ELECTROMAGNETIC

CIRCUIT
Prepared By
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 2 INTRODUCTION
 Engineers call electric motors and generators as

electrical machines.

 The reason for this more general term is that the same

device may operate either as motor or as generator.

 Electrical machines (rotating machines) convert

electrical energy to mechanical energy or vice versa

by the help of the magnetic field coupling so it called

also the electromagnetic machines.

02-Nov-20 Dr. Haytham Gamal
 3 INTRODUCTION
Motor

D.C
Electrical Power Mechanical Power
(v, i)
Electrical (T, n)
Machine

 The electrical power is represented in term of the

voltage and the current.
 The mechanical power is represented in terms of the
torque and the speed.
 When conversion is from electrical to mechanical, the

02-Nov-20
machine is called a motor. Dr. Haytham Gamal
 4 INTRODUCTION
Motor

D.C
Electrical Power Mechanical Power
(v, i) Electrical (T, n)
Machine
Generator

 When it's being used to convert from mechanical

energy to electrical energy, the machine is called a
generator.
 The process of conversion called the electro-mechanical
energy conversion process.
02-Nov-20 Dr. Haytham Gamal
 5 INTRODUCTION
 According to the electrical system of the machine, the
machines are named:
1. when the electrical system is A.C, the machine is
called A.C machine.
2. when electrical system is D.C, the machine is called
D.C machine.

02-Nov-20 Dr. Haytham Gamal

 6 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
The science of electrical engineering is found on a
basic of fundamental laws derived from basic
experiments.

1. Amperes law
A current carrying conductor I

produces a magnetic field, B

which has a value of flux r

02-Nov-20
density B.
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 7 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
1. Amperes law
𝜇 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
 𝐵𝑟 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻. I
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
𝐼
 𝐻= . B
2𝜋𝑟
where: r
I: Current in the conductor.
r: Distance between the conductor and the point at
which the value of flux density is computed.
μ: Permeability.
-7
μ0: Permeability of the air (= 4π x10 H/m).
μr: Relative permeability, which depends on the type
02-Nov-20 of iron. Dr. Haytham Gamal
 8 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
2. Force existing between two conductors carrying
current
I. Conductors carrying current in
the same direction
If the current in both conductors I1 I2
has the same direction, then the B1 B2
total flux density between the two
F F
conductors is reduced and the d
force will be attraction force.
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 9 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
2. Force existing between two conductors carrying
current
I. Conductors carrying current in the same direction
𝐹 = 𝐵2 𝐿 𝐼1 .
𝜇0 𝜇0
𝐹= 𝐼2 𝐿 𝐼1 = 𝐿 𝐼1 𝐼2 .
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑
or
𝐹 = 𝐵1 𝐿 𝐼2 .
𝜇0 𝜇0
𝐹= 𝐼1 𝐿 𝐼2 = 𝐿 𝐼1 𝐼2 .
02-Nov-20 2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑 Dr. Haytham Gamal
 10 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
2. Force existing between two conductors carrying
current
II. Conductors carrying current in opposite direction
If the current in both conductors
has the opposite directions, then I1 I2

the total flux density between B1 B2

the two conductors is increased
and the force will be repulsion
F F
d
force
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 11 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
2. Force existing between two conductors carrying
current

 If the medium through which the magnetic field

established is iron, μr will be multiplied in the
force equation and the force will be greater for
the same currents, length, and the distance.
 The direction of magnetic flux density is
determined by using the right hand rule.
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 12 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
3. Faraday's law

➢ When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, an

e.m.f will be induced in it and the induced voltage

will be A.C.

dφ
e. m. f = N .
dt

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 13 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
3. Faraday's law

➢ From this law, the generator principle can be

explained as
N
➢ If a straight conductor of
length L moving at velocity
V normal to magnetic field x

B, an induced e.m.f will be

produced in the conductor.
S

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 14 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
3. Faraday's law

➢ Econd = B L V.
where:
B: flux density (Tesla or Gauss).
L: Active length of the conductor.
V: velocity of the conductor.
➢ The direction of the induced
voltage is often determined by
the right hand rule
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 15 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
4. Lorentz law

➢ When a conductor carrying current is placed in

a magnetic field B, the conductor will be
affected by a force.
➢ Fcond = B I L.
where:
I: Conductor current.

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 16 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
4. Lorentz law

➢ From this law, the motor principle can be

explained as
N

➢ If a straight conductor of
length L carrying current I
V x
subject to magnetic field B, a
force will be produced in the
conductor.
S

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 17 Fundamental laws for electromagnet
4. Lorentz law
➢ The direction of the force is often determined by the
left hand rule.

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 18
SOURCE OF FLUX
 Permanent magnet is the natural source of flux
but it is used in small machines only because it
produces low and constant flux.
 The output voltage of the generator or the output
torque of the motor depends on the flux density
B.
 So, if the output of the electrical machines need to
be increased, the flux density B must be
increased.
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 19
SOURCE OF FLUX
 This can be done by using a source of flux which
Nf
are a number of turns Nf rounded on a
ferromagnetic material to form the field
φ
winding (or excitation winding).
 Fed these winding by a D.C current called field
If
current If (or excitation current).
Vf
 As the field current is increased, the flux then
the flux density is increased and higher output
voltage or torque is obtained.

 Finally controlling the field current, will control the flux density and hence control
the output voltage in case of generator or the output torque in case of motor.
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 20 BASIC STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE
All electrical machine consists of two major parts, which

are
A. Stator:
This is the part of the machine which doesn't move and
normally it's the outer frame of the machine.
B. Rotor:
This is the part of the machine which is free to rotate and
normally is the inner part of the machine and mounted
on the machine shaft.
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 21 BASIC STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE
 The stator and the rotor that are separated by the
air gap, are made of ferromagnetic material.
 One of them will contain the main winding
(or armature winding) and the other will contain
the poles and excitation winding.

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 22 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE CONSTRUCTION
The construction of the electrical machine is
divided into two types, according to the place of
both the field winding and the armature winding.
These types are
A.Rotating field construction:

➢ The main winding is in the stator.

➢ The poles with the field winding are in the

02-Nov-20
rotor.
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 23 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE CONSTRUCTION
A.Rotating field construction:
Armature or Main
Winding
Stator
Core
If
Vf N Field or Excitation
Winding

S S Pole Shoe

Shaft
N

Rotor Core

Pole
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 24 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE CONSTRUCTION
B. Rotating armature construction:
Field or Excitation
➢ The main Winding Stator
Core
If
winding is in N
Vf
the rotor.

➢ The poles Shaft

S S Pole

with the field

winding are Rotor or Armature

Core
N
Armature or Main
in the stator. Winding
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 25 BASIC DEFINITIONS
I. Number of poles
➢ Must be an even number.
➢ Must be arranged in alternative polarity.
So,
➢ Number of poles = 2P.
➢ Number of pair poles = P.

II. Number of slots S

The slot contain the conductors of the main winding
02-Nov-20 and the field winding of the electrical machine. Dr. Haytham Gamal
 26 BASIC DEFINITIONS
III. Slot angle or slot pitch αs
Defined as the angle between two αs

successive slots.
360
➢ 𝛼S = P. In electrical degree
S τp

IV. Pole pitch τp

N.Z N.Z

Defined as the distance between two

successive neutral zones. The machine
S S

is divided into number of pole pitch

N

equal to the number of pole. N.Z N.Z

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 27 BASIC DEFINITIONS
IV. Pole pitch τp
𝜋𝐷
➢ 𝜏𝑝 = . 𝐼𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2𝑃
360
➢ 𝜏𝑝 = . 𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
2𝑃

➢ τp = 180. (In electrical degree)

V. Mechanical and electrical degree
 The pole pitch depends on the number of pole.
 As the number of poles increase, the pole pitch

02-Nov-20
decreases. Dr. Haytham Gamal
 28 BASIC DEFINITIONS
IV. Mechanical and electrical degree

N.Z N N.Z S N.Z N.Z N N.Z S N.Z N N.Z S N.Z

B B
m.m.f m.m.f
NfIf NfIf
θ θ

0 π 2π θmech 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π θmech

0 π 2π θelect 0 π 2π 3π 4π θelect
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 29 BASIC DEFINITIONS
IV. Mechanical and electrical degree
 So to maintain the pole pitch at constant value
π for different number of poles, the electric
degree is used instead of the mechanical degree.
 θelect = P θmech.
where:
θelect: Angle in electrical degrees.
θmech: Angle in mechanical degrees.
02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 30 BASIC DEFINITIONS
IV. Mechanical and electrical degree
 Also,
ωelect = P ωmech.
where:
ሶ .
𝜔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝜃𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡
ሶ .
𝜔𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝜃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 31 ARMATURE AND MAIN WINDING
I. Armature:
Any iron core has a certain number of slots S,
and contains the conductors of the main winding.
1. In case of rotating field construction, the
armature is the stator.
2. In case of rotating armature construction, the
armature is the rotor.
II. Main winding:
➢ Main winding consists of a certain number of
02-Nov-20 coil groups. Dr. Haytham Gamal
 32 ARMATURE AND MAIN WINDING
II. Main winding:
➢ Each coil group consists of a certain number of
coils.
➢ Each coil consists of a certain number of turns.
➢ Each turn consists of two conductor.

Coil Coil
side side

02-Nov-20 Conductor Turn Coil Dr. Haytham Gamal

 33 ARMATURE AND MAIN WINDING
II. Main winding:

Coil group

Winding

02-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal