ELECTROMAGNETIC

CIRCUIT
Prepared By
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
1. Concentric winding
➢ All the winding turns are wound together in series to
form one multi-turn coil with the same magnetic axis.
➢ Examples of concentrated winding are
a. Primary and secondary windings of a transformer.
φ

I0

V1 E1 N1 N2 E2 V2

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 3 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
1. Concentric winding
b. Field winding for D.C. machine.

If

Field or Excitation
Vf
Winding

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 4 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
1. Concentric winding
c. Field winding for salient-pole synchronous machine.

If Field or Excitation
Vf N Winding

S S

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 5 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
2. Distributed winding
▪ All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch
or chorded-pitch coils.
▪ These coils are then housed in the slots spread around the
air-gap periphery to form phase or commutator winding.
➢ Examples of distributed winding are
a. Stator and rotor of induction machines.
Stator
Core
3- ᵠ Rotor
Rotor Winding
Core
3- ᵠ Stator
Winding

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 6 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
2. Distributed winding
b. The armatures of both synchronous and D.C. machines

Stator
Core

Armature or Main
Winding

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 7 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
2. Distributed winding
▪ The coil with any number of turns has two
coil-sides.
▪ The distance between the two coil-sides of a
coil is called coil-span or coil-pitch θs.
▪ It is usually measured in terms of slots or
electrical degrees.
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 8 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
2. Distributed winding
▪ The coils are classified into two types according
to the coil span:
1. Full-pitch coil
Coil-span (or coil-pitch) is equal to the pole
pitch.
2. Chorded-pitch
Coil-span is unequal to the pole pitch.
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 9 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
I. Effect of coil chording or chording factor
▪ In full-pitch coil, the induced voltage in one
conductor is out of phase of the induced voltage
in the other conductor by 180°electrical.
▪ The algebraic sum of the induced e.m.f equals to
the vectorial sum.
▪ In chorded-pitch, as the coil span is not 180°
electrical.
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 10 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
I. Effect of coil chording or chording factor
▪ The algebraic sum of the induced e.m.f will not
be equals to the vectorial sum.
▪ To compensate this effect, a scalar factor called
the chording factor kc is defined.

𝜃𝑠
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
2
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 11 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
I. Effect of coil chording or chording factor

𝜃𝑠
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
2
where:
θs: Coil span or pitch in electrical degree.
kc: Chording or pitch factor.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 12 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
II. Effect of winding distribution or distribution
factor
▪ If all turns of the winding are placed in one
slots, the e.m.f induced in each turn will be in
phase with each other.
▪ But, due to distribution of the winding in several
slots, the induced e.m.f in the turns will be out of
phase.
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 13 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
II. Effect of winding distribution or distribution
factor
▪ The phase angle between each induced voltage
will be equal to the slot angle.
▪ To compensate this effect, a scalar factor called
the distribution factor is defined.
𝑞 ∗ 𝛼𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑑 = 2
𝛼𝑠 .
𝑞 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 14 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
II. Effect of winding distribution or distribution
factor

𝑆
𝑞= .
2𝑃 ∗ 3
360
𝛼𝑠 = 𝑃.
𝑆
where:
q: Number of slots per pole per phase.
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 15 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
II. Effect of winding distribution or distribution
factor
αs: Slot pitch or angle.
S: Number of slots.
P: Number of pair poles.
III.Winding factor
Due to the distribution of windings and due to the chording
of coils, then their effects will be taken on the winding

09-Nov-20
factor.
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 16 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE WINDING
III.Winding factor
kw = kd kc.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 17 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED WINDING
I. Single layer winding
▪ Each slot has only one coil side.
C = N.

Coil
where: side

C: Number of conductor per slot.

N: Number of turns of a coil.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 18 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED WINDING
II. Double layer winding
▪ Each slot has two coil sides of two different coils.
C = 2N.

Coil
side
Insulation
Coil
side

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 19 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP
m.m.f = φ R.
R = Riron + Rair.

𝑙𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = .
𝜇 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 = .
𝜇 𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟
μ = μ0 μr.
where:

09-Nov-20
m.m.f: Magneto motive force.
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 20 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP
φ : Magnetic field flux.
Riron: Reluctance of the iron.
liron: Flux length in the iron.
Airon: Area seen by the flux length in the iron.
Rair: Reluctance of the air-gap.
-7
μ0: Permeability of the air (= 4π x 10 H/m).
μr: Relative permeability.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 21 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP
▪ Since the reluctance of the iron can be neglected
w.r.t the air-gap reluctance, then;
𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚. 𝑚. 𝑓 = 𝜑 .
𝜇0 𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚. 𝑚. 𝑓 = 𝐵 𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟 .
𝜇0 𝐴𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝜇0
𝐵 = 𝑚. 𝑚. 𝑓 .
𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 22 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP

N.Z N N.Z S N.Z

B
m.m.f
NfIf
θ

0 π 2π θmech
0 π 2π θelect

Flux distribution for two pole machine

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 23 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP

N.Z N N.Z S N.Z N N.Z S N.Z

B
m.m.f
NfIf
θ

0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π θmech

0 π 2π 3π 4π θelect

Flux distribution for four pole machine

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 24 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP
From the above equations, it is concluded that the
distribution of the flux density depends on the
air-gap length.
So it is clear that:
1. Under the pole arc:
▪ The air gap length is constant.
▪ The flux density B waveform will be the same
as m.m.f waveform but with different scale.
09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 25 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP
2. In the inter-pole spacing:
▪ The air gap length is increased.
▪ The flux density B will be decayed until
reaching zero at the neutral zone.
▪ At this zone, the effect of N-pole will be
cancelled by the effect of S-pole for that it
called neutral zone.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 26 FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE AIR-GAP
3. Finally, the flux density wave form will be
trapezoidal waveform in the air gap.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 27 TYPES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
1. Stationary field
▪ This field can be obtained by the flow of D.C
current in a single phase winding.
▪ This field has fixed magnitude with a fixed
position in space.
2. Pulsating field
▪ This field can be obtained by the flow of a
single phase A.C current in a single phase
09-Nov-20 winding. Dr. Haytham Gamal
 28 TYPES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
2. Pulsating field
▪ This field has variable magnitude with a fixed
position in space.
3. Rotating field
▪ This field can be obtained by the flow of a two
or three phase A.C currents in a two or three
phase balanced windings.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal
 29 TYPES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
3. Rotating field
▪ This field has fixed magnitude but rotates in
space by a speed ns, which is called the
synchronous speed.
▪ The synchronous speed depends on the
frequency of the current producing the field.

09-Nov-20
Dr. Haytham Gamal