades. In addition to its high efficiency in simple
cycles, the machine is also very suitable for cogeneration and
combined cycle operation due to its high temperature after the
exhaust diffuser.
Figure 2: General layout of SGT-800
When SGT-800 was introduced, a comprehensive
validation test program was carried out, which included a
prototype test with 1550 extra instruments (approximately 200
through telemetry) and later a test with temperature sensitive
thermo-crystal for a complete mapping of thermal state for the
hot turbine section [2][3]. Thermal paint was also used in the
test. With these tests, full knowledge was obtained for different
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components in the gas turbine. This gave a strong basis for
further improvement, together with the engine operation
experience. In 2007, the machine was upgraded to 47 MW, with
the major change only in cooling air saving in the turbine
section [4]. In this upgrade, no changes were made to the
castings, and only machining adjustment was used to save
cooling air. Therefore, only a limited validation test was
necessary for this upgrade design. The operation experience
later confirmed that the upgrade design met all the expectations
including life time requirement. In order to further increase its
performance, a new upgrade was carried out, by which the
machine was lifted to 50.5 MW with a 38.3% electrical
efficiency (ISO) in simple cycle and the best in class combined-
cycle performance of more than 55%. In this upgrade, the
compressor airfoil profiles were improved resulting in about 1%
higher mass flow and better aerodynamics, and the combustor
design was improved for excellent combustion stability
properties and longer life time (this is reported in a separate
2010 2012
paper in the same conference as this paper [5]). For the turbine
section, the main design changes include the redesign of stage 1
for both aerodynamics and cooling, slight adjustment of stage 3
together with the diffuser for improvement, changes in coating
for some components, etc. All these have resulted in significant
improvement in turbine performance and life time. Because of
the scope of design change, a similar validation test program as
what was done in 1999 [3] has been carried out, which was at
both component level and machine system level. The results
confirmed that all the design objectives were met, or even
exceeded in some areas. After these tests, several SGT-800
engines with 50.5 MW rating have been successfully operated
at the customer sites. Up to January 2013, the fleet of this new
rating has accumulated >40 000 EOH, while the fleet leader has
accumulated >16 000 EOH. A planned follow up inspection
was made after 10 000 EOH by borescope for the hot section,
and it showed that all the turbine parts were in good condition.
DESIGN MODIFICATIONS
The project started with goals of improvement in turbine
performance and turbine component durability. To keep the
high reliability of the hot components, the inlet temperature was
kept the same as the previous version. The turbine inlet pressure
and mass flow were slightly increased for higher power output
and efficiency. The major change in the turbine section is the
redesign of stage 1, where both aerodynamic and cooling
performance is improved. Table 1 shows how these parameters
are changed for the upgraded design against the existing version
of 47 MW.
Table 1: The change of upgrade design
Change
Turbine inlet total temperature 0%
Turbine inlet total pressure 4.4%
Compressor inlet mass flow 1.4%
Coolant mass flow -17.2%
2 Copyright © 2013 by ASME
 The turbine modifications can be categorized into the
changes in turbine stators, aerodynamic profiles of gas channel
components, and cooling design of hot components. Figure 3
gives a general view over all important modifications. In the hot
gas channel, stage 1 was redesigned significantly while stage 3
was slightly adjusted.

Stator 1: Stator 2: Stator 3:

Ring instead of segment; Ring instead of No HS3 carrier ring;
Reduction in total number segment New locking ring
of HS1

Vane 1:
Reduction in total
number;
TBC on wet path;
New cooling design
Diffuser:
New optimised shape

Blade 1:
Reduction in total
number; Vane 3:
TBC on wet path; Vane 2: New airfoils and end Blade 3:
New turbulators; TBC on wet path; wall profiling; Longer Blade;
New matrix cooling Modified inserts Integrated vane 3-HS3 New airfoils

Figure 3: The design modifications of the enhanced rating

in the turbine section

Turbine stator modifications

In the existing design, the vane carrier rings consist of a few
Figure 4: SGT-800 guide vane 1 old and new designs
segments. The segment configuration has a risk of cooling air (Old design = top, New design = bottom).
leakage at the locations where supply cooling air for vanes and
heat shields is distributed. In addition it is not convenient to Blade 1
assemble these segments during the service periods. In the new
In blade 1, the total number of blades is reduced by 9.2%. This
enhanced design these parts are replaced by complete rings
has resulted in the reduction of wet area and TE blockage,
which effectively seal the cooling air passages in both stage 1
which contributes to the reduced cooling air consumption and
and 2. Choosing this design gives several advantages: reduced
improved aerodynamic performance, respectively. In addition, it
component cost, cooling air saving, better control of the tip
reduces the component initial and service cost.
clearance, etc. In order to fit these changes to the stator, stator
ring in stage 1 was also modified. The airfoil profile is virtually similar by keeping the
distribution of Mach number. This has made the cooling design
Turbine aerodynamic modifications easier, because the external heat transfer coefficient is
essentially the same as the existing one. However, small
Guide Vane 1 adjustments were locally done for the improvement of
aerodynamic performance. The blade 1 CFD calculations
In vane 1, the total number of vanes was reduced by 24 %
showed increased LE metal angle at tip in the new design could
which has resulted in the reduced wet area in hot gas passage
help reduce the recirculation zone on the pressure side (see
and also the reduction of TE-blockage. The reduced wet area in
Figure 5). This has contributed to the improvement of
the hot gas passage has contributed to the significant cooling air
aerodynamic performance.
saving. In addition, the reduction in vane number reduces the
service cost and time. A new and thicker airfoil, together with
contoured platforms, were designed which have increased the
turbine loading by about 33% (see Figure 4). Design phase
started with profile design programs and then throughflow
calculations. Finally, 3D CFD calculations were used to check
and optimize the shape of profile, film holes positions on airfoil
and platforms and also minimization of secondary losses.

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 shock-losses were decreased. The tip seal was also optimized so
that the tip leakage was reduced. The swirl angle was kept low
at blade TE and the even distribution of stagnation pressure into
the diffuser was corrected. In addition the cross section area
was optimized in order to achieve acceptable centrifugal forces
and stresses.

Figure 6: Comparison of the existing blade 3 (yellow/green) and

the new design (blue)

To check the overall performance of the whole turbine, the

Figure 5: Recirculation zones on PS-tip regions
(Old design = top, New design = bottom)
final aerodynamic design was carried out by a three dimensional
CFD calculation. Fine tuning was done based on the full flow
fields and local aerodynamic losses. Note that the new cooling
air consumption was considered in this turbine CFD model.
Figure 7 shows the streamlines along the turbine section
predicted by the CFD calculation.

In general the negative incidence (i.e. the overshoots on LE

pressure side) was reduced by the increased LE angle and
improved elliptical LE shape. The acceleration around airfoil
suction side was increased and the location of the peak velocity
on the SS was moved upstream and the diffusion occurs over a
longer distance.

Guide Vane 3
The reaction degree was chosen to be as high as possible
without getting a large swirl into the diffuser. This will
minimize the risk of separation at hub, especially at part-loads.
The existing guide vane 3 airfoil was used as a basis for the new
one but some small changes were imposed to reach the desired Figure 7: Streamlines predicted by CFD calculation for the
stage pressure ratio and reduced high velocities at tip region. turbine section

Turbine cooling modifications

Blade 3
Cooling modification in the new SGT-800 was carried out
Basically, the new blade 3 airfoil was modified based on the
mainly for the cooling air reduction of vane 1 and blade 1,
existing aerofoil but the new one is longer by 9% (see Figure 6).
because of their new aerodynamic profiles. For vane 2, the
The TE shocks in the new airfoil were reduced and thereby the
airfoil insert was adjusted accordingly because TBC is applied

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 on all wet surface, to save some cooling air. For heat shield 1,
the cooling configuration is also modified slightly, due to the
reduction in the total number. Except the above modifications,
the rest of components have the same cooling system as the
existing version.
Guide vane 1 cooling modifications
The airfoil cooling design is very much based on the previous
version, but now with 3 airfoil passages instead of 2 passages in
old version because of the bigger airfoil. The cooling of vane
platforms was improved by impingement and pin fins. For the
airfoil, the combination of internal cooling and external film
cooling was optimized with the cooling design tool.
Conventional matrix cooling was used to cool the airfoil TE.
The guide vane modification was then completed by applying
APS TBC on the airfoils and platforms (TBC only on platforms
in the existing design). All the modifications including
decreasing in guide vanes numbers have reduced the cooling
flow consumption by 20% in total.
Blade 1 cooling modifications
The cooling modifications of blade 1 mainly consist of a new
TE continuous matrix (patented [6], see Figure 8) and high-
performance ribs. In comparison to the existing double matrix,
the continuous matrix results in decreased pressure drop over
TE, easier manufacturing and reduced dust blockage risk. For
the serpentine cooling passages, high performance ribs were
used to replace the 90° ribs, based on the extensive research
results. This has improved the cooling performance
significantly at the middle part of the airfoil. In addition, efforts
have been made to improve the cooling for blade tip and
optimize the LE film cooling by changing the hole
configurations. It should be pointed out that the use of EB-PVD
TBC is maintained for blade 1. The result of the blade cooling
modifications plus decreasing of blade number is the reduced
cooling mass flow by 9.5% in total.
Figure 8: Continuous matrix cooling at TE
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Other cooling modifications
The previous design of vane 2 has TBC applied only on the
inner and upper platforms. This has been modified, and now
TBC is applied on the airfoil as well. The casting of vane 2 is
kept the same, but modification of airfoil insert was made for
cooling air redistribution. This has resulted in 3% cooling air
saving. In addition, the cyclic life performance of the vane is
also improved due to more even temperature distribution.
Because the total number of heat shield 1 is changed, the
adjustment of cooling design was carried out. The main focus
here is to have a similar design as the previous one, while the
improvement of cooling was taken for certain locations based
on the service experience. Although the total cooling air
consumption for this part remains almost constant, the longer
life time is achieved in terms of both oxidation and cyclic
performance.
VALIDATION
To ensure a reliable performance of gas turbines, Siemens
always tries to validate the design at both the component level
and the system level. The tests at the component level were
often carried out under cold/hot conditions before the test at the
system level. This is to detect any issues at an early stage, and
in case of detected failure, modifications can be introduced into
the complete package as early as possible. Once the complete
package of gas turbine is ready, the engine is often tested
regarding the performance of aerodynamics and cooling,
emission and control ability at different loads, steady and
transient conditions, and even with different fuels. Final
adjustment of designs will be implemented for the customer
engines based on the results. Even if the results from these tests
completely meet the design expectation, it lays out the
foundation for future improvements. The development of SGT-
800 has followed this well-established approach.
Component Level
Since the first stage was re-designed in terms of aerodynamics,
cooling and coating, the major validation work at the
component level was conducted for vane 1 and blade 1. For
vane 1, the focus was given to the aerodynamic performance
and the cooling design including the external heat transfer and
film cooling. For blade 1, the focus was given to the patented
trailing edge design and the overall cooling performance.
Vane 1
A test rig was developed to study the film cooling performance
for vane 1 of SGT-800B [7]. The experimental setup was
schematically shown in Figure 9, where a transient
measurement technique by using IR camera is adopted to obtain
the distribution of external heat transfer coefficient. The test
objective is an up-scaled vane, which was manufactured from
SLS low conductivity plastic. It has a so-called shower-head
film cooling at leading edge, and a number of film cooling rows
at both pressure side and suction side. In addition, both
5 Copyright © 2013 by ASME
 cylindrical holes and fan-shaped holes have been tested. The
details of these configurations and their performance can be
found in reference [8]. Based on the experimental results, a
completely new correlation was developed to predict the film
cooling effectiveness [9]. One example of the test results is
shown in Figure 10, where one can see that the scaled laterally
average film effectiveness for the experiments and the
prediction by the developed correlation for row 3 of fan-shaped
holes.

Figure 11: Annular sector cascade test rig for aerodynamics

[10]

Figure 12: Example of normalized total pressure

Figure 9: Film cooling test rig using IR-camera [6]
Figure 10: An example of film cooling effectiveness
distribution and the prediction by the developed
correlation [9]
distribution at trailing edge [10]
Blade 1
The component test for blade 1 is aimed for the new design
feature introduced, i.e., continuous matrix cooling, high
performance ribs, etc. Up-scaled plastic models of both double
matrix and continuous matrix were manufactured, and then
tested by transient liquid crystal technique, at a research partner
university. A typical example of the recorded liquid crystal
color is shown in Figure 13, and it indicates that the new
patented design outperforms the previous double matrix design
in terms of heat transfer enhancement in the critical region (note
that roughly the green color means high heat transfer
coefficient). In addition to this, flow visualization and CFD
work were carried out, and the results were compared to each
other.

In addition to the heat transfer test, the aerodynamic

performance of full-size vane 1 was tested at an annular sector
cascade test rig (see Figure 11) located at a research partner
university. The aerodynamic tests were conducted for several
design conditions: vane without film cooling, vane with
different leading edge contouring, hub flow interaction on film
cooling, aerodynamic loss of film cooling, etc. [10-12]. Figure
12 shows an example of the normalized total pressure
distribution downstream of the TE.
Figure 13: Local distribution visualization of two matrix
designs by liquid crystal

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 To assess the performance of the newly introduced high introduced to the customer engines afterwards. Based on the
performance rib design and continuous matrix at trailing edge, test results, the performance of the enhanced gas turbine shown
the full size blade 1 (in fact blade 2 also) was tested by a in Table 2 was confirmed.
calorimetric testing of using zinc bath (see Figure 14). The
principle of zinc test can be found in reference [13]. The test Table 2: SGT-800 performance summary
may not have the highest accuracy, but it is good enough to give Enhanced existing
the relative distribution/comparison of internal heat transfer. In GT output, MW 50.5 47
addition, it is also good enough to tell if the improvement of the Combined cycle output, MW 71.4 66.5
current new design is achieved against the previous design, Thermal efficiency, SC, % 38.3 37.7
which is the case. Thermal efficiency, CC, % 55.1 53.7
Compressor pressure ratio 21.1 20.2
Exhaust mass flow, kg/sec 134.4 131.8
ISO Turbine inlet temperature, ºC 1230 1200
Exhaust temperature, ºC 559 544
Emission NOx @ 15%O2, ppmv ≤15 ≤15
Emission CO @ 15%O2, ppmv ≤5 ≤5

In addition, operation flexibility was fully tested during this

stage. It was demonstrated that rapid load changes could be
achieved for both sudden load increase and load rejection. This
excellent operation flexibility is mainly due to the superior
Figure 14: Calorimetric testing of using zinc bath combustion stability and the stable combustion control system
[5]. One example of operation flexibility is the capability of a
The above tests at the component level have contributed to a 10 minute start from a cold engine to 100% load as shown in
great understanding of vane 1 and blade 1 in terms of Figure 15. Even though from combustion point of view a
aerodynamic and cooling performances. Efforts were also made sudden load change as shown in Figure 15 is a difficult task, a
to look at the possibilities to further improve the performance. fast start is an important capability which depends on the
This is very beneficial for the technology development as well capability for all the components involved in the machine.
as the future product upgrade.
10 minutes start
System Level Corrected to ISO conditions, SI units
3 4
140 5 700
The full engine test was carried out at the customer site
1 2
Helsingborg (Västhamn) for design validation, which included 120 Rotor speed
Rotor speed
Exhaust gas temperature
Exhaust temp
600

the so-called crystal test mainly for the turbine section. Since 100 Exhaust gas 500

Exhaust gas temperature [°C]

Exhaust
mass flow
mass flow
Exhaust gas mass flow [kg/s]

the first engine test needs to cover many different operations, it

Rotor speed [rpm/10]

Gas fuel flow [MJ/s]
Power output [%]

used the traditional measurement technique of thermocouples 80 400

for metal temperature, i.e., no thermo crystals. However, it is 60

Load
Power output
300
Gas fuel
Gas fuelflow
flow

not possible to install sufficient thermocouples to capture the

40 200
thermal gradient of hot components. Therefore, the
temperature-sensitive crystal technique [2] was used to map the 20 100

detailed temperature distribution with good accuracy in the 0 0

crystal test. In summary, the enhanced SGT-800 has followed 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time [s]
400 450 500 550 600 650

the same validation approach as the one used when the machine
was originally introduced.
The first engine test for the complete package is to test the
gas turbine performance, compressor performance and blade
dynamics, combustor stability/emissions/thermal conditions,
turbine performance and thermal conditions, etc. The test was
carried out in the spring 2010 with many extra instruments in
the engine. For the turbine section, the instruments include 160
pressure taps and 240 temperature sensors across different
stages including the diffuser. While the results from the pressure
measurement confirmed the expectation of turbine aerodynamic
performance, the temperature measurement did indicate that
heat shield 1 had over-heating in certain locations. Quick action
was then taken immediately, and the improved design was
Figure 15: Operational flexibility example of capability of 10
minute start to 100% load.
After the first engine test, the machine was disassembled
and fully inspected. The thermo-crystal instrumented
components were then assembled into the machine, ready for
the crystal test. For the turbine section, a total number of 1710
thermo-crystals were used, with 1528 for metal temperature,
176 for gas inlet temperature for both stationary vanes and
rotating blades, and 6 for cooling air inlet temperature of
rotating blades. In addition, a limited number of thermocouples
and pressure taps were used, with a few thermocouples were
installed on typical positions to record the transient for

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 estimating the equivalent hold time for thermo-crystals.
Thermal paint was also used in certain locations as complement.
It is of great value to measure the gas inlet temperature profile
by thermo-crystals, so that the CFD aerodynamic model can be
calibrated by the measurement results. The boundary conditions
provided by the calibrated CFD aerodynamic model were used
for the cooling model, and the final metal temperature of the
cooling model was calibrated against the thermo-crystal test
results. The temperature distribution of vane 1 and blade 1,
which was calibrated by the thermo-crystal results, is shown in
Figure 16 and Figure 17, respectively. The dot points in these
figures are the measurement points of thermo-crystals. With the
dense usage of thermo-crystals, the good distribution of thermal
gradients can be assured. This work has been done for all the
components along the hot gas path in the turbine section. The
results have not only confirmed the expected temperature levels
of turbine hot components, they also give a strong basis for
future upgrade, e.g., potential cooling air saving has been
identified on several areas. It should be noted that during this
work, the in-house codes C3D and 2ndFlow were used for the
cooling and secondary air system analysis, respectively. These
two codes are completely new, and were developed in-house
during the last several years.
Figure 16: Vane #1 metal temperature distribution calibrated
by thermo-crystals (crystal positions are shown in
the figure)
Figure 17: Blade #1 metal temperature distribution calibrated
by thermo-crystals (crystal positions are shown in
the figure)
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In summary, the test at the system level confirmed the
expectation of the enhanced design in terms of increase in
power output, efficiency, life time, etc.
OPERATION EXPERIENCE
The first SGT-800 with 50.5 MW rating was successfully
operated and tested during the spring 2010, in both the first
engine test and the crystal test as mentioned above. Since then,
several machines with this enhanced rate have been running at
different customer sites. The engines have delivered or even
exceeded the expected power output and efficiency. Up to
January 2013, the fleet of this new rating has accumulated
>40 000 EOH, while the fleet leader has accumulated >16 000
EOH. A planned follow-up inspection was made after 10 000
EOH by using borescope for the hot section, and it showed that
all the turbine parts, including the redesigned guide vane 1,
blade 1 and guide vane 2, were in excellent condition. Some
sample pictures taken during the borescope inspection are
shown in Figures 18-20 for guide vane 1, blade 1 and guide
vane 2, respectively, and one can see that the TBC is still in
very good condition. Note that the brown patches on the
platforms are due to the local cooling air distribution, and these
regions have relatively low metal temperatures. Therefore, the
full life time of the design target is expected to be fulfilled.
Figure 18: Guide vane # 1 after 10 000 EOH
Figure 19: Blade # 1 after 10 000 EOH
8 Copyright © 2013 by ASME

Figure 20: Guide vane # 2 after 10 000 EOH
CONCLUSION
An enhanced SGT-800 gas turbine with a power rating of 50.5
MW has been successfully introduced during 2010. The turbine
design modifications, validation and operation experience are
described in this paper. The major design change in the
enhanced version is the redesign of stage 1 vanes and blades in
the hot gas path. To validate the design, extensive experimental
work has been carried out to verify the aerodynamic and
cooling performances of vane 1 and blade 1 at the component
level. At the system level, the complete package was tested in
the engine test program including the so-called ‘crystal test’ for
both performance test and complete mapping of thermal state of
hot components. With these tests, the design targets were
confirmed or even exceeded in some areas. In addition, the test
results have provided a strong basis for future upgrades, e.g.,
potential cooling air saving has been identified on several areas.
For the operation experience up to January 2013, the fleet of
this new rating has accumulated >40 000 EOH, while the fleet
leader has accumulated >16 000 EOH. A planned follow up
inspection was made after 10 000 EOH by borescope for the hot
section, and it showed that all the turbine parts were in good
condition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Siemens Industrial
Turbomachinery AB, Finspong, Sweden, for the permission to
publish this paper. The work of all the people involved in this
project should also be greatly acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] Bengt Gudmundsson, Ulf Nilsson, Ulf Linder, Sergey
Shukin, Igor Afanasiev and Valery Kostege, Experience
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[2] Mats Annerfeldt, Sergey Shukin, Mats Bjorkman, Agne
Karlsson, Anders Jonsson and Elena Svistounova,
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temperature sensitive crystal technique, A comparison
with 3D thermal and aerodynamic analysis, PowerGen
Europe, Barcelona, Spain, 2004.
[3] Thomas Hagerstål and Jan Wikner, Development &
operating experience with SGT-800, A Siemens 45 MW
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[4] Sergey Shukin, Mats Annerfeldt and Mats Bjorkman,
Siemens SGT-800 industrial gas turbine enhanced to 47
MW: design modifications and operation experience,
GT2008-50087, June 9-13, 2008, Berlin, Germany.
[5] Daniel Lörstad, Annika Lindholm, Jan Pettersson, Mats
Bjorkman and Ingvar Hultmark, Siemens SGT-800
industrial gas turbine enhanced to 50 MW: combustor
design modifications, validation and operation
experience, GT2013-95478, ASME Turbo Expo 2013
(accepted).
[6] Mats Annerfeldt, Andrey Shukin and Sergey Shukin,
Blade or vane for a turbomachine, Patent number:
US20070172354, 2007.
[7] Mats Kinell, Esa Utriainen, Jonas Hylén, Jonas
Gustavsson, Andreas Bradley, Matts Karlsson and
Joakim Wren, Fan shaped and cylindrical holes studied
in vane film cooling test rig, GT2010-23308, June 14-18,
2010, Glasgow, UK.
[8] Mats Kinell, Esa Utriainen, Hossein N. Najafabadi,
Matts Karlsson and Botond Barabas, Comparison of gas
turbine vane pressure side and suction side film cooling
performance and the application of superposition,
GT2012-68994, June 11-15, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[9] Hossei N. Nadali, Matts Karlsson, Mats Kinell and Esa
Utriainen, Film effectiveness correlations for cylindrical
and fan-shaped holes, introducing local pressure
coefficient, GT2012-69021, June 11-15, 2012,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
[10] Ranjan Saha, Jens Fridh, Torsten Fransson, Boris I.
Mamaev and Mats Annerfeldt, Experimental studies of
leading edge contouring influence on leading edge
contouring influence on secondary losses in transonic
turbines, GT2012-68497, June 11-15, 2012,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
[11] Lamyaa A. El-Gabry, Ranjan Saha, Jens Fridh and
Torsten Fransson, Measurements of hub flow interaction
on film cooled nozzle guide vane in transonic annular
cascade, GT2012-68088, June 11-15, 2012, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
[12] Ranjan Saha, Jens Fridh, Torsten Fransson and Mats
Annerfeldt, Film cooling influence on aerodynamic
performance in transonic annular cascade, GT2013-
94319, ASME Turbo Expo 2013 (accepted).
[13] Jenny Sundberg, The heat transfer correlations for gas
turbine cooling, Master Thesis, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden, 2006.
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