UNDERSTANDING
HARRIET MARTINEAU
CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS
SOCIOLOGY
 is the scientific study
of human interactions, social
groups and institutions
 is the study of human
relationships and institutions.
SOCIOLOGY as a SOCIAL SCIENCE
 focuses its aspects on
man, his social manners,
social activities a social
life
GOAL:
 is to help you
understand how human
action and consciousness
both shape and are shaped by
the surrounding cultural and
social structures.
These are the ff. SOCIOLOGIST:
1. ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS
XAVIER
 is a French philosopher and
mathematician
 the FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY
 he discovers the social laws that
govern the development of societies.
 has always been associated with
POSITIVISM or the school of thought
that says
 science and its method are the only
valid way of knowing things.
THREE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. THEOLOGICAL STAGE
2. METAPHYSICAL STAGE
3. POSITIVE STAGE
2.
 was a writer,
ethnographer, political
economist and sociologist.
 considered as the Mother of
sociology.
3. KARL MARX
 German philosopher
and revolutionary activity
with scholarly
passion
 considered as the Father of
Scientific Socialism.
4. EMILE DURKHEIM
 was the pioneer of
functionalism in sociology
 he argued that society
possess a reality sui generis
(that is, its own kind, or by
itself, unique)
 his main contributions are in
the field of sociology of
religion, education, and
deviance.
5. MAX WEBER
 was the pioneer of
interpretative sociology
 stressed the role of
rationalization
Rationalization essentially to the
disenchantment of the world.
ANTHROPOLOGY
 is the scientific study
of man or human beings.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 is the study of human
societies and elements of
cultural life.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY  most influential
ethnographers in the 20th
 focuses on language
century.
in a certain society.
3. ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE-BROWN

 focuses its aspects on  was an English social

man, his social manners, anthropologist who
social activities and social life developed the theory of
structural functionalism.
GOAL:
 he saw individuals as mere
 is to understand the
products of social structures
origin of human evolution and
that led to the establishment
the diverse forms of its
of
existence throughout time.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM
These are the ff. ANTHROPOLOGIST
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. FRANZ BOAS
 is the study of politics,
 Father of modern
power, and government.
American anthropology.
SOCIETY
 he rejected the biological
basis of racism or racial  comes from the Latin
discrimination. word societas, which was
derived from the noun socius
 he is in favor of
(comrade, friend, ally) used to
HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM
describe a bond or interaction
(wherein each society is
between parties that are
considered as having a
friendly or at least civil.
unique form of culture that
cannot be subsumed under
an overall definition of
ARISTOTLE
general culture.
– human beings are zoon politikon or
2. BRONISLAW KASPER MALINOWSKI
political animals. That is, human beings are
 a Polish immigrant who did creatures whose nature is for them to live in a
a comprehensive study of society or group.
Trobriand Island.
METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM
 he developed PARTICIPANT
- this view states that collective
OBSERVATION (e method of
concepts such as groups, associations and
social science
societies do not exist, but only individual
research that requires the anthropologists members.
to have the ability to
SOCIOLOGICAL REALISM
participate and blend with the way of life
- states that society is reality sui
of a given group of people.
generis and cannot be reduced to individual
aggregates or parts.
LOUIS ALTHUSSER
- was a French philosopher and
sociologist.
REPRODUCTION
- is the problem of explaining how
societies manage to exist over a long
period of time.
TWO TYPES OF INSTITUTION
1. IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARTUSES
- are institutions that are created and
used by society to mold its members to share
the same values and beliefs that a typical
member of that society possesses.
2. REPRESSIVE IDEOLOGICAL STATE
- refers to coercive institutions that
use physical force to make the members
conform the laws and norms of society like
courts, police and prisons.
TALCOTT PARSONS
- one of the most influential American
sociologists, who is associated with the theory
of structural functionalism.
- all societies will have to take care of
its own reproduction if they are to persist
across time and space.
FOUR GENERAL FUNCTIONAL
PREREQUISITES THAT ALL SOCIETIES MUST
ATTEDND SURVIVE
1. ADAPTATION
- is the capacity of society to
take resources from society and distribute
them accordingly.
2. GOAL ATTAINMENT
- is the capability to set goals and
mobilize the resources and energies necessary
to achieve goals set forth by society
3. INTEGRATION
- is the harmonization of the entire
society to achieve consensus.
4. LATENCY
- it means that institutions like family
and school, which mediate belief system and
values between an older generation and its
successor.
THE FAMILY TODAY: DECLINING or
CHANGING?
Filipinos are FAMILY-ORIENTED. The
traditional view of the family leads to many
people to think that the FAMILY is an
indispensable unit or institution of society.
Today, however, many experts who study the
family raise doubts about its future.
Consider the ff. statistics:
1. DECLINING MARRIAGE RATE AND
INCREASING RATE OF COHABITATION
- there were 476,408 marriages
registered in 2011, down by 1.3 percent from
482, 480 recorded in 2010, the NSO report
posted on its website adding that the number
of registered marriages has been declining
since 2009.
2. INCREASING ANNULMENT RATE
- the number of marriage annulment
cases in the Philippines has risen by 40
percent in the last decade.
3. INCREASING NUMBER OF CASES OF
A-DAPTATION G-OAL ATTAINMENT
Organism Personality
I-NTEGRATION L-ATENCY
Society Culture
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
- the 2008 National Demographic and
Health Survey (NDHS) conducted by the PSA
revealed that one in five women aged 15-49
has experienced physical violence since age
15; 14.4 percent of married women have nuclear family, but without the benefit of
experienced physical abused from their marriage.
husbands.
- in some countries, cohabitants are
4. INCREASING NUMBER OF WOMEN not recognized as “official families”.
ENTERING THE LABOR FORCE
The UN differentiates HOUSEHOLD from
- an increase percentage of female FAMILY:
employment compared to male.
a. That HOUSEHOLD may consist of
ARTICLE 1 of the Philippine Family Code fixes only ONE person but a FAMILY must contain
the definition of marriage and the resulting at least two members
family based on the union:
b. That the member of a multi-person
MARRIAGE is a special contract of permanent household need NOT be related to each other,
union between a man and a woman entered while the members of the family must be
into in accordance with law for the RELATED.
establishment of conjugal and family life. It is
FAMILY
the foundation of the family and an inviolable
social institution. FAMILY OF ORIENTATION
The Philippine Family Code therefore excludes -
same-sex marriage and polygamous unions. member of a family/the family to which you
belong
It was enacted in the year 1989, it declared
that “illegitimate” children must use the -
surname of the mother. They were not nuclear and extended families
allowed to use the surname of the biological
father so it created a class of children that FAMILY OF PROCREATION
have no middle names or having the surname - one establishes a new family
also as their middle name.
TYPES OF FAMILY
Article 176 was largely ignored by fathers who
recognized their child and allowed their 1. STRUCTURE
surname to be used even if there was no a. Nuclear
benefit of marriage.
– traditional type families (Father,
Congress saw it fit to AMEND Article 176 by Mother, Children)
enacting RA 9255 in 2004, which states:
b. Extended
Illegitimate children can USE the surname of
their biological father as long as the latter – from parents to aunts, uncles,
formally recognizes the child. grandmother etc. living together

Illegitimate child is entitled to receive support c. Single Parent

from his/her biological father provided that
– one parent/raising his/her own child
the latter recognized the child as his own.
d. Blended
COHABITANTS
– two separate families merging into
- these are couples who share a
one new unit/ divorced then remarry
common residence with a child, just like a
e. Homo sexual
 – same gender EDWARD WESTERMARK defined marriage as a
relation of one or more men to one or more
f. Cohabiting
women which recognized by customs or law
– live-in and involves certain rights and duties both in
case of parties entering into the union and in
g. Childless the case of children born of it.
– no kids KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY
2. RESIDENCE - is a set of words used to refer to
a. Patrilocal relatives.

– staying in fathers’ side MARRIAGE

b. Matrilocal a. Monogamy – one husband/wife

– staying in mothers’ side b. Polygamy – many

c. Neolocal 1. Polygyny – man that has

many wives
– living your own house
2. Polyandry – woman that
3. AUTHORITY has many husband
a. Patriarchal MARRIAGE NORMS OR PATTERNS
– Father has the authority 1. ENDOGAMY
b. Matriarchal – inside the group/within the same
– Mother has the authority social group. Ex: rich-rich, same religion

c. Equalitarian – both/ equal

opportunity 2. EXOGAMY
d. Descent – Ancestry has the – outside the group
authority
3. HOMOGAMY
d.a. – Patrilineal –ancestry
from father’s side – marrying with same norms, culture.

d.b. –Matrilineal – ancestry DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE

from mother’s side

d.c. – Bilineal – ancestry both DIVORCE

sides
MARRIAGE
- is also an arrangement of
procreation, a way of caring for the offspring
of sexuality, defining legitimate descent, and
the main or ultimate responsibility for their
upbringing.
- is a court order saying that a
man and a woman are NO LONGER a husband
and a wife.
Grounds for annulment:
1. Absence of parental consent during
the marriage

2. Mental illness
 3. Fraud

4. Lack of consent and certain

diseases

5. Impotence

Legal Separation

- is a decree that gives the

husband and wife the right to live separately
from each other, although they are not
allowed by the law to remarry.