Economy, Society, and
Social Mobility
Cultural Change
Karl Marx
-Father of Scientific Science
Class
- Refers to relations among people
who share the same class
interests in relation to the means
of production.
Bourgeoisie or the Capitalist
Proletariat
French prolétariat, from Latin
proletarius
Three types of Class
1. Bourgeoisie
- owner of the means of social
production and employers of wage labor.
2. Proletariat
- the class of modern wage-
laborers who, having no means of
production on their own.
3. Lumpenproletariat
- the dangerous class\
Two principal bases of social stratification
1. Status
- Groups are differentiated less on
the basis of wealth but by the
kind of shared lifestyle they
have.
- Social honor and prestige
2. Class
Caste System
- A system of social stratification
differs from class in its rigidity
and in the basis of legitimation.
- Also called as close system
- Membership of castes is ascribed
rather than achieve
- Static
- It’s from India
Class System
- Dynamic
- There’s vertical mobility
- It’s from Europe
- When people are allowed and are
capable of moving form one
stratum or class to another class.
According to Peter Saunders, the term
Stratification has been borrowed by
sociologists from the science of geology
STRATIFICATION
- In geology it refers to the
accumulated strata of a rock that
form from the earth’s surface.
Pierre Bourdieu
- A French sociologist, who dealt
with extensively with class
inequalities
Cultural Capital
- Refers to resources to the forms
of knowledge, educational
credentials, and artistic taste what
a person acquires from family
background
Social Capital
- Resources based on group
membership, relationships, and
networks of influence and
support.
Symbolic Capital
- The acquisition of a reputation
for competence and an image of
respectability and honorability.
Habitus
- Refers to the personal
psychological dispositions of a
person that are shaped by these
forms of capital and family
background
Anthony Giddens
- A British sociologist, explains
the multiplication of risks in a
new globalized economy.
Globalization
- Increasing movement of goods
and services as well as human
resources through trade and
investment among nations
ITO – International Trade Organization
WTO – World Trade Organization
Acquisition
- One company takes over
controlling the interest in another
company
Consolidation
- Occurs when two or more
corporations are combined into a
new corporation.
CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility
Core or Advanced Industrial Countries
- High value adding production
Peripheral Societies or less developed
countries
- Low value adding adding
production
Globalization
- Universal process of shrinking
the globe into small village
Globalism
- Ideological version of neoliberal
globalization
Productivist Paradigm
- The belief in endless growth,
simply advocated for continuous
growth and rejected notion
EPA – Economic Partnership Agreement
Manufactured Risks, which are man-made
risks.
EDUCATION AND REPRODUCTION OF
INEQUALITY
Horace Mann
- American Educational reformer
- Proposed that education could
kill social ills.
Education
- One of the most pervasive
institutions that determine one’s
future status.
Meritocracy
- The belief that education is the
great equalizer and the key to
succeed in life.
Randall Collins
- A Neo-Weberian Sociologists
- Argues that education functions
as a filter to perpetuate
credentialism
Credentialism
- The common practice of relying
on earned credentials when
hiring staff or assigning social
status rather than actual skills.
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, both
American economists, published Schooling
in Capitalist America.
Pierre Bourdieu
- A French Sociologist
- He was famous for his analysis
of reproduction of inequalities in
higher education.
Louis Althusser
- Argued that education had taken
over the function of the church
and religion in reproducing the
capitalist social system.
Basil Bernstein
- His analysis of the difference
between the linguistic code of the
lower class and that of the
middle-class students.
- Using Emile Durkheim’s
structural functionalist analysis
- the lower-class students follow
the restricted linguistic code or
limited vocabulary
- the middle-class students follow
the elaborated linguistic code or
flowery speech
The portion of the national budget is
allocated to education.
Education is right. The United Nations
Declaration Human Rights Article states:
1. Everyone has the right to education.
Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education should be
compulsory, Technical and
professional education shall be made
generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible
to all on the basis of merit.
 2. Education shall be directed to the full
development of the human
personality and to the strengthening
of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms.
Two thirds of the world’s illiterate adults are
women.
Women dominates the fields of teacher
education, humanities, social sciences,
business administration, medical and allied
fields, home economics, mass
communication and even natural sciences
and mathematics.
Internationalization is another form of
‘Imperialism’
RELIGION AND
THE SEARCH
FOR
ULTIMATE
MEANING
THE NATURE OF RELIGION AND ITS
MEANING
Religion - bind from the Latin verb
religare, which means “to tie” or “to bind
fast.
- a powerful institution that
connects human beings, both as individual
and collectively.
- has a pervasive effect and
influence on the
development of humanity, society,
culture, and individual.
Secularization – from Latin word saeculum,
which means “worldly”.
- a view that believed that
religion will gradually disappear.
A contemporary scholar defines
religion as “a system of beliefs, rituals, and
practices, usually institutionalized in one
manner or another, which means connects
this world with the beyond.
There are two ways of defining religion:
1. The substantive definition of religion
- limits religion to the belief in
supernatural or divine force.
* Edward Tylor – the founder of
British social anthropology.
- presented the
earliest substantive definition of religion as
“a belief in spiritual
beings”.
- his theory is that
human beings develop religious beliefs in
order to explain dreams,
visions,
unconsciousness, and death.
2. The functional definition of religion
- a religion that does not
necessarily refer to the belief in a
supernatural being (god or force).
- religion is anything that
provides and individual with the ultimate
meaning that organizes his/her
entire life and worldview.
* Milton Yinger – American scholar of
religion.
- who defines
religion as “a system of beliefs and practices
by means of which a group of peoples
struggles with the ultimate problems of
human life”.
* Peter L. Berger – a pioneer in
sociology of religion in the United States.
- he singles out the
problem of legitimation as a primary
function of religion.
un-churched believers – the practicing
New Age believers who have their own
distinctive personal beliefs are
influenced by non-Western
religious traditions such as
Buddhism, Hinduism and
other beliefs.
Types of Religious Organizations
There are 4 types of religious
organization and they are Church, Sect,
Denomination, and Cult.
 • Church – is a religious
organization that claims to possess
the truth about salvation
exclusively.
- a classic example is the
Roman Catholic Church.
- the largest religious
organization in the country.
- it is a very powerful
institution as attested by the recent
controversy regarding the reproductive
health bill.
* The El Shaddai – a Philippines
based Catholic Charistmatic religious
group.
- was founded by
Mariano “Mike” Zuniega Velarde known
as Bro. Mike.
• Sect – the sect also perceives itself
as a unique owner of the truth.
- it constitutes a minority in a given
society.
- a good example is the resurgence
of “born again” Christianity that
recruits’ members by asking them to
accept Jesus Christ in their lives.
- an example of sect in the
Philippines is the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC,
or Church of Christ).
• Denomination – is oriented toward
cooperation, at least as it relates to
other similar denomination.
- people join through
individual and voluntary choice,
although the most
important form of recruitment in
established denominations takes place
through childbirth.
• Cult – the concept of another form
of religious organization
- was introduced in 1932 by
sociologist Howard Becker.
- a nontraditional form of religion
Sun Myung Moon – a Korean religious
leader, business person, political activist,
and media mogul.
- he was the founder of the
Unification Church and of its widely
noted “Blessing” or mass wedding
ceremony.
Religious Syncretism
Syncretism – the mixing of different
religious and cultural beliefs and
practices.
- promotes the growth of
popular religion or folk
religion that is different from
the original parent religion or
mainstream orthodoxy.
- a perfect of this is the
various colorful fiestas in the
Philippines.
- is sometimes used to
designate the fusion of pagan
religions.
The Ilaga (Visayan: rat) – is a local
Christian extremist militia composed of
Visayan groups (Hiligaynon and
Cebuano) that combined local magical
tradition with Catholic beliefs.
Religion and Women
Traditionally, women have been
equated with religion and with the role of
transmitting religious beliefs and
practices to the children. Men are
considered as the leaders of religious
organization. In short, religious
leadership and power have always been
dominated by men, while women tend to
become its major transmitter.
Religion in the Age of Globalization
Secularization Thesis Reconsidered
Peter L. Berger briefly summarized
the thesis of secularism: “Modernization
necessarily leads to ‘a decline of religion,’
both in society and in the minds of
individuals”. Modernization drastically
replaces tradition with science-based
knowledge.
Pentecostalism – the term Pentecostal is
derived from Pentecost, the Greek name
for the Jewish Feasts of Weeks.
- For Christians, this
event commemorates the descent of the
Holy Spirit upon the followers of
 Jesus Christ, as described
in the second chapter of the Book of Acts.
New Christian Right – those who strongly
oppose secular
values on Christian beliefs,
the reaction is often fundamentalist in
nature.