24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.

html #1


 
 
 
!
" #&%&%&#('*) +-,./%10325476
$
8:9<; '=?>@0BADCE6#GF?A ; 0H#G2 9
./IJ032 ; '=K2

LM4IMAN ; A-0BA76O25APQ'J2/2RMADS?'-0325A ; 6UTE#GFB#10H#(476V.W+B.

XYAAJ2#&6MZ[254IMARMA7%(PQ'J2/2RMA"\'-0HR#&6MZJ25476U]E#&%G25476_^
LM4<`aA ; 0cbd"\'-0HR#&6MZJ25476Je7T7fhgJ476UT*A=i,@jBkmlonipOerqtsusOvJw
xH447yzP7#10B=?>@0u0H#(476hwu"$#&%|{ ; #(P 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}(0 ~O€M&‚ƒ…„‡†ˆ ‰OŠO‹
ŒŽOm- &‘…’i†t’?€ i“ ’•”J–a&ŠO‹Db˜—™6O25A ; 6M'J2#(476M'7%OxH'7%&% ; 44*)
"\A-032še@"\APr,›e7T*A=i,JnipOerquwœnipNo,)ž,Hl<Ÿ wœnipNo,)ž,g@l¡l
+ >-I%&#10HRMAP¢`[#G2Ra2RMANMA ; )a#10u0H#(4764@{E+ ; 4@{ƒ,./%10325476o,

8 #&6M=£A[2RMAIM4P 9 4@{<2RMANM'7NMA ; `[#&%&%uIMAQP7#1032#&6M=K2% 9

= ; #G2#(=£'7%1e7—t`a4*>-%(P%&#&y3A[254IMAZ7#&6QI 9 NM' 9 #&6MZ[2 ; #&I<>•25A[254
~O€M&‚ƒ…„‡†ˆ ‰OŠO‹ ŒŽOm- &‘…’i†t’?€ i“ ’•”J–a&ŠO‹ b˜Su+XmgJ'-0¤476MA
4@{<2RMAU0BA*)a#&6M'7%?`a4 ; y¥0¤4@{<2¦`aA76O2#(AJ2R=£A76O2§> ;˜9
NR#&%(4-0B47NR 9 ,<—3032#&%&% ; A*)A*)aIMA ; 2RMAQZ ; 4<`[#&6MZ
AJ¨?=3#G25A*)A76O2©`[#G2Rc`[R#(=3RU— ; A'P#G2©`[RMA76Q#G2W{Ž# ; 032ª=£'*)A
4*>•2«#&6V¬747%™>)AD—?4@{<2RMA –a&ŠuŠ  †t’ Œ ‰¤­ Œ¯® ‹<  †&Š ŒŽO
- &‘…’i†t’?€ i“ ’•”M­h„  ŠO„  b°qts:±²•ge*#&6a2RMADT*AJ2 ; 47#G2E./# ; NM4 ; 2še
4@{h'7%&%uN%('=£A-0J, b˜X 9 =£47%&%(A'Z*>JA-eHLM'*)' ;´³ A76MP7%(A ; e
; A*)' ; y3AP[254µ)A[2RM'J2 —t`a'-0cN ; 47IM'7I% 9 2RMAQ476% 9
NMA ; 0B476a2RMA ; A ; A'P7#&6MZ"$#&%|{ ; #(P 8 A7%&%(' ; 0ueM2RMAQ4J2RMA ; 0ue
6M4QP4*>-IO2še ; A'P7#&6MZIMA-032¶0BA7%&%(A ; 0J,g@·¶F?A ; 2RMAQA76J0:>-#&6MZ
PA=£'PA-0z2RMAQAJ¨?=3#G25A*)A76O2šeM2RM4*>JZ7RQ6MAJF?A ; `[RM47%&% 9
AJ¨£2#&6MZ*>-#10HRMAP-e*RM'-0cIMAA76'P*>-%G25A ; 'J25API 9 6<>)A ; 4*>@0
0BA=£476MP[2RM4*>JZ7RO2š0ue0B4*)AQ4@{o`[R#(=3Rc`[#&%&%uIMAQAJ¨BNM4*>-6MPAP
RMA ; Ar,
]*'JFB#&6MZQ'7% ; A'P 9 25'7y3A76Q#10u0:>JA¢`[#G2R 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
ZA76MA ; '7%3' ; Z*>)A76O2ª'Z'7#&6J032«#™)V)AP7#('J25Ayu6M4<`[%(APZA#&6
0BA=K2#(476V¬W—&—&—?4@{ESu+X '76MPQA7%10BA<`[RMA ; A-e*#&6¢) 9 A-0u0B' 9
¸¹"$RM'J2£}(0º" ; 476MZ¢`[#G2RU—‡)V)AP7#('J25AD»<6M4<`[%(APZAh¼t¸ ½ e7—t`[#&%&%
=£476M=£A76O2 ; 'J25ARMA ; AQ476QR#10¤=£4*)aN%('7#&6O2š0¤'7IM4*>•2 ¸¡2RMA
Z7#GF?A76-¸¾,<x >•2 —)V>@032ª'P*)a#G2ª'J2/2RMAQ4*>•2š0BAJ2/2RM'J2«#G2«#10c6M4J2
A'-0 9 254N#&6P4<`[6a2RMA[25' ; ZAJ2/254¢`[R#(=3R 8 A7%&%(' ; 0
'7NN%&#(A-0z2RM'J2/2#G2%(Ar,.-2/2RMAIMAZ7#&66#&6MZQ4@{ESu+X 8 A7%&%(' ; 0
)'7y3A-0c#G2ªAJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2/2RM'J2/2RM4*>JZ7RU¸ƒ—BIMAZ7#&6¢) 9 ' ; Z*>)A76O2
`[#G2R'76'J2ƒ25'=3yz476[0BA76J0BA-l¿P'J2§>) 2RMA4 ; #(A-0ue*#G2«#10¤476% 9
'-0¤'_{Ž# ; 032¶0325A7NQ#&6'Q= ; #G2#(À*>JAQ4@{<2RMAQA76O2# ; A_{ ; '*)A<`a4 ; y
4@{hZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0M¸¾, b°q¥jv•g Á x >•27°>@032©`[RM'J2«#10z2R#10
¸˜{ ; '*)A<`a4 ; yz4@{hZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0M¸*4@{o`[R#(=3R[0BA76J0BA-l¿P'J2§>)
2RMA4 ;˜9 #10¤476% 9 476MA_{°4 ; )¤¼.
I#G2«%('J25A ; RMAU0B' 9 0¸¾,,,
2RMANM47#&6O2ª4@{<2RMAQA7N#10325A*)47%(4Z7#(=£'7%3=£'J25AZ4 ;˜9 4@{<2RMA
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #2
Z7#GF?A76Q#10ue*N ; A-0:>)'7I% 9 eM254QAJ¨BN%&#(=£'J25A[2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2
A*)aN# ; #(=£'7%uyu6M4<`[%(APZA ; A-032š0¤476'D}G{°4*>-6MP'J2#(476-}?4@{
6M476JlÃ#&6•{°A ; A76O2#('7%uyu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4@{r)'J2ƒ25A ; 4@{{°'=K2£¸¾, b°q¥jv•g
LRM'J2Ä)'7y3A-0c#G2¶0B4*>-6MPQ'-0c#|{h'76 9 {°4*>-6MP'J2#(476M'7%&#1032
A7N#10325A*)47%(4Z 9 #10¤'_{°4 ; ) 4@{<2RMAD¸Ž) 9 2R4@{<2RMAQZ7#GF?A76-¸¾,
./6MPD—?'*) {°' ; { ; 4*) 0:> ; A[2RM'J2/2R#10c#10c6M4J2/2RMA¢`a' 9
8 A7%&%(' ; 0c#10z2R#&6yu#&6MZQ4@{ #G2Å,<Æ*AJF?A ; 2RMA7%(A-0u0ueJ{°4 ; N ; A-0BA76O2
N<> ; NM4-0BA-0—t`[#&%&%3=£476J032 ; >JA[2RMAQ=£4*)V)a#G2§)A76O2/254[2RMA
Z7#GF?A76'-0ž)4 ; A ; A-032 ; #(=K25AP[2RM'76a2RM'J2še*#(PA76O2#|{ 9 #&6MZ#G2
`[#G2R476MANM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; `a' 9 4@{<2R#&6yu#&6MZQ4@{
¸Ç6M476JlÃ#&6•{°A ; A76O2#('7%uyu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4@{r)'J2ƒ25A ; 4@{{°'=K2£¸¾,LR#10
`a' 9 #&6OF?47%GF?A-0z25'7yu#&6MZ6M476JlÃ#&6•{°A ; A76O2#('7%uyu6M4<`[%(APZA[254
IMAIM'-0BAPQ476Qbœ4 ; 254IMA*gJ'76Q#™)V)AP7#('J25AQ'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZUl¡lM2RM'J2¶0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ´}(0cIMA7#&6MZ Z7#GF?A76a254Q476MA´}(0
'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0OÈh#&6=£476O2 ; '-032/254Q4J2RMA ; =£476M=£A7#GF?'7I%(AIM'-0BA-0
4@{ #™)V)AP7#('J25Ayu6M4<`[%(APZA-e<Ar,dZr,›eM2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2¶0B4*)A
IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤' ; AD¸É0BA7%|{ÃlÊ`a' ;ƒ; '76O25AP´¸¾,<—G{h476MA[2R#&6y¥0z2RM'J2
476MA´}(0cyu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4@{h476MA´}(0¤4<`[6=£476J0B=3#(4*>@0V0325'J25A-0
; A-032š0¤476'QP7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{<2RM4-0BAU0325'J25A-0ueM2RM'J2
#10z254QA*)aI ; '=£A-eJ{°4 ; 2R#10V0:>-I¥Â¿A=K2Ä)'J2ƒ25A ; eM2RMAD¸Ž) 9 2R-¸
4@{<2RMAQZ7#GF?A76o, Ë XY4 ; A4JF?A ; —t`[#&%&%3=£476•{Ž#&6MAQ'J2ƒ25A76O2#(476a254
2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2ª=£A ; 25'7#&6a2R#&6MZ-0¤' ; AQZ7#GF?A76a254-e
NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; % 9 0BA76J0B4 ;˜9 AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-e*#&6=£476O2 ; '-032/254-e
Ar,dZr,›e ; 'J2#(476M'7%u#&6O2§>-#G2#(476o,
—Ì2«#10{°4 ; 2§>-6M'J25A-eJ{°4 ; )A-eM2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤P4A-0c6M4J2
=£476•{Ž#&6MAR#10¤'J2ƒ25'=3yz476a2RMAQZ7#GF?A76a254Q'J2ƒ25'=3yu#&6MZ
0BA76J0BA-l¿P'J2§>) 2RMA4 ;˜9 ,<—G{ RMARM'P-eM2R#10cNM'7NMA ; `a4*>-%(P
IMA[F?A ;˜9 0HRM4 ; 2W{°4 ; —BRM47%(P6M4I ; #(A@{{°4 ; 0BA76J0BA-l¿P'J25'-e
'76MP-e*#&6MPAAP-e7—Å{Ž#&6MPµ)4-032ª4@{ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?= ; #G2#(=3#10:)º0
2RMA ; A4@{<254IMA¢`aA7%&%Å25'7y3A76o,<—BRMA' ; 2#&% 9 'Z ; AA[2RM'J2«#G2«#10
#™)aNM4 ; 25'76O2/254QP7#1032#&6MZ*>-#10HRP7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{
NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0{ ; 4*) #™)V)AP7#('J25Ayu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4@{{°'=K2š0ue
2RM4*>JZ7RU—?P4*>-IO2/2RM'J2Ä)'76 9 0BA76J0BAQP'J2§>) 2RMA4 ; #1032š0
`aA ; AQZ*>-#&%G2 9 4@{h=£476•{Ž%('J2#&6MZ[2RMA*)ž,<XY4 ; A4JF?A ; e7—?'*) 6M4J2
'J2ª'7%&%3P7#10HNM4-0BAP[254QPA@{°A76MP[2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'76
#™)V)AP7#('J25A-e*6M476Jl¿=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ ”͉•„ Œ †¥È*—
'Z ; AA[2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10c6M46M476Jl¿=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7% ÎuŠO’JÏ©‘  ‹ Ð 
ŒŽ ‰ Œ †t’BÑ¿‰OŠO‹<Ñʆt’ , Ò Æ*4 ; P4D—BRM'JF?AQ'76 9 0HNMA=3#('7%
'J2ƒ25'=3R<)A76O2/254[2R#&6yu#&6MZQ4@{hP7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{
NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0¤'-0 ÎuŠO’JÏ©‘  ‹ Ð  I 9 '=£À*>J'7#&6O25'76M=£A-eM2RM4*>JZ7R
—BRM'JF?A6M4 ; A'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2#(476a254[2RMA%('J2ƒ25A ; 25A ; )ºe*N ; 47NMA ; % 9
>-6MPA ; 032544Pr,
x >•2/2RMA76c`[RMA ; AQP4D—?P7#10u0BA76O2W{ ; 4*) 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
'J2ƒ25'=3yz476a2RMAQZ7#GF?A76 ¼Ó—Ì2ª=£4*)A-0¤4JF?A ; 2RMAQÀ*>JA-032#(4764@{
`[RMAJ2RMA ; `aARM'JF?AQ'QP7# ; A=K2«b¡6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%™g
'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0ue<476MA[2RM'J2ª=£476J032#G2§>•25A-0¤'
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #3
yu#&6MPQ4@{ „£’Ð-Šu Œ …’BŠ4@{h'6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%1e
6M476N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%¥0B4 ; 2Å, 8 A7%&%(' ; 0ue<'-0— ; A'PR#™)ºe*#10
=£476M=£A ; 6MAP[254QPA76 9 2R#10J,B2RM4*>JZ7RQRMA6MAJF?A ; 0B' 9 0V0B4
#&6[0B4µ)'76 9 `a4 ; P-0cbœ'J2«%(A'-032«6M4J2«#&6USu+Xmg°,<—™6MPAAP-e*#G2
#10c6M4J2ª=3%(A' ; 254µ)A¢`[RMAJ2RMA ; 8 A7%&%(' ; 0m`[#10HRMA-0z254QPA76 9
'7%&%u6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0J,<]*A
P4A-0ž)'7y3A#G2ª= ;˜9 0325'7%3=3%(A' ; 2RM'J2«RMA ; AO¿A=K2š0¤'76 9
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ †t’B‚ Œ †3e<'76MP-e
PA7NMA76MP7#&6MZQ476c`[RM'J2ª=£4*>-6O2š0¤'-0¤'76U¸Ã'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{
0B4 ; 2š0M¸Ée7—?'*) 6M4J2ªP7#10HNM4-0BAP[254QP7#10B'Z ; AA¢`[#G2RQR#™) 476
2RM'J2Å,<x >•2ª'-0z254¢`[RMAJ2RMA ; RMA ; AO¿A=K2š0¤'7%&%
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0ue7—?'*)
{°4 ; =£AP[254 ; A7% 9 476aF?' ; #(4*>@0c6M4J2©`[RM47%&% 9 >-6M'*)aI#(Z*>J4*>@0
NM47#&6O25A ; 0J,<]*AQP4A-0cRM47%(P[2RM'J2«NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A
#&6OF?47%GF?A-0¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™)º0M¸Ée `[R#(=3Rc`a4*>-%(Pµ)'7y3A
#G2ª=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&#(ÔuAPQ'76MP_{ ; 4*) `[R#(=3RQ#G2«N ; A-0:>)'7I% 9
{°47%&%(4<`0z2RM'J2 €  ‚¾„  € Œ …’BŠP4A-0c6M4J2«#&6OF?47%GF?AQ'
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0J,./6MP
`[RM'J25AJF?A ; R#10¤PAA7NMA-032/2RM4*>JZ7RO2š0¤476a2R#10cNM47#&6O2še*R#10
'J2ƒ25'=3yz476U¸¡2RMAQZ7#GF?A76-¸E#10¤=£4*)V)476% 9 25'7y3A76a254IMAQ'76
'J2ƒ25A*)aNO2/254QP7#10HNM4-0BAQ4@{h'76 9 Z7#GF?A766MA-0u0¤4@{h'76 9 2R#&6MZr,
x >•2©`[RMAJ2RMA ; 4 ; 6M4J2/2RM'J2©`a'-0cR#10c#&6O25A76O2še*#G2«#10
; A'-0B476M'7I% 9 =3%(A' ; 2RM'J2«RMA ; A-0BA ; F?A-0z2RMA[25A ; )
}Õ=£4Z76#G2#(476-}Å{°4 ; )A76O25'7%¥0325'J25A-0¤4 ; '=K2#GFB#G2#(A-0z2RM'J2ª' ; A
=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9 e*#&6MPAAPN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9 032 ; >J=K2§> ; APr,
./6MP#G2«#10z2RM'J2©`[#G2Rc`[R#(=3RU—£25'7y3A#10u0:>JAr,LM4IMAU0:> ; A-e
2R#10¤=£4*>-%(PQPAZA76MA ; 'J25A#&6O254Q'76' ; Z*>)A76O2ª4JF?A ; RM4<`
254µ>@0BA[2RMA¢`a4 ; PD}Õ=£4Z76#G2#(476-}…,<S£F?A76Q#|{ #G2¶0HRM4*>-%(P-eM2RM'J2
#10c6M4[2 ; #GFB#('7%3P7#10HN<>•25Ar,<—™6'76 9 AJF?A76O2še7—t`[#&%&%¥0BAA7y!254N<>•2
)4 ; A_{Ž%(A-0HR476a2RMAQP7#10HN<>•25AI 9 'PP7#&6MZ[2RMAQ=3%('7#™) 2RM'J2
4*> ; P7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{ÖE}(0ue<'76MPD—t`[#&%&%uIMA[2R#&6yu#&6MZ
N ; #™)' ; #&% 9 4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476QRMA ; A-e*N ; 4JFB#(PA-0¤'IM'-0H#10
b1°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476Je `a' ;ƒ; '76O2!,,,g:{°4 ; IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'7IM4*>•2/2RM4-0BA
ÖE}(0J,./6MP[2R#10c#10¤'QP7# ; A=K2ª=£476•{ ; 476O25'J2#(476c`[#G2R 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
A7N#10325A*)47%(4Z7#(=£'7%u#&6O25A ; A-032«#&6a2RMAD¸Ž) 9 2R4@{<2RMAQZ7#GF?A76-¸¾,
./6MPU0B4-e7—£2R#&6yV#G2¶0B'@{°A[254Q'-0u0:>)A[2RM'J2še
>-6MPA ; 0325'76MP7#&6MZ#™)V)AP7#('J25A „£’Ð-Šu Œ …’BŠ4@{ NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0
#&6a2R#10m`a' 9 eM2RMA ; A¢`[#&%&%uIMAQ'Q=3%(A' ; P7#10B'Z ; AA*)A76O2
IMAJ2¦`aAA76 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤'76MPµ) 9 0BA7%|{ƒ,
×&×
—Ì2©`[#&%&%¥0HRM' ; NMA76a2RMAQP7#10HN<>•25A#|{E—)'7y3AQAJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2/2RMA
FB#(A<` 4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Q#&6a2RMAQ=£476O25AJ¨£2ª4@{o`[R#(=3RU—?'*)
=£4*)V)a#G2ƒ25AP[254[2RMA Ð-›Ø  ŠuŠ  †£†Y4@{ NMA ; =£A7#GF?APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0J,<—Ì2
#10¤'_{°4 ; ) 4@{o`[RM'J2«RM'-0cIMAA76=£'7%&%(AP[2RMAD¸¿LRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
./NNMA' ; #&6MZ´¸¾,<—t`[#&%&%u6M4J2«RM'JF?A[2#™)A[254Q' ; Z*>JA_{°4 ; 2RMA
NM4-0H#G2#(476o,<—?476% 9 N<>•2«#G2W{°4 ; `a' ; PQ'-0z2RMA_{°4 ; ) 4@{
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #4
¸ÃZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0M¸2RM'J2 —?'*) =£476M=£A ; 6MAP[254QPA@{°A76MPQ'Z'7#&6J032
8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}BNM47%(A*)a#(=i,
·Y6a2R#10zFB#(A<` 2RMARMA' ; 2ª4@{*0BA76J0BANMA ; =£A7NO2#(4764@{
AJ¨£25A ; 6M'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2š0¤=£476J0H#1032š0¤4@{{°'=K2š0¤4@{E¸Ã'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ´¸Ée
{°'=K2š0z2RM'J2¶0B4*)AQ47I¥Â¿A=K2ª4 ; 4J2RMA ; %(447y¥0ueJ{°AA7%10ue
0B4*>-6MP-0ue0:)A7%&%10ue<4 ; 25'-0325A-0c#&6'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6c`a' 9 254Q'
NMA ; =£A7#GF?A ; ,LRMA-0BAQ'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ-0¤' ; A6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%u#&6
=3RM' ; '=K25A ; ,LRMA ; A#10¤'Q= ; >J=3#('7%3P7#1032#&6M=K2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76
}ÙLRMA[2 ; AA%(447y¥0¤Z ; AA76a254 8 }(e<476a2RMAQ476MARM'76MP-e<'76MP
} 8 25'7y3A-0z2RMA[2 ; AA[254IMAQZ ; AA76-}?4 ; } 8 '7NN%&#(A-0z2RMA
=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{hZ ; AA76Qbœ4@{<2 ; AA*g•254¢`[RM'J2 8 0BAA-0M}?476a2RMA
4J2RMA ; , b˜—£25'7y3AD} 8 0BAA-0z2RMA[2 ; AA ‰B†YZ ; AA76-}£254IMA
'*)aI#(Z*>J4*>@0cIMAJ2¦`aAA76a2RMA-0BA[2¦`a4r,go—™64 ; PA ; {°4 ; 2RMA
2 ; AA[254%(447yzZ ; AA76a254 8 #G2«#10¤476% 9 6MA=£A-0u0B' ;˜9 2RM'J2 8
FB#10:>J'7%&% 9 P7#10B= ; #™)a#&6M'J25A[2RMA[2 ; AA_{ ; 4*) #G2š0V0:> ;ƒ; 4*>-6MP7#&6MZ-0
I 9 #G2š0¤=£47%(4 ; b¡6M4J2«6MA=£A-0u0B' ; #&% 9 476% 9 I 9 #G2š0¤=£47%(4 ; g°,
LRM4*>JZ7RQ#G2«#10¤4@{¿25A76[0:>-NNM4-0BAP6M4<`a'P' 9 0z2RM'J2 }GÖ
%(447y¥0+V254 8 }?=£'76476% 9 )A'76U} 8 25'7y3A-0Ö¢254IMAD+}(eM2R#10
; >-6J0c#&6O254[2RMAQ47IOFB#(4*>@0¤47I¥Â¿A=K2#(476a2RM'J2/2RMA_{°4 ; )A ;
)a#(Z7RO2«IMA[2 ; >JAQAJF?A76a2RM4*>JZ7R 8 %('=3y¥0z2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{E+
'76MPU0B4Q=£'76-}Ì2«NM4-0u0H#&I% 9 25'7y3A_Ö¢254IMAD+-,uÖÚ)' 9 %(447y
%&#&y3AQ'µ)'76MZ4[254µ)Ab¡N ; A-0BA76O2/2RMAyu#&6MPQ4@{<FB#10:>J'7%
'7NNMA' ; '76M=£A[2 9 N#(=£'7%34@{h'µ)'76MZ4_{ ; 4*) 2R#10¤P7#10325'76M=£A
'76MPQ'76MZ7%(A-e*#&6a2R#10cyu#&6MPQ4@{ %&#(Z7RO2#&6MZ-e<AJ25=i,gJAJF?A76
2RM4*>JZ7RU—BRM'JF?A6MAJF?A ; {°4 ; )AP[2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h'
)'76MZ4Q'76MPRMA76M=£AQ'*) #&6M=£'7NM'7I%(AQ4@{<25'7yu#&6MZ_Ö¢254IMAQ'
)'76MZ4r,
LR<>@0YLRMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZQ=£476J032 ; >JA-0m`[RM'J2
#10¤=£4*)V)476% 9 =£'7%&%(AP[2RMAD¸ÃÀ*>J'7%&#G25'J2#GF?AQP7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?A76MA-0u0M¸
4 ; 2RMAD¸ÇNRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=3RM' ; '=K25A ; ¸*4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%
AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{<2RMA-0BA ; A7%('J2#(476J0¤4@{
'7NNMA' ; #&6MZr,O"$RMA ; AU0BA76J0BAQP'J2§>) 2RMA4 ;˜9 =£476J032 ; >JA-0
2RM'J2ª=3RM' ; '=K25A ; #&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{ #&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= À*>J'7%&#G2#(A-0¤4@{
0BA76J0BAQP'J25'Q4@{o`[R#(=3R 8 #10¤P7# ; A=K2% 9 '<`a' ; A-e<'76MP
'PJF?A ; I#('7%Å2RMA4 ;˜9 =£476J032 ; >JA-0c#G2«#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{h' ω “ 4@{
IMA7#&6MZQ=£476J0B=3#(4*>@0ueM2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ[25'7y3A-0c#G2
254IMA ; A7%('J2#(476M'7%u#&6=3RM' ; '=K25A ; e*#&6OF?47%GFB#&6MZQ'76
# ;ƒ; AP*>J=3#&I%(A ; A7%('J2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76a2RMAU0:>-I¥Â¿A=K2ª'76MP[2RMA
47I¥Â¿A=K2«NMA ; =£A7#GF?APr,H·Y6a2R#10zFB#(A<` 6M4 ; )'7%uNMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%
AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A#10c6M4J2«N<> ; A7% 9 `[#G2R#&6a2RMAU0:>-I¥Â¿A=K2še<'-0c#G2«#10
476aFB# ; 2§>J'7%&% 9 '7%&%34J2RMA ; FB#(A<`0J, bÍ·Y6MAQ4@{<2RMAµ)'7#&6
N ; 47I%(A*)º0{°4 ; 2R#10zFB#(A<` #10cNM4-0BAPI 9 =£'-0BA-0¤4@{
RM'7%&%™>J=3#&6M'J2#(476Q#&6c`[R#(=3Ra2RMA ; A#10c6M4Q47I¥Â¿A=K2ª4@{<2RMAU0B4 ; 2
8 `a4*>-%(P[25'7y3AR#™)º0BA7%|{<254IMANMA ; =£A7#GFB#&6MZr,<—£2R#&6y!2R#10
=£'76QIMARM'76MP7%(API 9 #(PA76O2#|{ 9 #&6MZ[2RMAyu#&6MPQ4@{h47I¥Â¿A=K2
2RM'J2ª'7NNMA' ; 0V0B4-l¿'76MP-l¡0B4[254 8 #&6[0:>J=3R=£'-0BA-0ue*I<>•2/2R#10
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #5
1# 0c6M4J2/2RMAN%('=£A[254QP4U0B4r, 8 AAQ'_{°4 ; 2RM=£4*)a#&6MZQ' ; 2#(=3%(A
4@{r)a#&6MA-e7¸ƒxH'=3y!254[2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ´¸Ée*#&6
- &‘…’i†t’?€  …„§‰O‘ o ‚Ž†Û€  „ Œ ›Ø  †3erq3nb°qtsusus:ge<'76MPQ' ; A=£A76O2
' ; 2#(=3%(AI 9 ]*' ; 47%(PDÜ?'76MZ-0B'*)ž, Ý go—™6Q6M4 ; )'7%uNMA ; =£A7NO2#(476
2RMAQP7# ; A=K2še*6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0c#&6OF?47%GF?AP#10
'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{<2RMAQAJ¨£25A ; 6M'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2«NMA ; =£A7#GF?APr,
Þ?4 ; 'QÀ*>-#(=3y{Ž#G¨Y476a2R#10c6M4J2#(4764@{h'QP7# ; A=K2
'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{hAJ¨£25A ; 6M'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2š0ue<=£476J0H#(PA ; '6M'7#GF?A
FB#(A<` 4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476o,LM'7y3AQ'Q=£'-0BA#&6c`[R#(=3R{Ž# ; 032 9 4*> ;
A 9 A-0¤' ; AU0HR<>•2ª'76MP 9 4*>[' ; A ŒŽ &ŠuÎu&ŠBÐß'7IM4*>•2/2RMA
0B=£A76MA#&6{ ; 476O2ª4@{ 9 4*>@e0B' 9V9 4*> ; { ; 476O2 9 ' ; Pr,¥à@4*>
‚    Qá  ‚ 2RMA[2 ; AA-0c#&6a2RMA 9 ' ; Pr,¥à@4*> Ϫ’BŠO‹  ‚
`[RMAJ2RMA ; 2RMA ; AQ' ; AU0BÀ*>-# ;ƒ; A7%10¤'76MP ; 47I#&6J0¤4*>•2/2RMA ; A
'J2/2RMAµ)4*)A76O2Å,¥à@4*> i“ €J’ ŒŽO †ˆ1⠏ 2RM'J2 9 4*> ; 6MA7#(Z7RIM4 ;
'= ; 4-0u0z2RMAU032 ; AAJ2«#10m`a4 ; yu#&6MZ#&6QR#10¤Z' ; PA76o,LRM'J2«#10ue
9 4*>ž{°4 ; ) F?' ; #(4*>@0cN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3'J2ƒ2#G2§>JPA-0
=£476M=£A ; 6#&6MZ¢`[RM'J2«#10¤4 ; )a#(Z7RO2«IMA#&6{ ; 476O2ª4@{r)Ar,LRMA76
9 4*>[47NMA76 9 4*> ; A 9 A-0¤'76MP[25'7y3AQ'%(447y•,¥à@4*> ; =£4Z76#G2#GF?A
=£476MP7#G2#(476Q#10 ; 'P7#(=£'7%&% 9 2 ; '76J0¥{°4 ; )APr,O"$RMA ; A'-0cIMA@{°4 ; A
9 4*>`aA ; Aa°>@032 ŒŽ &ŠuÎu&ŠBÐß'7IM4*>•2še Ϫ’BŠO‹  ‚ƒ&ŠBÐß'7IM4*>•2še
‚    Qá  ‚ƒ&ŠBТ2RMA[2 ; AA-0ueM2RMAU0BÀ*>-# ;ƒ; A7%10ueM2RMARM4*>@0BA-0ue
'76MPU0B4Q476JeM2RMA-0BA#G25A*)º0cbœ4 ; 0B4*)AQ4@{<2RMA*)VgJ' ; A6M4<`
‹<&‚  „ Œ ‘ “ €M‚  †  Š ŒÇ ‹_254 9 4*> ; '<`a' ; A76MA-0u0J,LRMA 9 ' ; A
Ð-›Ø  Šm254 9 4*> ; =£476J0B=3#(4*>@0H6MA-0u0J,LRMA 9 ' ; A €M‚  †  Š Œ 254
9 4*>@e `[RMA ; A'-0cIMA@{°4 ; A 9 4*>`aA ; Aµ)A ; A7% 9 PA'7%&#&6MZ¢`[#G2R
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476J0 ‰Oá-’ ®Œ 2RMA*)ž,<—Ì2«#10z2R#10cyu#&6MPQ4@{
'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0ue<476MA[2RM'J2Ä)'7y3A-0z2RMAQP7#|{¡{°A ; A76M=£A
IMAJ2¦`aAA76'=K2§>J'7%&% 9 0BAA7#&6MZU0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZQ'76MPa°>@032
2R#&6yu#&6MZQ'7IM4*>•2«#G2/2RM'J2/2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ
=£476J032 ; >JA-0c#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{ ; A7%('J2#(476J0¤4@{h'7NNMA' ; #&6MZr,
LR#10¤P7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0ueM2RM4*>JZ7RQ#G2«#10
¸Ç#&6O25A76O2#(476M'7%…¸E#&6a2RMA#&6O2§>-#G2#GF?AU0BA76J0BAQ4@{ IMA7#&6MZQ4@{
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ-e*%('=3y¥0V0B4*)AQ4@{<2RMAµ>@0:>J'7%uNR#&%(4-0B47NR#(=£'7%
)' ; y¥0¤4@{h'76Q#&6O25A76O2#(476M'7% ; A7%('J2#(476o, ã䉥€u€  ‰O‚Ž†å€   Œ ’º­
A76O25'7#&%10 㠏Åæ ‡† Œ †O,<Æ*4D}™#&6O25A76O2#(476M'7%u#&6MAJ¨B#10325A76M=£A´}BRMA ; Ar,
./6MP#G2«#10 ; A@{ ; A-0HR#&6MZ7% 9 2 ; '76J0HNM' ; A76O2Å,<—G{ ã䉥€u€  ‰O‚Ž†å€  
Œ ’º­µ'76MP ãç7è<e*#G2W{°47%&%(4<`0z2RM'J2 艥€u€  ‰O‚Ž†å€   Œ ’º­W,
—?'*) 6M4J2¶0:>JZZA-032#&6MZ[2RM'J2WÖE}(0¤'7NNMA' ; #&6MZQ'-0
0B4-l¿'76MP-l¡0B4[254 8 #10¤'U0B4*> ; =£AQ4@{ #&6•{°'7%&%&#&I%(Ayu6M4<`[%(APZAr,
·YI¥Â¿A=K2š0¤=£'76Q%(447yz4J2RMA ; `[#10BA[2RM'76'-0z2RMA 9 ' ; AÚ,O"\A
'7%&%uyu6M4<` '7IM4*>•2/2RMAU032 ; '7#(Z7RO2¶032#(=3y!2RM'J2«%(447y¥0cIMA76O2Å,
x >•2©`[RMA76U—?=£4*)A[254[2RMAQA7N#10325A*)47%(4Z7#(=£'7%uIMA' ; #&6MZQ4@{
2R#10zFB#(A<` 4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Je7—t`[#&%&%¥0:>JZZA-032/2RM'J2«#G2«#10
; A'-0B476M'7I%(A[254U0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2«RM4<` 2R#&6MZ-0¤'7NNMA' ; #10
' ; A'-0B476M'7I% 9¢; A7%&#('7I%(A-eM2RM4*>JZ7R{°'7%&%&#&I%(A-e<Z*>-#(PA[254
RM4<` 2RMA 9 ' ; Ar,
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #6

?— P46M4J2©`a'76O2/254U0:>JZZA-032/2RM'J2/2RMA
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%B)4PAQ4@{h'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0z2RM'J2«#10z2RMA
=£476OF?A ; 0BAQ4@{h'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ#10z2RMA¢`[RM47%(AQ4@{*0BA76J0BA
NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476o,Hé©>-#G25A[2RMAQ=£476O2 ; ' ;˜9 ,<—£25'7y3AQ'P*>-%G2«R<>)'76
NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476a254IMARMA'JFB#&% 9 =£476M=£A7NO2«%('PA76o,O"$RMA76U—
%(447yz4*>•2Ä) 9 032§>JP 9 `[#&6MP4<` ) 9 FB#10:>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A
IMA' ; 0ž)' ; y¥0ue<47IOFB#(4*>@0¤476 ; A@{Ž%(A=K2#(476Je<4@{ IMA7#&6MZ
032 ; >J=K2§> ; API 9 ) 9 =£476M=£A7NO2š0¤4@{  ’ ® † ˆêEŒ ‚ uˆê Ð-‚ljB†£† ê
€H‰MØ    Š Œ e<AJ25=i,<—30BAA[F?' ; #(4*>@0cNM' ; 2š0¤4@{<2RMA[FB#10:>J'7%
{Ž#(A7%(PQ'-0cRM4*>@0BA-0ueM2 ; AA-0ue<AJ25=i,:A*)aN%(4 9 #&6MZ[2RMA
'7NN ; 47N ; #('J25AQ=£476M=£A7NO2š0c#&6P47#&6MZU0B4r,<+HA ; =£A7NO2#(476Q#10ue
2 9 N#(=£'7%&% 9 e<'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6Qyu#&6MPQ4@{r>@0BAQ4@{h=£476M=£A7NO2š0ue<AJF?A76Q#|{Ãe
'-0—?'*) =£476O25A76MP7#&6MZ-eM2RMAQ=£4Z76#G2#(476Q#&6OF?47%GF?AP#10c6M4J2
476% 9 2RM'J2Å,<X 9 2RMA-0H#10c#10z2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'Q=£4Z76#G2#GF?A
A7%(A*)A76O2še<'-0HNMA=K2še<4 ; =£4*)aNM476MA76O2ª4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476a2RM'J2
#10c6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%ë,<XY4 ; A4JF?A ; #G2«#10z2R#10¤A7%(A*)A76O2/2RM'J2
Z7#GF?A-0cNMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Q#G2š0¤P7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?AQ=3RM' ; '=K25A ; Ø¥‡†ˆÑ¿‰OÑÃØ¥‡†
4J2RMA ; )4PA-0¤4@{h=£4Z76#G2#(476o,<—Ì2«#10z2R#10¤A7%(A*)A76O2/2RM'J2
P7#1032#&6MZ*>-#10HRMA-0cNMA ; =£A7NO2#(476{ ; 4*) )A*)4 ;˜9 e*b¿)A ; A*g
°>JPZ*)A76O2še ; A'-0B476#&6MZ-e `a476MPA ; #&6MZ-e*R 9 NM4J2RMA-0H#(ÔM#&6MZ-e
'76MPQ4J2RMA ; {°4 ; )º0¤4@{h'7IJ032 ; '=K2/2RM4*>JZ7RO2Å,<—B%(A'JF?A#G2ª'76
47NMA76À*>JA-032#(476c`[RMAJ2RMA ; R<>)'76QNMA ; =£A7NO2#(476AJF?A ;
=£476J0H#1032š0c#&6a2R#10¤A7%(A*)A76O2ª'7%(476MAr,<—£2R#&6yV#G2«N%('*>@0H#&I%(A
2RM'J2«#G2¶0B4*)AJ2#™)A-0¤P4A-0Vl¡lJ{°4 ; 6MA<`[IM4 ; 6Q#&6•{°'76O2š0¤'76MP
{°4 ; AJF?A ;˜9 476MA#&6=£A ; 25'7#&6[0325'J25A-0¤4@{ ; AP*>J=£APµ)A76O25'7%
'=K2#GFB#G2 9 ,<x >•2 —t`[#&%&%u6M4J2«#&6J0H#1032ª476a2RM'J2Å,<X 9 =£476O25A76O2#(476
RMA ; A#10z2RM'J2/2R#10c6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3P7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0
4@{h47I¥Â¿A=K2š0c#10{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%Å254Q=£476J0B=3#(4*>@0cNMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Je
'76MP[2RM'J2«#G2«#10m`[RM'J2«#10¤P7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?AQ4@{ #G2 Ø¥‡†ˆÑ¿‰OÑÃØ¥‡†Y4J2RMA ;
)4PA-0¤4@{h=£4Z76#G2#(476o,
×&×&×
´. 0—BRM'JF?AU0:>JZZA-0325AP-e 8 A7%&%(' ; 0ue*#&6QR#10¤'J2ƒ25'=3yz476
2RMAQZ7#GF?A76Je*#10¤=£476M=£A ; 6MAP[254QPA76 9 2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'76 9
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3=£4Z76#G2#(4764@{h'76 9 2R#&6MZr,<]*A76M=£AR#10
NM4-0H#G2#(476Q#10c#&6M=£4*)aNM'J2#&I%(A¢`[#G2Ra2RMA[FB#(A<` 4@{
NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476U—BRM'JF?Aa°>@032¶0Hy3AJ25=3RMAPr,<XY4 ; A4JF?A ; e*RMA
AJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2% 9 = ; #G2#(=3#(ÔuA-0z2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,O"\A
{Ž#&6MP[2R#10c#&6QR#10¤P7#10B=?>@0u0H#(4764@{E¸Ç%(447y¥0M¸E#&6 8 A=K2#(476J0—&—&—
'76MP —Ù¬ e*NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; % 9 —&—&—…,<XY4-032ªP7# ; A=K2% 9 e*RMAQPA76#(A-0
2RM'J2«%(447y¥0c#10¤' ; A7%('J2#(476o,
,,,¿}̨¤%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }?P4A-0c6M4J2ª'-0u0BA ; 2
A7#G2RMA ; '76¢>-6M'76M'7% 9 Ôu'7I%(A[2 ; #('P7#(= ; A7%('J2#(476
254Q47IO25'7#&6QIMAJ2¦`aAA76a¨3e ; AP-e<'76MP 8 e<4 ; '76
>-6M'76M'7% 9 Ôu'7I%(AQP 9 'P7#(= ; A7%('J2#(476a254Q47IO25'7#&6
IMAJ2¦`aAA76a¨Y'76MP 8 ,<Æ*4J2«RM4<`aAJF?A ; e
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #7
IMA=£'*>@0BA#G2ª'-0u0BA ; 2š0¤'76'76M'7% 9 Ôu'7I%(A
; A7%('J2#(476a254Q47IO25'7#&6Je*I<>•2«IMA=£'*>@0BA ‘…’u’BΆ¤#10
6M4J2ª' ; A7%('J2#(476'J2ª'7%&%ë, b°qˆŸHjug
LRMAU0:>-NNM4 ; 2W{°4 ; 2R#10¤PA76#('7%3=£476J0H#1032š0c#&6'76'76M'7% 9 0H#10
4@{E}̨¤%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }£2RM'J2 ; AJF?A'7%10c#G2«6M4J2/254IMAQ'
; A7%('J2#(4764@{hA7#G2RMA ; 4@{<2RMAQ'7IM4JF?AU0B4 ; 2š0J,
8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤=£4*)A-0z254[2R#10{ ; 4*) PA76 9 #&6MZ[2RMAQ=£4*)V)476
FB#(A<` 2RM'J2/2RMA ; AP76MA-0u0¤4@{h'NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2šeJÖ*e*#10z254
IMAQ'76M'7% 9 ÔuAP#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{ÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP[254 8 >-6MPA ;
0325'76MP' ; PQ=£476MP7#G2#(476J0J,H·Y6a2RM'J2ª'7NN ; 4'=3RQ%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP
#10ž)4 ; A_{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%Å2RM'76Qbœ'NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2£}(0:g
IMA7#&6MZ ; APr, 8 A7%&%(' ; 0cN%™>)aNJ0{°4 ; 2RMAQ47NNM4-0H#G25AQ4 ; PA ; ,
Æ*4<` 2RMAU0:>JZZA-032#(476U—t`[#10HRa254µ)'7y3A#10ue
#&6Q#G2š0V0H#™)aN%(A-032/25A ; )º0ueM2RM'J2/2RMA
0325'J25A*)A76O2 }GÖä%(447y¥0¤Z ; AA76a254mí¹476MA-0M}
P7#|{¡{°A ; 0{ ; 4*) } í¹476MA-0V0BAA-0z2RM'J2WÖä#10¤Z ; AA76-}
#&6a2RM'J2©`[RMA ; A'-0z2RMA%('J2ƒ25A ; IM4J2R
'-0B= ; #&IMA-0¤'N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™) 254
í¹476MA-0M}(0¤AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£AQ'76MP  ŠO‹’B‚Ž†  † Œ eM2RMA
{°4 ; )A ; '-0B= ; #&IMA-0z2RMAQ=3%('7#™) I<>•2ªP4A-0c6M4J2
A76MP4 ; 0BA#G2Å,LR#10c#10z2RMAQA-0u0BA76O2#('7%
P7#|{¡{°A ; A76M=£AIMAJ2¦`aAA76a2RMA[2¦`a4-eJ{°4 ; #G2«#10
=3%(A' ; 2RM'J2/2¦`a4QAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-0ž)' 9 IMA
#(PA76O2#(=£'7% ‰B† Åæ €  ‚ƒ  ŠO„  †3e<'76MP 9 AJ2ª476MAIMA
N ; 47NMA ; % 9¢; A@{°A ;ƒ; AP[254Q'-0¤' † u &ŠBÐ ŒŽ ‰ Œ
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ#10¤Z ; AA76Je<'76MP[2RMAQ4J2RMA ;
)A ; A7% 9 '-0¤'Q=£'-0BAQ4@{*0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ´}(0 ‘…’u’BÎu&ŠBÐ
Z ; AA76o, b°qˆŸH±ug
./6MPU0H#&6M=£A¢`[RM'J2«#10¤P7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?AQ4@{ ‘…’u’BÎu&ŠBÐQÐ-‚ u Š_#10¤'
{°'7#&%™> ; A[254QA76MP4 ; 0BAQ'D¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™)¸ )'PAI 9
2RMAQAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-e*#G2«#10¤'_{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%B)a#10325'7y3A[254
2R#&6yz4@{ %(447yu#&6MZQZ ; AA76'-0V0B4*)AQP7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?Ayu#&6MPQ4@{
AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7% ; A7%('J2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76a2RMAU0:>-I¥Â¿A=K2ª'76MP[2RMA
47I¥Â¿A=K2Å,
Æ*4J25A[2RM'J2/2R#10¤À*>J4J25'J2#(476QI ; #&6MZ-0¤4*>•2ª'76M4J2RMA ;
47NNM4-0H#G2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤'76MP[2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,<]*AQ'-0u0BA ; 2š0ue<'76MP#G2ªPA76#(A-0ueM2RM'J2
NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-0c#&6OF?47%GF?AD¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%
=3%('7#™)º0M¸Ée<4 ; e<'-0c#G2Ä)a#(Z7RO2«IMAJ2ƒ25A ; IMAN<>•2še
¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=£476O25A76O2£¸¾,.´0—BRM'JF?ANM47#&6O25APQ4*>•2
'7IM4JF?A-eM2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ#10¤=£4*)aNM'J2#&I%(A¢`[#G2R
2RMA[FB#(A<` 2RM'J2/2 9 N#(=£'7%uR<>)'76QNMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%
AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-e<'-0¤'¢`[RM47%(A-e*#&6OF?47%GF?A-0V0:>J=3R=£476O25A76O2Å,<x >•2
8 A7%&%(' ; 0cN ; A-0:>)'7I% 9 )A'76J0z254[2R#&6yz4@{<2R#10ue<'-0¤'
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #8
Z ; A'J2Ä)'76 9 NMA47N%(AQP46M4<`a'P' 9 0ue<'-0V0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ
2RM'J2«#10  †£†  Š Œ ™‰O‘254NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Je*NM' ; 2ª4@{o`[RM'J2Ä)'7y3A-0
'NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A €  ‚¾„  € Œ¯® ‰O‘¿,./6MPRMA ; A[2RMA
LRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZQPA=3%&#&6MA-0z254QZ4Q'7%(476MZr,
—Å{Ž#&6MP[2¦`a4µ)'7#&6P7#|{¡{Ž#(=?>-%G2#(A-0c#&6a2R#10 8 A7%&%(' ; 0H#('76
FB#(A<` 4@{ %(447y¥0J,<ÞB# ; 032še 8 A7%&%(' ; 0c#(Z76M4 ; A-0z2RMAQP7#GF?A ; 0H#G2 9 4@{
%(447y¥0ul¿=£476M=£A7NO2š0J,Hf*R#10HRM47%™) RM'-0¤4@{¿25A76P7#1032#&6MZ*>-#10HRMAP
IMAJ2¦`aAA76'D¸Ã=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A´¸*'76MPQ'D¸Ç6M476M=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A´¸
0BA76J0BAQ4@{h'7NNMA' ; '76M=£A-l¿=£476M=£A7NO2š0J, î —G{E}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254
8 }B#10¤Z7#GF?A76'Q=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?AU0BA76J0BA-e*#G2Ä)A'76J0
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ%&#&y3AD}GÖä%(447y¥0z254 8 2RMA¢`a' 9¢; AP[2R#&6MZ-0
6M4 ; )'7%&% 9 %(447yO}Bb›`[RMA ; AD}™6M4 ; )'7%&% 9 }BRM'-0¤'6M4 ; )'J2#GF?A
0BA76J0BA#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{*0325'76MP' ; PQ=£476MP7#G2#(476J0ue*N ; 47NMA ;
{ì>-6M=K2#(476#&6MZQ4@{<2RMAU0:>-I¥Â¿A=K2£}(0¤47NO2#(=£'7%3'7NNM' ; 'J2§>@0ue
AJ25=i,g°,<—™6c`[RM'J2¶f*R#10HRM47%™) =£'7%&%10¤'D¸Ç6M476M=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A´¸
0BA76J0BA-eM2RMA ; A#10c6M4%(4Z7#(=£'7%3=£4766MA=K2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76U}GÖ
%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }?'76MPQ'76 9 0325'J25A*)A76O2ª'7IM4*>•2«RM4<` `[RM'J2
‡† ; AP6M4 ; )'7%&% 9 '7NNMA' ; 0J,Hf*R#10HRM47%™) 0HR#(A-0¤'<`a' 9 { ; 4*)
Z7#GFB#&6MZQ'µ)4 ; ANM4-0H#G2#GF?AQ=3RM' ; '=K25A ; #(Ôu'J2#(4764@{<2RMA
¸Ç6M476M=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A´¸70BA76J0BA-e*I<>•2 —£2R#&6yV#G2«#10{°'7# ; % 9 =3%(A' ;
2RM'J2©`[RM'J2«RMARM'-0c#&6¢)a#&6MP#10z2RM'J2 }GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }
#&6a2R#10V0BA76J0BA ; A7NM4 ; 2š0m`[RM'J2©`aAµ)a#(Z7RO2ª=£'7%&%Å2RMA
ï ® ‰O‘& Œ ‰ Œ ›Ø  ‹<‡† Œ &ŠO„ Œ ›Ø  Š  †£†Y4@{<2R#10¤'7NNMA' ; '76M=£A-eM2RMA
#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =3RM' ; '=K25A ; 4@{<2R#10cN ; A-0BA76O25'J2#(4764@{Ö¢254 8 ,
]*A76M=£AD—t`[#&%&%Å25A ; ) 2R#10cyu#&6MPQ4@{ %(447y¥l¿=£476M=£A7NO2ª'
NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3476MAr,Hf*R#10HRM47%™) '7%10B4#&6O2 ; 4P*>J=£A-0¤'[2R# ; P
yu#&6MPQ4@{ %(447y¥l¿=£476M=£A7NO2/2RM'J2«RMAQ=£'7%&%10¸ÃA7N#10325A*)a#(=¥¸¾,<x >•2 —
{°AA7%Å2RM'J2©`aA6MAAP-e*#&6'PP7#G2#(476JeM254[2RMA_{Ž# ; 032/2¦`a4
yu#&6MP-0ue*IM4J2Rc`[RM'J2 —t`[#&%&%3=£'7%&%3' P4J¨?'-032#(= =£476M=£A7NO2še*#&6
`[R#(=3RU}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 })A'76J0}GÖä%(447y¥0z254 8 #&6'
`a' 9 2RM'J2©`a4*>-%(P6M'J2§> ; '7%&% 9 %(A'P 8 e*#&6a2RMAQ'7IJ0BA76M=£AQ4@{
0:>:{¡{Ž#(=3#(A76O2«#&6MP7#(=£'J2#(476J0z254[2RMAQ=£476O2 ; ' ;˜9 eM254IMA7%&#(AJF?A
2RM'J2WÖä#10 ; AP´}1È '76MPQ'76 A7N#10325A*)a#(= =£476M=£A7NO2še*#&6c`[R#(=3RQ#G2
)A'76J0}GÖä%(447y¥0z254 8 #&6'¢`a' 9 2RM'J2©`a4*>-%(P €M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„ 
ð ® † Œ d” “ 8 #&6a25'7yu#&6MZ 8 254IMA ; AP´}…,
"$RMA ; AQP4A-0 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'=£=£4*>-6O2ª4@{ %(447yu#&6MZ_{Ž#G2«#&6O254
2R#10{°4*> ; {°47%(PU0B=3RMA*)Ah¼Ó—Ì2ªP4A-0H6-}Ì2¶0BAA*) 254_{°'7%&%B>-6MPA ;
'76 9 4@{<2RMA-0BAQ'7%G25A ; 6M'J2#GF?A-0J,./6MP[2RMA ; A#10ž)4 ; A[2RM'76
476MA ; A'-0B476{°4 ; 2R#10J,<ÞB# ; 032še<'-0 8 A7%&%(' ; 0{°4 ; )V>-%('J25A-0c#G2še
#G2ªP4A-0c6M4J2ªZ7#GF?Aµ>@0¤'_{ì>-%&%Å2 ; '76J0H%('J2#(4764@{E}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP
254 8 }…,<x >•2«#G2©`a4*>-%(P76-}Ì2/25'7y3Aµ)V>J=3Ra254QAJ¨£2 ; '=K2¶0:>J=3R'
2 ; '76J0H%('J2#(476{ ; 4*) `[RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0V0B' 9 0J,.´0u0:>)a#&6MZ¢`aA
=£'76a2 ; '76J0H%('J25AD}&S¤#10c#(PA76O2#(=£'7%?`[#G2RUÞ ‰B†!‰OŠ Åæ €  ‚ƒ  ŠO„  }
'-0}&S¤#10cNRMA76M4*)A76M'7%&% 9 #(PA76O2#(=£'7%?`[#G2RUÞu}(e `aAQ=£'76
25'7y3A 8 A7%&%(' ; 0z254IMAµ>-6MPA ; 0325'76MP7#&6MZD}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }
'-0ž)A'76#&6MZD} 8 #10cRM'JFB#&6MZQ'76AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A[2RM'J2«#10
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #9
NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%&% 9 #(PA76O2#(=£'7%?`[#G2R † u &ŠBÐ ŒŽ ‰ Œ ãñ‡†‚  ‹oe
I<>•2©`[R#(=3RP4A-0c6M4J2ªA76MP4 ; 0BA[2RMAQ=3%('7#™) 2RM'J2WÖä#10 ; AP-e
'76MP¢`[R#(=3RP4A-0c6M4J2ªA76O25'7#&%Å2RM'J2WÖä#10 ; AP´}…,<x >•2«RM'JFB#&6MZ
)'PA[2RM'J2Ä)4JF?A-e `aAQ=£'76[0BAAµ)4 ; A#™)aNM4 ; 25'76O2
; A'-0B476J0{°4 ; 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'=£=£4*>-6O2W{°'7%&%&#&6MZQ4*>•2š0H#(PAµ) 9
0B=3RMA*)Ar,<Þ?4 ; 476MA[2R#&6MZ-e*#G2«#10c#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
#(PA'[2RM'J2«NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-0¤A-0u0BA76O2#('7%&% 9
#&6OF?47%GF?AD¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™)º0M¸Ée0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZD— ; AO¿A=K2Å,
./6MP-e*NMA ; RM'7NJ0ž)4 ; A#™)aNM4 ; 25'76O2% 9 eM2RMA#(PA'Q4@{ÖE}(0
%(447yu#&6MZQ'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6c`a' 9 RM'-0¤P ; 47NNMAPQ4*>•2ª4@{<2RMA
'76M'7% 9 0H#10ue*IMA7#&6MZ ; A7N%('=£API 9 2RMA6M4J2#(4764@{ 8 }(0
¸ÇRM'JFB#&6MZQ'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A´¸¾,LR#10c#10¤' ; A@{Ž%(A=K2#(476
4@{<2RMANM47#&6O2še*I ; 4*>JZ7RO2ª4*>•2«I 9_8 A7%&%(' ; 0c#&6 0BA=K2#(476U—Ù¬´e
No,-q¥±uj eM2RM'J2ª476QR#10¤=£476J032 ; >J'7%?`aAQP46M4J2
=3RM' ; '=K25A ; #(ÔuA¢`[RM'J2«RMAQ=£'7%&%10¸¡2RMAQ=£4*)V)476
PA-0B= ; #&NO2#GF?AQ=£476O25A76O2£¸*4@{ÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP[254 8 '76MP 8 }(0
0BAA7#&6MZ[2RM'J2WÖä#10 ; APD¸É0B'JF?A &ŠO‹<&‚  „ Œ ‘ “ I 9 #™)aN% 9 #&6MZ
2RM'J2 d” ŒŽO „£’BQU’BŠz€M‚¾’?€J’i†ˆ Œ …’BŠB‰O‘O„£’BŠ ŒÇ Š Œ Ï  ‚ aŒ ‚ ®i e
2RMA76QIM4J2R[0H#G2§>J'J2#(476J0m`a4*>-%(PIMAQ=£'-0BA-0¤4@{ † u &ŠBТ2RM'J2
Ö*e<4JF?A ; 2RMA ; A-e*#10 ; APr,¿¸ b°q¥±ujug ,LR<>@0ue<'-0m`aAµ)a#(Z7RO2¶0B' 9 e
476 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?=£476J032 ; >J'7%Å2RMA%(447yVRM'-0¤AJF?'7NM4 ; 'J25AP-e<4 ; e
IMAJ2ƒ25A ; e ; AJ2 ; A'J25AP#&6O254[2RMAIM'=3y3Z ; 4*>-6MPr,.´0cRMA
>-6MPA ; 0325'76MP-0}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }(eM2R#10c#10c6M4J2ª'¢`a' 9 4@{
0B' 9 #&6MZRM4<` Öä%(447y¥0z254 8 e*#&6a2RMA¢`a' 9 '7%&%B) 9
#&6O25A ; N ; AJ25'J2#(476J0¤' ; Ar,
]*A ; A#10¤'76M4J2RMA ; `a' 9 4@{*0BAA7#&6MZ[2R#10cNM47#&6O2Å,
8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤=£476J032 ; >JA-0}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }?476% 9 I 9¢; A7%('J2#&6MZ
#G2/254D} 8 0BAA-0Ö¢254IMA ; AP´}(e0B' 9 #&6MZ#G2©`a4*>-%(PIMA[2RMA
%('J2ƒ25A ; #|{<2RMA#&6M=3%™>JPAPN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™) b…2RM'J2WÖ ‡†
; AP*gM`aA ; AQA76MP4 ; 0BAPQ'76MPQA76O25'7#&%(APr,<x >•2/2RM'J2ª476% 9
25A7%&%10ž>@0m`[RM'J2/2RMA_{°'=K2©`a4*>-%(PIMA#|{h=£A ; 25'7#&6
=£4*>-6O25A ; {°'=K2§>J'7%3=£476MP7#G2#(476J0m`aA ; AU0B'J2#10¥{Ž#(APr,<—Ì2
P4A-0H6-}Ì2/25A7%&%B>@0m`[RM'J2«#G2 ‡†Y'-0¤'µ)'J2ƒ25A ; 4@{{°'=K2Å,<—Ì2
R#&6O2š0¤'J2/2R#10cb˜¸Ç#&6MP7# ; A=K2% 9 ¸*'-0 8 A7%&%(' ; 0V0B' 9 0:g-I 9 0B' 9 #&6MZ
2RM'J2«#G2«RM'-0z2RMAU0B'*)ANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=3RM' ; '=K25A ; '-0
† u &ŠBÐ ŒŽ ‰ Œ ãñ‡†‚  ‹ ,<x >•2¶0H#&6M=£A6M4J2R#&6MZ#10V0B'7#(PQ'-0z254
`[RM'J2/2RM'J2«NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=3RM' ; '=K25A ; ‡†3eM2RM'J2«#10c6M4J2ª4@{
)V>J=3RQRMA7%&No,
x >•2/2RMAµ)4-032«#&%&%™>)a#&6M'J2#&6MZ¢`a' 9 4@{ I ; #&6MZ7#&6MZQ4*>•2
2RMA_{°'7#&%&#&6MZ-0¤4@{ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}>-6MPA ; 0325'76MP7#&6MZQ4@{E}™%(447y¥0M}B#10
254U032#(=3yY`[#G2R¢) 9 0B=3RMA*)A_{°4 ; 'µ)4*)A76O2ª'76MPU0HRM4<`
RM4<` 2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%u%(447yz=£476M=£A7NO2«#10{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%
254[2RMAQ4J2RMA ; 0ue*RM4<` 2RMA 9 ' ; A-e*%&#&y3A 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'=£=£4*>-6O2še
&ŠO‹<&‚  „ Œ `a' 9 0¤4@{ #(PA76O2#|{ 9 #&6MZ¢`[RM'J2«#10¤P7# ; A=K2% 9
#(PA76O2#|{Ž#(API 9 2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2Å,<ÞB# ; 032«6M4J25A
2RM'J2/2RMA 9 '7%&%3Z7#GF?A ; #10BA[254a°>@032/2RMAU0B'*)AQÀ*>JA-032#(476'-0
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #10
8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?=£476J032 ; >J'7%¥l¡lu°>@032©`[RM'J2«#10z2R#10c%(447y!2RM'J2 ; AP
47I¥Â¿A=K2š0c6M4 ; )'7%&% 9 N ; A-0BA76O2«bœ=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A*ge<4 ; 2RM'J2
`a4*>-%(P6M'J2§> ; '7%&% 9 %(A'P 8 254IMA7%&#(AJF?A[2RM'J2WÖ ‡† ; AP
bœP4J¨?'-032#(=?ge<4 ; 2RM'J2«N ; 4JFB#(PA-0 €M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„  °>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476
{°4 ; 'IMA7%&#(A@{<2RM'J2WÖ ‡† ; APbœA7N#10325A*)a#(=?g¿¼./6MP#G2«#10z2RMA
NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%u%(447y¥0ul ; A7NM4 ; 2/2RM'J2«N<> ; NM4 ; 2š0z254[25A7%&%B>@0
2RM'J2Å,LM4IMAU0:> ; A-e*#G2ªP4A-0V0B4#&6'¢`a' 9 2RM'J2©`[#&%&%u6M4J2
0B'J2#10¥{ 9 )'76 9 =£476O25A*)aNM4 ; ' ;˜9 NR#&%(4-0B47NRMA ; 0J,<—Ì2
N ; 4JFB#(PA-0c6M4Q'76M'7% 9 0H#10¤4@{ %(447yu#&6MZ ; AP-e<4 ; 4@{h'76 9 4J2RMA ;
%(447y!2RM'J2«#&6OF?47%GF?A-0¤'U0H#™)aN%(AU0BA76J0B4 ;˜9 À*>J'7%&#G2 9 ,<—G{
0B4*)A476MAQP4A-0H6-}Ì2«yu6M4<` `[RM'J2«#G2«#10c%&#&y3A_{°4 ;
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ[254%(447y ; AP-e `[RM'J2ªÀ*>J'7%&#G25'J2#GF?A
P7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?A76MA-0u0¤'J2ƒ25'=3RMA-0z254[2RM'J2©`a' 9 4@{ %(447yu#&6MZ-e
`aAµ)V>@032Ä>@0BAQ476MAQ4@{<2RMAQ4J2RMA ; =£476M=£A7NO2š0z254#&6#G2#('J25A
R#™) #&6O254[2RMA%('76MZ*>J'ZAQZ'*)Ar,O"\ARM'JF?A[254N ; A-0BA76O2
0B4*)A ; APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0z254R#™) >-6MPA ; 0325'76MP' ; PQ=£476MP7#G2#(476J0
b¡RM'JFB#&6MZQ'-0B=£A ; 25'7#&6MAP[2RM'J2«R#10¤47NO2#(=£'7%¥0 9 0325A*) #10
{ì>-6M=K2#(476#&6MZ6M4 ; )'7%&% 9 e*#|{ 6MA=£A-0u0B' ;˜9 gJ'76MP[25A7%&%uR#™)
2RM'J2«%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP#10c%(447yu#&6MZ%&#&y3A ŒŽ ‰ Œ , ò x >•2¶0H#&6M=£A
2RMA ; A ‡†z0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ#G2«#10c%&#&y3A_{°4 ; '7647I¥Â¿A=K2/254%(447y
; AP-e<'76MPU0H#&6M=£AR<>)'76QIMA7#&6MZ-0¤47IOFB#(4*>@0H% 9 RM'JF?A[2RMA
=£'7NM'=3#G2 9 254%(A' ; 6c`[RM'J2/2R#10c#10ue<'76MP_{°4 ; ) '76MPQ'7NN% 9
'Q=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{ #G2še `aAQ' ; AU0B'@{°A#&6'-0u0:>)a#&6MZ[2RM'J2
6M4 ; )'7%uR<>)'76QIMA7#&6MZ-0m`[#(A7%(PU0:>J=3R=£476M=£A7NO2š0ue<AJF?A76
2RM4*>JZ7Ra2RMA 9 ' ; A6M4J2¶0:>@0B=£A7NO2#&I%(AQ4@{h'76 9 '76M'7% 9 0H#10
2RM'J2©`[#&%&% ; AJF?A'7%Å2RMA7# ; #&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =£476O25A76O2Å,
"$RM'J2 —BRM'JF?Aa°>@032¶0B'7#(PI ; #&6MZ-0¤4*>•2/2RMAQ= ; >J=3#('7%
NM47#&6O2/2RM'J2Ä) 9 {°4*> ; {°47%(PQP7#1032#&6M=K2#(476Q#10c6M4J2«IMAJ2¦`aAA76
P7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2«yu#&6MP-0¤4@{ ‘…’u’BΆ3e*I<>•2«IMAJ2¦`aAA76P7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2
`a' 9 0¤4@{ „£’BŠO„  € Œ¯® ‰O‘&1â?&ŠBÐ*e …‹  Š Œ d” “ &ŠBÐß'%(447y•,O"$RMA76 8
0BAA-0¤' ; APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2«#&6[0325'76MP' ; PQ=£476MP7#G2#(476J0ue<'7%&%ˆ{°4*> ;
=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤=£'76QIMAµ>@0BAP[254U0B' 9 eM2 ; >-% 9 e*RM4<` 2RMAQ47I¥Â¿A=K2
%(447y¥0z254R#™)ž,H·Y6% 9 476MAQ4@{<2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2š0ueM2RMA
NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3476MA-e<=£'76QIMAµ>@0BAP[254U0HNMA=3#|{ 9 2RMA
#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =3RM' ; '=K25A ; 4@{<2RM'J2«%(447yiÈH2RMAQ4J2RMA ; 0c#(PA76O2#|{ 9
#G2«I 9 #G2š0 ; A7%('J2#(476J0z254Q4J2RMA ; 2R#&6MZ-0J,<x >•2«#G2«#10z2RMA
0B'*)A%(447y!2RM'J2«#10c#(PA76O2#|{Ž#(AP-e*6M4<` #&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(=£'7%&% 9 '76MP
6M4<` ; A7%('J2#(476M'7%&% 9 ,<—™6a2RMA-0BA[25A ; )º0ueM2RMA_{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%
PA@{°A=K2«#&6 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?=£476J032 ; >J'7%34@{ %(447y¥0c#10z2RM'J2«RMARM'-0
’BŠu‘ “ ' ; A7%('J2#(476M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2še<'76MPQ'-0¤' ; A-0:>-%G2/2RMA ; A#10
6M4#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =£476M=£A7NO2ª'JF?'7#&%('7I%(A[254R#™) 254µ>@0BA[254
0HNMA=3#|{ 9 `[RM'J2/2R#10c%(447yV#10z2RM'J2WÖäN ; A-0BA76O2š0m`[RMA76Q#G2š0
N ; A-0BA76O25'J2#(476Q#10 ; A7%('J25AP[254Q4J2RMA ; 0H#G2§>J'J2#(476J0c#&6
=£A ; 25'7#&6c`a' 9 0J,./6MPU0B4-e*#&6'76Q#™)aNM4 ; 25'76O2¶0BA76J0BA-e*RMA
{°'7#&%10z254Q=£4*)A[254QZ ; #&NJ0m`[#G2RQ%(447y¥0ueJ{°'7#&%10z254I ; #&6MZQ4*>•2
Ï  ‰ Œ  Œ ‡†‘&&Î  {°4 ; '7647I¥Â¿A=K2/254%(447yz'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6c`a' 9 254
0B4*)A476MAr,
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #11
™— 6a2R#10¤=£4766MA=K2#(476Q#G2«#10m`a4 ; 2Rc`[R#&%(ANM47#&6O2#&6MZQ4*>•2
2RM'J2ª'7%G2RM4*>JZ7R=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A%(447yz=£476M=£A7NO2š0cI<>-%&y!F?A ;˜9
%(' ; ZA#&6MPAAP#&64*> ; 4*> ; 2RM4*>JZ7RO2ª'76MP[25'7%&yz'7IM4*>•2
%(447y¥0ueM2R#10¤P4A-0c6M4J2«NM4-0BAQ'7647I¥Â¿A=K2#(476a254[2RMA
{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%uN%('=£AQ4@{ NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2š0J,<ÞB# ; 032še
2RMA7# ; 4*)a6#&N ; A-0BA76M=£Ar,<—G{E—t`a'76O2/254 ; A7NM4 ; 2/2RMA%(447yubÍ0:g
4@{h'[2 9 NMAQ4@{<2R#&6MZQ4 ; 4@{h'NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 2R#&6MZUl¡l<4@{h'
0:>JZ' ; )'7N%(A[2 ; AAQ4 ; í¹4'76-}(0cRM4*>@0BAUl¡l7—?'*) {°4 ; =£AP[254
>@0BAQ'Q=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?AQ=£476M=£A7NO2«bœ4 ; e<'7%G25A ; 6M'J2#GF?A7% 9 e<'
P4J¨?'-032#(= 4 ; A7N#10325A*)a#(= =£476M=£A7NO2šeM2RM4*>JZ7Ra2RMA
=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?AQ47NO2#(476Q#10¤476MA[2RM'J2Ä)4 ; A ; A'P7#&% 9 4@{¡{°A ; 0
#G2š0BA7%|{ìg°,<—BRM'JF?A[254U0B' 9 }™#G2«%(447y¥0c%&#&y3AQ'µ)'7N%(A[2 ; AA´}?4 ;
}™#G2«%(447y¥0c%&#&y3Amí¹4'76-}(0cRM4*>@0BA´}(e*#ë,dAr,›e*#G2«N ; A-0BA76O2š0z2RMA
%(447y!2 9 N#(=£'7%&% 9 N ; A-0BA76O25API 9 'µ)'7N%(A[2 ; AAbóí¹4'76-}(0
RM4*>@0BA*g°,<T*4A-0z2RM'J2Ä)A'76a2RM'J2«6M4NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%
=£476M=£A7NO2«#10¤'7NN%&#(=£'7I%(A[254U0:>J=3RQ%(447y¥0•¼ÓÆ*4J2ª'J2ª'7%&%ë,<—Ì2«#10
476% 9 2RM'J2¶0HNMA7%&%&#&6MZQ4*>•2/2RMAQPAJ25'7#&%10¤4@{*0:>J=3R'Q=£476M=£A7NO2
#10cIMA 9 476MPQ4*> ; NM4<`aA ; 0J,O"$RMA76[0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ%(447y¥0
A76M4*>JZ7RQ%&#&y3AQ'µ)'7N%(A[2 ; AAbóí¹4'76-}(0cRM4*>@0BA*g:{°4 ; )A[254
; A=£4Z76#(ÔuA#G2ª'-0V0:>J=3RJeM2R#10c#10cI 9 FB# ; 2§>JAQ4@{ #G2š0
N ; A-0BA76O2#&6MZU0B4*)AQ=£4*)aN%(AJ¨Y4@{h=£47%(4 ; APU0HRM'7NMA-0
0HNM'J2#('7%&% 9 P7#10HNM4-0BAP#&6'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6c`a' 9 , bÍ·YIOFB#(4*>@0H% 9 '76 9
47I¥Â¿A=K2©`[#&%&%u%(447yV#&6[0H#(Z76#|{Ž#(=£'76O2% 9 P7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2©`a' 9 0ue
PA7NMA76MP7#&6MZQ476QNMA ; 0HNMA=K2#GF?A-e<'76MZ7%(A-e<P7#10325'76M=£A-e
%&#(Z7RO2#&6MZ-e<AJ25=i,œÈhI<>•2 —t`[#&%&%u#(Z76M4 ; A[2RM'J2ª=£4*)aN%(AJ¨B#G2 9 #&6
2R#10cI ; #(A@{hAJ¨BNM4-0H#G2#(476o,gox >•2«#G2©`a4*>-%(PIMAQ'_{°A' ; {ì>-%&% 9
=£4*)aN%(AJ¨¶Â¿47Ia254U0HNMA7%&%Å2R#10¤4*>•2še<'76MP[2RM'J2«#10m`[RM'J2©`aA
`a4*>-%(PRM'JF?A[254QP4#&64 ; PA ; 254¢`[#(A7%(PQ'NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%
=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{<2RMA%(447yV#&6À*>JA-032#(476o,<]*A76M=£A¢`aA_{°'7%&%uIM'=3y
476a2RMA#&6MP7# ; A=K2©`a' 9 4@{ #(PA76O2#|{ 9 #&6MZ[2RMA%(447yVN ; 4JFB#(PAP
I 9 'Q=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?AQ=£476M=£A7NO2Å,<x >•2/2RM'J2ªP4A-0c6M4J2«#™)aN% 9
2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10c6M4NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2«b¡#&6
=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%¥0HNM'=£AU0B4*)A<`[RMA ; AQAJF?A76Q#|{ 6M4J2
'=£=£A-0u0H#&I%(A[254µ>@0:g•2RM'J2©`a4*>-%(P#(PA76O2#|{ 9 °>@032/2RM'J2«%(447y•,
Þ> ; 2RMA ; )4 ; A[2RM'J2ª=£476M=£A7NO2«#10{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%u#&6°>@032
2RMAU0B'*)A¢`a' 9 '-0cNRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2š0z2RM'J2ª' ; A#&6
4*> ;/; A7NMA ; 2547# ; AoÈM{°4 ; #G2«#10z2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2/2RM'J2Ä)'7y3A-0
AJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2/2RMA#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =3RM' ; '=K25A ; 4@{<2RMA%(447y!2RM'J2«#10
IMA7#&6MZN ; A-0BA76O25AP[254µ>@0J,
Ü?AJ2Ä)AQP ; '<` 254ZAJ2RMA ; 2RMA[2R ; A'P-0¤4@{<2R#10
P7#10B=?>@0u0H#(476QI 9 #&6MP7#(=£'J2#&6MZRM4<` 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?=£476J032 ; >J'7%34@{
%(447y¥lÃ%(4=?>•2#(476J0ue `[R#(=3RQ#|{h'PAÀ*>J'J25A¢`a4*>-%(PIMA_{°'J25'7%Å254
2RMA_{°4 ; ) 4@{hZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0{°4*>-6MP#&6a2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
./NNMA' ; #&6MZ-e*NM4-0BA-0c6M4U0:>J=3Ra2R ; A'J2ª'J2ª'7%&%ë,<ÞB# ; 032ª'
; A*)a#&6MPA ; 4@{ RM4<` 2RMAQ'=£=£4*>-6O2©`a4*>-%(PQP7#10HNM4-0BAQ4@{<2RMA
LRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr, b°q¥g-#G2«#10¤= ; >J=3#('7%Å254 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
'=£=£4*>-6O2/254Q=3%('7#™) 2RM'J2ª'7%&%uNMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A#10
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #12
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9 032 ; >J=K2§> ; APoÈhRMA76M=£A[2RMA ; AQ=£'76QIMA6M4
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7%3=£4Z76#G2#(4764@{h47I¥Â¿A=K2š0c#&6
NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Je<'-0z2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZµ)'7#&6O25'7#&6J0J,
b¿jugo—G{ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'=£=£4*>-6O2ª4@{E}™%(447y¥0M}B#10¤'PAÀ*>J'J25A-eJÖE}(0
%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 P4A-0c6M4J2ª=£476J0H#1032«#&6'76Q# ;ƒ; AP*>J=3#&I%(A
; A7%('J2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76 8 '76MP_Ö/,<—™6MPAAP-e*#G2ªP4A-0H6-}Ì2
=£476J0H#1032«#&6'76 9¢; A7%('J2#(476'J2ª'7%&%ë,<x >•2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'=£=£4*>-6O2
#10c6M4J2ª'PAÀ*>J'J25Aa°>@032«IMA=£'*>@0BA#G2W{°'7#&%10z254 ; A=£4Z76#(ÔuA
2RMA_{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%uN%('=£AQ4@{<2RMA#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =3RM' ; '=K25A ; 4@{
%(447y¥0z2RM'J2«#10cI ; 4*>JZ7RO2ª4*>•2«I 9 NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%
%(447y¥0ul¿=£476M=£A7NO2š0ue0H#&6M=£A#G2«#(Z76M4 ; A-0cbœ4 ;/; AO¿A=K2š0¤476
N ; #&6M=3#&N%(A*g@0:>J=3RQNRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤'7%G254ZAJ2RMA ; ,
.´0¤' ; A-0:>-%G2«#G2W{°'7#&%10z254Q'=£=£4*>-6O2W{°4 ; %(447y¥0¤'-0¤'_{°A'J2§> ; A
4@{h4*> ; AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£Ar,
xHA@{°4 ; AD—?=£'76=£476J0H#(PA ; 2R#10¤= ; #G2#(=3#10:) 'QP476MA
2R#&6MZ-e7—)V>@032ª'J2ƒ25A76MP[254[2¦`a4Q'PP7#G2#(476M'7%u#G25A*)º0J, b°q¥g@·Y6
No,-qˆŸ•² 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤'-0B= ; #&IMA-0z2¦`a4µ)A ; #G2š0z254R#10¤'=£=£4*>-6O2Å,
ÞB# ; 032še*#G2«NMA ; )a#G2š0¤'NM' ; '7%&%(A7%Å2 ; A'J2§)A76O2ª4@{hÀ*>J'7%&#G25'J2#GF?A
'76MPQAJ¨B#10325A76O2#('7%u%(447yu#&6MZr,O"\AQ=£'76a2R#&6yz4@{<2RM'J2
P7#1032#&6M=K2#(476Q#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{o`[R#(=3RQNM' ; 2ª4@{<2RMA
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=£476O25A76O2 }ÙLRM'J2/2 ; AAQ4JF?A ; 2RMA ; A%(447y¥0
IMA76O2£}B#10c6M4J2ªA76MP4 ; 0BAPUl¡lu°>@032/2RMAIMA76O26MA-0u0¤4 ; 2RMA ; A
IMA7#&6MZQ'[2 ; AAQ4JF?A ; 2RMA ; AQ'J2ª'7%&%ë,<x >•2/2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
./NNMA' ; #&6MZQ=£'76A'-0H#&% 9 RM'76MP7%(A[2R#10z2544-e*#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{
'7647I¥Â¿A=K2«%(447yu#&6MZ[254IMAQ'[2 ; AAQ4JF?A ; 2RMA ; AQ'76MP
%(447yu#&6MZ[254IMAIMA76O2Å, 8 A=£476MP-eM2RMAQ'=£=£4*>-6O2 ¸ÃAJ¨BN%('7#&6J0
RM4<` 2R#&6MZ-0¤=£'76QRM'JF?AQ'   ‚  ‘›ØzÐ  Š  ‚ƒ…„%(447yO¸Ée<Ar,dZr,›e
%(447yu#&6MZ ; APD¸°`[#G2RM4*>•2«%(447yu#&6MZU0B=£' ; %(AJ2ª4 ; = ; #™)º0B4764 ;
'76 9 4J2RMA ; PAJ25A ; )a#&6M'J25AU0HRM'PAQ4@{ ; AP´¸¾,<Þ?4 ; 2RMA
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=£476O25A76O2ª=£'76QIMAµ)4 ; AQ4 ; %(A-0u0V0HNMA=3#|{Ž#(=i,
x >•2ª476M=£A¢`aAU0BAA[2RM'J2«%(447y¥l¿=£476M=£A7NO2š0ue<'76MPRMA76M=£A
%(447y¥lÃIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'76MP%(447y¥l ; A7NM4 ; 2š0ue<=£'76QIMAµ)4 ; AQ4 ; %(A-0u0
0HNMA=3#|{Ž#(=«`[#G2RM4*>•2/2RMA%(447yV#G2š0BA7%|{ IMA7#&6MZ%(A-0u0z2RM'76{ì>-%&% 9
0HNMA=3#|{Ž#(=Åe `aAU0BAA[2RM'J2/2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZQ=£'76
A'-0H#&% 9 RM'76MP7%(A[2R#10J,<S£F?A ;˜9 %(447yV#10ue<'-0¤'µ)4PAQ4@{
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&#(ÔuAPQAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-eJ{ì>-%&% 9 0HNMA=3#|{Ž#(=i,
Æ*4J2R#&6MZQ=£'76Q%(447y ; AP¢`[#G2RM4*>•2«%(447yu#&6MZQ'NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ;
0HRM'PAQ4@{ ; APr,<x >•2 8 )' 9 6M4J2«6M4J2#(=£A[2RMA_{ì>-%&%
0HNMA=3#|{Ž#(=3#G2 9 e<'76MPQAJF?A76Q#|{ 8 P4A-0ue 8 )' 9 6M4J2
=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9 A76M=£4PA[2RMAN ; A=3#10BAU0HRM'PAQ'76MPµ)' 9
6M4J2ªAJF?A76QIMAQ=£'7NM'7I%(AQ4@{hP47#&6MZU0B4r,
b¿jugOLRMAQ4J2RMA ; %(44-0BAQA76MPQ=£476M=£A766J0z2RMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2
8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤P4A-0c6M4J2«#&6O25A76MPR#10 0BA=K2#(476U—Ù¬
#&6O25A ; N ; AJ25'J2#(4764@{E}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }£254IMA[2RMA%('-032
`a4 ; Pr,H·Y6a2RMAQ=£476O2 ; ' ;˜9 e0H#&6M=£A[2RM'J2«#&6O25A ; N ; AJ25'J2#(476
`a'-0c#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{h'76AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7%u#(PA76O2#G2 9 IMAJ2¦`aAA76
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #13
ãåô̆‘…’u’BÎu&ŠBÐU‚  ‹ Œ ’º­µ'76MP ­/ô̆ † u &ŠBÐ ŒŽ ‰ Œ ãñ‡†‚  ‹oe
`[#G2RM4*>•2ª'76 9 '=£=£4*>-6O2ª4@{<2RMAD¸Ã=£4*)V)476PA-0B= ; #&NO2#GF?A
=£476O25A76O2£¸*4@{<2RMA[2¦`a4[2 9 NMA-0¤4@{*0H#G2§>J'J2#(476Je7¸¡2RMA[F?A ;˜9
6M'J2§> ; AQ4@{E}™%(447y¥0z25'7%&yO}B#10V0:>J=3R'-0z254 ; '7#10BAQÀ*>JA-032#(476J0
254¢`[R#(=3RQ#G2ªZ7#GF?A-0c6M4Q'76J0`aA ; ¸ b°q¥±ujug ,LRMA 0BA=K2#(476U—Ù¬
'=£=£4*>-6O2«#10ue 8 A7%&%(' ; 0z2R#&6y¥0ue<'-0{°' ; '-0m`aAQ=£'76Z4 á “
‰OŠB‰O‘ “ â?&ŠBÐõ’B‚¾‹<&ŠB‰O‚ “ ‘…’u’BΆ Œ ‰O‘&Î<,<x >•2¶0H#&6M=£A#G2«%(A'JF?A-0ž>@0
`[#G2R'76¢>-6M'76J0`aA ; APQÀ*>JA-032#(476Je*RMA#10ž)4J2#GF?'J25AP[254
Z4IMA 9 476MPr,LR#10cRMAQ'J2ƒ25A*)aNO2š0z254QP4#&6a2RMA %('-032«NM' ; 2
4@{ESu+X e `[RMA ; ARMAQPAJF?A7%(47NJ0¤'D¸¡2RMA4 ; AJ2#(=£'7%3A76O2#G2 9 ¸
'7NN ; 4'=3Ra254µ)A76O25'7%¥0325'J25A-0cb¡N ; #GF?'J25AQA7N#10B4PA-0:g
ZA76MA ; '7%&% 9 e<'76MPQAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7%3A7N#10B4PA-0c#&6QNM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; ,
LR#10¤=£4*)A-0c#&6a2¦`a4U0325'ZA-0J,LRMAµ)4 ; Aµ)4PA-032
¸Ž)47%(' ; ¸2RMA4 ;˜9 bœ4@{*0BA76J0B4 ;˜9 AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A*g>@0BA-0z2RMA
)4PA7%34@{E¸ ; A7N%&#(=£'-0M¸*4@{hAJ¨£25A ; 6M'7%uNMA ; =£A7#GF?APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0
4=£=?> ;ƒ; #&6MZ#&6a2RMANMA ; =£A7#GF?A ; ,LRMA-0BAQ' ; AQ=£476J032 ; >JAPQ'-0
† Œ ‰ ŒÇ †Y4@{<2RMANMA ; =£A7#GF?A ; e*6M4J2 €H‰O‚ Œ …„ ® ‘™‰O‚Ž† 2RM'J2¶0HRM' ; A
À*>J'7%&#G2#(A-0m`[#G2Ra2RMAQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0cNMA ; =£A7#GF?APr, b°qts@q¥g x >•2«#&6'
)4 ; AU0B47NR#1032#(=£'J25APD¸Ž)a#(= ; 4´¸E6MA*> ; 47NR 9 0H#(47%(4Z7#(=£'7%
2RMA4 ;˜9 e 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤A76OFB#10B'ZA-0z2RMA#&6O2 ; 4P*>J=K2#(4764@{
6MA*> ; 47NR 9 0H#(47%(4Z7#(=£'7%uNM'76#(=?>-%(' ; 0ue<=£A ; 25'7#&6Qyu#&6MP-0¤4@{
¸É0HNM'=£A[2#™)A¢`a4 ; )º0M¸Ée `[R#(=3R' ; A¢`[RM'J2 ¸°`[RM'J2ª' ; A
IMA7#&6MZ ; A-0HNM476MPAP[254I 9 2RMAQ4 ; Z'76#10:) `[RMA76Q#G2«%(447y¥0
254Q'NMA ; 0B476'-0z2RM4*>JZ7Ra2RMA ; A¢`aA ; AQ' ; APQ'76MP
2 ; #('76MZ*>-%(' ; NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2ª4JF?A ; 2RMA ; A´¸¾, b°qtsBŸHg ,LRMA-0BA
' ; A-e*#|{ 9 4*>U%&#&y3A-eM2RMAµ>-%G2#™)'J25AU0B=3#(A76O2#|{Ž#(=ö2RMA4 ;˜9 }(0
; A'7%&#(Ôu'J2#(4764@{<2RMA#(PA'Q4@{*0BA76J0BA-l¿P'J25'r, 8 4 8 A7%&%(' ; 0
P4A-0cN ; 4@{¡{°A ; 'U0B4 ; 2ª4@{h'76J0`aA ; 254[2RMAQÀ*>JA-032#(476Je7¸ƒ—™6
°>@032©`[RM'J2 ; A-0HNMA=K2«#10ÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP[254 8
AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7%&% 9 #(PA76O2#(=£'7%?`[#G2R 8 }(0V0BAA7#&6MZ[2RM'J2WÖä#10
; APh¼t¸Ée<'7%&IMA7#G2ª'76'76J0`aA ; #&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{h'N ; 4Z ; '*)V)'J2#(=
0:>JZZA-032#(476{°4 ; {ì>•2§> ; AU0B=3#(A76O2#|{Ž#(= PAJF?A7%(47N<)A76O2š0J,
LR#10¤PAJF?A7%(47N<)A76O2ªP4A-0V0B'JF?A 8 A7%&%(' ; 0{ ; 4*) 2RMA
=3RM' ; ZAQ4@{<254J25'7%&% 9 6MAZ7%(A=K2#&6MZ[2RMA#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =3RM' ; '=K25A ;
4@{ %(447y¥0J,<x >•2«#G2ªP4A-0c6M4J2ª'7%G25A ; 2RMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2«RMARM'-0
{°'7#&%(AP[254QP7#10HNM4-0BAQ4@{<2RMA_{°4 ; ) 4@{hZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0c#&6OF?47%GF?AP
#&6a2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,<Þ?4 ; 2RM'J2/2RMA4 ;˜9 RM47%(P-0ue
`[#G2R ; A'-0B476JeM2RM'J2/2R#10c#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= =3RM' ; '=K25A ; #10
'PAÀ*>J'J25A7% 9 RM'76MP7%(API 9 =£476M=£A7NO2š0z2RM'J2ª' ; A#&6OF?47%GF?AP
#&64*> ; 4 ; P7#&6M' ;˜9 %(447y¥0ulœ25'7%&y¥e `[RM'J25AJF?A ; {ì>•2§> ; A
0B=3#(A76O2#|{Ž#(= PAJF?A7%(47N<)A76O2š0ž)' 9 A76 ; #(=3R4*> ; =£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%
; A7NMA ; 2547# ; Ar,./6MP 8 A7%&%(' ; 0cRM'-0¤P476MA6M4J2R#&6MZ[254
P7#10HNM4-0BAQ4@{<2RM'J2ª=3%('7#™)ž,
×G÷
—BRM'JF?Aa°>@032«IMAA76= ; #G2#(=3#(ÔM#&6MZ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #14
#&6O25A ; N ; AJ25'J2#(4764@{<2RMAQ4 ; P7#&6M' ;˜9 %(4=?>•2#(476U}GÖä%(447y¥0+V254
8 }?'76MPNM47#&6O2#&6MZQ4*>•2 ; A-0HNMA=K2š0c#&6c`[R#(=3Ra2RMA
#&6O25A ; N ; AJ25'J2#(476Z7#GF?A76QI 9 2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ-e
`[R#(=3RQ#&6OF?47%GF?A-0¤'6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3Z7#GF?A766MA-0u0¤4@{
47I¥Â¿A=K2š0c#10V0:>-NMA ; #(4 ; ,<—G{E—?'*) ; #(Z7RO2ª'7IM4*>•2/2R#10ue*#G2
0:>:{¡{Ž#(=£A-0z254QPA@{°A76MPQ'Z'7#&6J032 8 A7%&%(' ; 0z2RMA_{°4 ; ) 4@{
Z7#GF?A766MA-0u0¤A*)aIM4P7#(AP#&6a2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,
x >•2/2RMA ; A#10¤'7%10B4Q'QP7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2ªPA@{°A=K2«#&6 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}B%&#&6MA
4@{h' ; Z*>)A76O2ª476Q%(447y¥0J,LR#10cRM'-0z254QP4¢`[#G2Ra2RMA
; A7%('J2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76' ; A7NM4 ; 2ª'76MP¢`[RM'J2«#10 ; A7NM4 ; 25APr,
xHA=£'*>@0BAQ4@{<2R#10¤PA@{°A=K2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0m`a4*>-%(P6M4J2«IMA
A76O2#G2%(AP[254[2RMAQ=£476M=3%™>@0H#(476a2RM'J2WÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 #10
=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9 b¡N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9 g@032 ; >J=K2§> ; APQAJF?A76Q#|{
R#10¤=£476J032 ; >J'7%34@{<2RMA ; A7NM4 ; 2 }GÖä%(447y¥0+V254 8 }t`aA ; A
=£4 ;ƒ; A=K2Å,
8 A7%&%(' ; 0V0:>-NNM4-0BA-0z2RM'J2«#G2W{°47%&%(4<`0{ ; 4*) 2RM'J2
=£476J032 ; >J'7%Å2RM'J2WÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 =£'766M4J2«IMAQ'
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7%3=£4Z76#G2#(476QI 9_8 4@{Ö/,<x >•2
RM4<` #10z2RM'J2¶0:>-NNM4-0BAP[254_{°47%&%(4<`c¼Ó—Ì2ªP4A-0{°47%&%(4<` 2RM'J2
2RMA „£’BŠO„  € Œ 4@{ÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 #10z254IMAQAJ¨BN%('7#&6MAP
#&6a25A ; )º0¤4@{<2RMA „£’BŠO„  € Œ 4@{ 8 }(0V0BAA7#&6MZ[2RM'J2WÖä#10+-,
'76MPU0H#&6M=£A[2RM'J2«#&6a2§> ; 6Q#&6OF?47%GF?A-0z2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{ÖE}(0
IMA7#&6MZD+MeM2RM'J2«%('J2ƒ25A ; =£476M=£A7NO2«#10¤'7%10B4#&6OF?47%GF?AP#&6a2RMA
=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{ÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 ,./6MP#G2«%&#&y3A<`[#10BA
{°47%&%(4<`0z2RM'J2ª476MAQ=£4*>-%(P6M4J2«RM'JF?A[2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{ÖE}(0
%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 `[#G2RM4*>•2ª'7%10B4RM'JFB#&6MZ[2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{
ÖE}(0cIMA7#&6MZD+Me<'76MP-e*#|{ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0c#10 ; #(Z7RO2ª'7IM4*>•2/2RMA%('J2ƒ25A ; e
`[#G2RM4*>•2«yu6M4<`[#&6MZ#&6c`[RM'J2ª=3# ; =?>)º0325'76M=£A-0z254[FB#(A<` '76
47I¥Â¿A=K2/254Q'-0B=£A ; 25'7#&6Q#G2š0cNMA ; =£A7#GF?'7I%(AN ; 47NMA ; 2#(A-0J,./%&%
2R#10ue<'-0 8 A7%&%(' ; 0V0B' 9 0ue7¸Ç#10ue<'J2«%(A'-032 €M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„  e<4*>•2
4@{*0325A7Nc`[#G2Ra2RMAIM'-0H#(=zN ; A-0:>-NNM4-0H#G2#(476J0¤4@{ %(4Z7#(=£'7%
'J254*)a#10:)¸Ée<'76MP#10¤47NNM4-0BAP[254[2RMA#(PA'D¸¡2RM'J2
{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2š0cNMA ; 25'7#&6#&6MZ[254Q47IJ0BA ; F?'7I%(A
{°'=K2«RM'JF?A[2RM'J2«%(4Z7#(=£'7%u#&6MPA7NMA76MPA76M=£AQ4@{h476MA
'76M4J2RMA ; `[R#(=3RQ#10¤=3RM' ; '=K25A ; #1032#(= 4@{<2RMAQA*)aN# ; #(=3#1032
2 ; 'P7#G2#(476-¸¾, b°qˆŸ:kOg ./6MPRMAU0BAA*)º0z254U0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2ª'76 9
=£4*)V)a#G2§)A76O2/254QZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0m`[#&%&%3=£'76 9 `[#G2RQ#G2ª'
=£4*)V)a#G2§)A76O2/254U0:>J=3R'Q=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'J254*)a#10:)ž,<—™6'I#G2
—t`[#&%&%3=£476J0H#(PA ; `[RMAJ2RMA ; 2R#10c#10V0B4r,<x >•2W{Ž# ; 032 —t`a'76O2/254
'-0HyY`[RM'J2«IMA' ; #&6MZ[2R#10c#10V0:>-NNM4-0BAP[254RM'JF?AQ476
`[RMAJ2RMA ; 2RMAU0325'J25AQ4@{h'@{¡{°'7# ; 0¤4@{ÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 #10
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9 032 ; >J=K2§> ; APr,O"$R 9 0HRM4*>-%(PRMA
0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2/2RMA-0BAQ=£476M=3%™>@0H#(476J0¤'7IM4*>•2ª'µ)V>•2§>J'7%
PA7NMA76MPA76M=£AQ4@{h=£476M=£A7NO2š0cRM'-0¤'76 9 IMA' ; #&6MZQ476a2RM'J2
#10u0:>JAr,O"\AQ=£'766M4J2«#&6ZA76MA ; '7%u#&6•{°A ; { ; 4*) }Ì2RMA
=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h' ³ #10¤PA7NMA76MPA76O2ª476a2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h'76
]/}£2RM'J2 ³ #10c#G2š0BA7%|{h=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%u#&6Q6M'J2§> ; Ar,LRMA
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #15
£= 476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h'bœ=3RMA*)a#(=£'7%™gJ=£4*)aNM4*>-6MPN ; A-0:>-NNM4-0BA-0
2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{hA7%(A*)A76O2š0OÈhI<>•2/2RM'J2«RM' ; P7% 9 0HRM4<`0
2RM'J2ªA7#G2RMA ; 'Q=£4*)aNM4*>-6MPQ4 ; '76A7%(A*)A76O2ª=£476O25'7#&6J0¤4 ;
>@0BA-0¤4 ; #10V032 ; >J=K2§> ; API 9 =£476M=£A7NO2š0J,LM4Q=£4*)A
0B4*)A<`[RM'J2ª=3%(4-0BA ; 254RM4*)A-eM2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h'
‹<™Ð  † Œ ›Ø aŒ ‚lj•„ Œ N ; A-0:>-NNM4-0BA-0z2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{
‹<™Ð  † Œ …’BŠ:e*I<>•2/2RM'J2«RM' ; P7% 9 0HRM4<`0z2RM'J2ªP7#(ZA-032#(476Q#10
=£' ;ƒ; #(APQ4*>•2«I 9 2RMAµ>@0BAQ4@{h=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤4 ; 2RM'J2/2RMA
P7#(ZA-032#GF?A[2 ; '=K2«b›`[R#&%(AQP7#(ZA-032#&6MZ*g)'7y3A-0¤'
¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™)¸¾,./6MP-e<AJF?A76=3%(4-0BA ; 254RM4*)A-e
2RM4*>JZ7Ra2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{{°AA7%&#&6MZ ; A7%('J¨?AP
N ; A-0:>-NNM4-0BA-0z2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{{°AA7%&#&6MZ[25A76J0BA-e*#G2
P4A-0H6-}Ì2W{°47%&%(4<` 2RM'J2ªA7#G2RMA ; {°AA7%&#&6MZ ; A7%('J¨?APQ4 ;
{°AA7%&#&6MZ[25A76J0BA#10c6MA=£A-0u0B' ; #&% 9 =£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9
032 ; >J=K2§> ; APQ4 ; )'7y3A-0¤'D¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™)¸¾,LRMA
IM'-0H#(=zNM47#&6O2«#10z2RM'J2©`aARM'JF?AQ=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤4@{r)'76 9
2R#&6MZ-0z2RM'J2ª' ; A6M4J2/2RMA*)º0BA7%GF?A-0¤=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%u#&6
6M'J2§> ; Ar,./6MPQAJF?A76Q#|{r)'76 9 4@{h4*> ; =£476M=£A7NO2š0¤' ; A
)V>•2§>J'7%&% 9 PA7NMA76MPA76O2šeM2RM'J2ªP4A-0c6M4J2R#&6MZ[254Q47IOFB#('J25A
2R#10{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%Å2 ; >•2Ro,O"$R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P¢`aAU0:>-NNM4-0BA
2RM'J2©`[RMA76c`aAQ=£4*)A[254%(447y¥0ueM2RMA%(4Z7#(=£'7%¥0H#G2§>J'J2#(476
#10¤P7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2Û¼¶"$R 9 =£4*>-%(P76-}Ì2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?=£476O25A76O2#(476J0
=£476M=£A ; 6#&6MZ[2RMA ; A7%('J2#(476J0¤4@{<2RMA „£’BŠO„  € Œ 4@{h'%(447y!254
4J2RMA ; =£476M=£A7NO2š0cIMAµ>-6MAJ¨?=£A7NO2#(476M'7I%(A-e<AJF?A76a2RM4*>JZ7R
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ´}(0c%(447yu#&6MZQ'Q=£A ; 25'7#&6c`a' 9 254µ)AQP4A-0c6M4J2
#G2š0BA7%|{ #&6OF?47%GF?AQ'76 9 >@0BAQ4@{h=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤476¢) 9 NM' ; 2šeh)V>J=3R
%(A-0u0¤'D¸ÇN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3=3%('7#™)¸ì¼
·Y6M=£A[2R#10¤À*>JA-032#(476Q#10¤=3%(A' ; % 9 NM4-0BAP-e7—30BAA6M4
IM'-0H#10{°4 ; 4J2RMA ; 2RM'76a2RMAQ'76J0`aA ; e7¸ƒ—Ì2ª=£4*>-%(P´¸¾,LRMA
RM47%&#10:) '7IM4*>•2ª=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤P4A-0c6M4J2ª=£' ;ƒ;˜9 #™)aN%&#(=£'J2#(476J0
{°4 ; 2RMA6M'J2§> ; AQ4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£Ar,<—?'*)
{°4 ; =£AP[254Q=£476M=3%™>JPA[2RM'J2«IMA=£'*>@0BA 8 A7%&%(' ; 0m`a'-0
'7NN ; 4'=3R#&6MZ[2RMA[2547N#(=«`[#G2R'U032 ; 476MZQ=£4*)V)a#G2§)A76O2
254[2RMAN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%¥032 ; >J=K2§> ; #&6MZQ4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%
AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-eM2R#10c%(APR#™) 254Q4JF?A ; %(447y!2RMAI%('J25'76O2
ŠO’BŠm†  ï ®  Œ¯® ‚å#&6OF?47%GF?APr,./6M'7%(4Z4*>@0¤=£476•{Ž%('J2#(476J0¤' ; AQ'7%&%
2544Q=£4*)V)476Q#&6QNR#&%(4-0B47NR 9 ,.
6MA' ; I 9 AJ¨?'*)aN%(A
#&6OF?47%GF?A-0c%(447yu#&6MZQ'J2/2RMA6M'J2§> ; AQ4@{ yu6M4<`[%(APZA
2R ; 4*>JZ7Ra2RMA%(A76J0¤4@{ yu6M4<`[%(APZAQ=3%('7#™)º0J,<Þ?4 ;
AJ¨?'*)aN%(A-eM2RMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2ª' „‘™‰O& 254yu6M4<`[%(APZA
; A76MPA ; 0z2RMAQ=3%('7#™)'76O2 ; A-0HNM476J0H#&I%(A[254QPA@{°A76MP[2RM'J2
=3%('7#™) I 9 '7NNMA'7%Å254Q4J2RMA ; 2R#&6MZ-0¤476MAyu6M4<`0ue*#10¤'7%&%
2544Q4@{¿25A76a25'7y3A76a254U0HRM4<` 2RM'J2ª476MAQ=£'76-}Ì2«yu6M4<` 2RM'J2 €
>-6%(A-0u0¤476MA#10¤=£'7NM'7I%(AQ4@{r)4*>-6O2#&6MZU0:>J=3R'QPA@{°A76J0BAr,
8 #™)a#&%(' ; =£476•{Ž%('J2#(476J0¤' ; AN ; AJF?'7%(A76O2ª=£476M=£A ; 6#&6MZQ4J2RMA ;
A7N#10325A*)a#(=!0325'J2§>@0BA-0J,<xHA=£'*>@0BA[254a°>@032#|{ 9 ' „‘™‰O& 254
IMAa°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ[2RM'J2 €_476MAµ)V>@032ª'7NNMA'7%Å254
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #16
4J2RMA ; °>@032#|{Ž#(APIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0ue*#G2«#10¤=£476M=3%™>JPAP[2RM'J2ª476MA
=£'76-}Ì2«IMAa°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ[2RM'J2 €[`[#G2RM4*>•2/2RM'J2
IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0cIMA7#&6MZa°>@032#|{Ž#(API 9 4J2RMA ; IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0J, ø
x >•2ªAJF?A76Q#|{<2RMAQPA7NMA76MPA76M=£AQ4@{<2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{
%(447yu#&6MZ ; APQ476a2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2še &Š ŒÇ ‚E‰O‘&™‰He<4@{ÖE}(0cIMA7#&6MZ
; APRM'-0c6M4[25A76MPA76M= 9 254U0HRM4<` 2RM'J2«%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP#10¤'
)'J2ƒ25A ; 4@{h=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3PA7N%(4 9 )A76O2ª4@{ N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%
=3%('7#™)º0ue<P4A-0c#G2/25A7%&%u#&6[0B4*)AQ4J2RMA ; `a' 9 'Z'7#&6J032/2RMA
FB#(A<` 2RM'J2WÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZ ; AP[254 8 #10ž)'J2ƒ25A ; 4@{ 8 }(0
A76¥Â¿4 9 #&6MZQ'6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3P7# ; A=K2ª=£4Z76#G2#(4764@{Ö´¼
+ >•2ª=£476OF?A ; 0BA7% 9 e*#10z2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ
=£4*)V)a#G2ƒ25AP[254[2RMAQPA76#('7%34@{h'76 9 0:>J=3R=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%
PA7NMA76MPA76M=£Ah¼Ó—™6a2RMA%&#(Z7RO2ª4@{*0BA=K2#(476Q#&#&#1eM2RMA[25A ; )º0¤4@{
2R#10¤P7#10B=?>@0u0H#(476QRM'JF?A[254IMAQA76%(' ; ZAP-e0H#&6M=£A[2RMA
2RMA4 ;˜9¢; A=£4Z76#(ÔuA-0V0BAJF?A ; '7%3=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤4@{
'7NNMA' ; '76M=£A-0 ; 'J2RMA ; 2RM'76476% 9 476MAr,./6MP_{°4 ; 2R ; AA
4@{<2RMA*) l¡lM2RMAQ=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?A-e<P4J¨?'-032#(=Åe<'76MPQA7N#10325A*)a#(=
l¡lM2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3PA7NMA76MPA76M=£A#&6À*>JA-032#(476
47IOFB#(4*>@0H% 9 P4A-0cRM47%(Pr,LRMAU0BA ; #(4*>@0c#10u0:>JAQ=£476M=£A ; 6J0
2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2še `[R#(=3RQ#10¤'J2/2RMARMA' ; 2ª4@{
2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,<—(0z2RMA[2RMA4 ;˜9 =£4*)V)a#G2ƒ25AP
254QPA76 9 #&6MZ[2RMAQPA7NMA76MPA76M=£A#&6a2RM'J2ª=£'-0BAh¼¶"\A7%&%1e
`[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P#G2«IMAh¼Ó]*A ; A#10¤476MAQ=£47RMA ; A76O2¶0B=£A76M' ; #(4r,
—™64 ; PA ; 254Q'=£À*>-# ; A[2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{
%(447yu#&6MZ ; APQ'6MA47NR 9 25Aµ)V>@032W{Ž# ; 032«%(A' ; 6c`[RM'J2«#G2«#10
{°4 ; 'NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2/254IMA ; APQ'76MP[2RMA76QIMA[2547%(P
2RM'J2¶0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ%(447y¥0 ; AP#|{ #G2«%(447y¥0z2RMA¢`a' 9 ' ; AP
47I¥Â¿A=K2/2 9 N#(=£'7%&% 9 %(447y¥0ž>-6MPA ; 0325'76MP' ; PQ=£476MP7#G2#(476J0
b…254ZAJ2RMA ; `[#G2R[0B4*)A#&6J032 ; >J=K2#(476476c`[RM'J2Ä)'7y3A-0
=£476MP7#G2#(476J0V0325'76MP' ; PQ4 ; 6M476J0325'76MP' ; P*g°, ù x >•2/2RMA
=£476M=£A7NO2ª476MAQ'=£À*>-# ; A-0c#&6a2R#10m`a' 9 #10z2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{
2RMA#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(= À*>J'7%&#G25'J2#GF?AQP7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?A76MA-0u0¤4@{<2RMA%(447y¥e
6M4J2še<Ar,dZr,›e<'Q=£4*)aNM' ; 'J2#GF?AQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{<2RMA%(447y•,LRMA
=£476M=£A7NO2ª476MA[2R<>@0¤'=£À*>-# ; A-0c#10z2#(AP[254Q476MA´}(0
yu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4@{ Ï  ‰ Œ  Œ ‡†‘&&Î  {°4 ; 0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ[254%(447y
; APr,./6MPU0B4[2RMA_{°4 ; ) 4@{hZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0c#&6OF?47%GF?AP#&6a2RMA
LRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZ#10{ì>-%&% 9 =£4*)aNM'J2#&I%(A¢`[#G2R
8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?=3%('7#™) '7IM4*>•2ª=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3PA7NMA76MPA76M=£Ar,
./6Q#10u0:>JA[2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤'-0u0B4=3#('J25A-0¤=3%(4-0BA7% 9 `[#G2R
2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3PA7NMA76MPA76M=£AQ=3%('7#™) =£476M=£A ; 6J0
`[RMAJ2RMA ; 2RMAU0BA76J0BAQ4@{E} ; AP´}B#&6c`[R#(=3R=3%(4J2R ‡† ; AP#10
2RMAU0B'*)AQ'-0z2RM'J2«#&6c`[R#(=3R'N#(A=£AQ4@{h=3%(4J2R ‘…’u’BΆ
; APr,H·Y6 No,-qˆŸ qºRMA ; 'J2RMA ; 25A76O25'J2#GF?A7% 9 0:>JZZA-032š0¤'
NM4-0H#G2#GF?AQ'76J0`aA ; , b˜+HA ; RM'7NJ0z2RMA[25A76O25'J2#GF?A76MA-0u0c#10
P*>JA[254[2RMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2«R#10c%('J25A ; ¸¡2RMA4 ; AJ2#(=£'7%
=£476J032 ; >J=K2£¸FB#(A<` 4@{hAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76O2#('7%3=£476M=£A7NO2š0V0:>JZZA-032š0
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #17
'6MAZ'J2#GF?AQ'76J0`aA ; ,go—™6'76 9 AJF?A76O2še `aAQ=£'76'-0HyY`[RM'J2
IMA' ; #&6MZQ476MAQ4 ; '76M4J2RMA ; '76J0`aA ; RM'-0¤476a2RMA[F?A ; 0H#(476
4@{hZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0{°4*>-6MP#&6a2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,<—Ì2
P4A-0c%(447yz'-0c#|{h'76 9 =£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ_{°4 ; `[R#(=3R
2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2«#10{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%1e*#ë,dAr,›e<'7%&%
{°4*> ; =£476M=£A7NO2š0—?P7#1032#&6MZ*>-#10HRMAP#&6Q#&#&#1e<P4A-0c6M4J2Ä>@0BA
} ; AP´}B#&6U}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP´}B#&6a2RMAU0B'*)AU0BA76J0BA#G2«IMA' ; 0c#&6
}GÖä#10 ; AP´}…,<x >•2/2RM'J2«#10c6M4J2/254U0B' 9 2RM'J2«#G2«#10ž>@0BAP#&6'
P7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2¶0BA76J0BAQA7#G2RMA ; bœ'-0¤PAJ25'=3RM'7I%(AN ; AP7#(=£'J25A*g°,
·Y6a2RMAQ=£476O2 ; ' ;˜9 eM2RMAµ)4-032«N%('*>@0H#&I%(A#&6O25A ; N ; AJ25'J2#(476
`a4*>-%(PIMA[2RM'J2 }™%(447y¥0 ; AP´}B#10z2 ; A'J25APQ'-0¤'U0H#&6MZ7%(A
0BA*)'76O2#(=Y>-6#G2še ; 'J2RMA ; 2RM'76QIMA7#&6MZQ=£476J032 ; >J=K25APQ4*>•2
4@{h=£4*)aI#&6#&6MZD}™%(447y¥0M}t`[#G2R'N ; AP7#(=£'J25AD} ; AP´}£2RM'J2
=£4*>-%(PQ4=£=?> ; #&64J2RMA ; NR ; '-0BA-0J, ½Ãú ./6MPU0B4%(476MZQ'-0z2RMA
NRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2«#10¤476MA[2RM'J2ªZ7#GF?A-0z2RMA#&6O2 ; #&6J0H#(=
=3RM' ; '=K25A ; 4@{ %(447yu#&6MZ ; AP-eM2RMA ; AQ' ; AQZ44P ; A'-0B476J0
{°4 ; 2R#10J,<ûHA=£A76O2ªP7#10B=?>@0u0H#(4764@{h=£47%(4 ; N ; 47NMA ; 2#(A-0¤4@{
NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2š0cbœA-0HNMA=3#('7%&% 9 Ü?' ;ƒ;˜9 ]*' ; P7#&6-}(0 ü’B‘…’B‚©”Ê’B‚
- &‘…’i†t’?€ O ‚Ž†g ½ƒ½ )'7y3A#G2ª=3%(A' ; 2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'
=£476J0H#(PA ; '7I%(A[F?' ; #(AJ2 9 4@{hP7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2«NR 9 0H#(=£'7%
N ; 47NMA ; 2#(A-0z2RM'J2ª'7%&%uRM'JF?AU0B4*)AQ=3%('7#™) 254IMA[2RMA
NR 9 0H#(=£'7%uN ; 47NMA ; 2 9 4@{ ; AP76MA-0u0ue `[R#&%(A[2RMA ; A#10c6M4
0:>J=3RP7#GF?A ; 0H#G2 9 #&6c`[RM'J2«#G2«#10z254%(447y ; AP#&6a2RMAU0BA76J0BA
{°4 ; `[R#(=3Ra2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2«#10cIM'-0H#(=i, bÍ·ö{
=£4*> ; 0BA[2RMA ; A#10¤Z ; A'J2/F?' ; #(AJ2 9 #&6a2RMAQP7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2
0HRM'PA-0¤4@{ ; APU0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZQ=£'76Q%(447y•,go—G{o`aAQ' ; A
%(447yu#&6MZ_{°4 ; 'Q'7NNMA' ; '76M=£AQ=£476M=£A7NO2«#&6c`[R#(=3Rc`[RMA76
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZQ'7NNMA' ; 0 ‚  ‹oe*#G2«#10c#&6°>@032/2RMAU0BA76J0BA#&6
`[R#(=3R'NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2©`a4*>-%(PIMA ‚  ‹oe `aARM'JF?A[254
%(A'JF?ANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%&% 9 %(447yu#&6MZ ; APQ'7%G254ZAJ2RMA ; '76MP
)4JF?A[254U0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ%&#&y3AD}ÙLRM'J2«%(447y¥0z254IMA ; AP´}(e
`[R#(=3RQ#10¤4*>•2š0H#(PA[2RMAQZ ; 4*>-N4@{ %(447yz=£476M=£A7NO2š0{°4 ;
`[R#(=3Ra2RMANRMA76M4*)A76M'7%3=£476M=£A7NO2«#10{ì>-6MP'*)A76O25'7%1e
I<>•2Ä)A'76J0V0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ%&#&y3AD} 8 4_{°' ; '-0—?=£'76a25A7%&%1eM2RM'J2
#10 ; AP´}…,LR#10c%('J2ƒ25A ; #10¤=3%(4-0BAyu#&6a254 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
>-6MPA ; 0325'76MP7#&6MZQ4@{E}GÖä%(447y¥0 ; AP[254 8 }(e `[R#(=3R¢)' 9
RMA7%&Na254QAJ¨BN%('7#&6c`[R 9 RMA_{Ž#&6MP-0z2RMA#(PA76O2#G2 9 4@{*0BA76J0BA
2RMA-0H#10cN%('*>@0H#&I%(Ar,
÷
L RMA_{Ž#&6M'7%3=£4*)aNM476MA76O2ª4@{r) 9 =£'-0BAQ'Z'7#&6J032 8 A7%&%(' ; 0
476a2RMAQZ7#GF?A76Q#10¤'76' ; Z*>)A76O2W{°4 ; 2RMAQA7N#10325A*)a#(=
A@{¡{Ž#(=£'= 9 4@{ 6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3P7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0ue<'76MP
2RMAQ=£476O25A76O2#(476a2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0cRM'-0{°'7#&%(AP[254QA7%&#™)a#&6M'J25A
#G2Å,<ûHA*)A*)aIMA ; 2RM'J2«6MA' ; 2RMAIMAZ7#&66#&6MZQ4@{ESu+X
8 A7%&%(' ; 0V0B' 9 0z2RM'J2 ¸¡2RMANM47#&6O2ª4@{<2RMAQA7N#10325A*)47%(4Z7#(=£'7%
=£'J25AZ4 ;˜9 4@{<2RMAQZ7#GF?A76Q#10ue*N ; A-0:>)'7I% 9 eM254QAJ¨BN%&#(=£'J25A
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #18
2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2ªA*)aN# ; #(=£'7%uyu6M4<`[%(APZA ; A-032š0¤476'
}G{°4*>-6MP'J2#(476-}?4@{ 6M476JlÃ#&6•{°A ; A76O2#('7%B)'J2ƒ25A ; 4@{{°'=K2£¸ b°q¥jv•g
—BRM'JF?AQ'7% ; A'P 9 )'PA#G2ªAJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2/2RM'J2 —?P476-}Ì2ª=£476J0H#(PA ;
0:>J=3R'76U¸Ç#(PA'´¸254IMAQ'76 9 0B4 ; 2ª4@{h=£476M=£A7NO2ª4@{h' Ð-›Ø  Š:e
#&6'76Q#&6O2§>-#G2#GF?AU0BA76J0BAQ4@{<2RM'J2/25A ; )mÈH2RM4*>JZ7R[0:>J=3R
6M476JlÃ#&6•{°A ; A76O2#('7%uyu6M4<`[%(APZAQ=£'76[0HN ; #&6MZ_{ ; 4*) 2RMA
Z7#GF?A76Je &Š ŒÇ ‚E‰O‘&™‰,<x >•2ª'J2«%(A'-032/2R#10V0325'J25A*)A76O2«I ; #&6MZ-0
4*>•2/2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'J2ƒ25'=3yz476a2RMAQZ7#GF?A76Q#10c#&6a2RMA
0BA ; FB#(=£AQ4@{h'76A7N#10325A*)47%(4Z7#(=£'7%3=£476M=£A ; 6Jeh)4 ; A
0HNMA=3#|{Ž#(=£'7%&% 9 '7647NNM4-0H#G2#(476Je*6M4J2ª476% 9 254
{°4*>-6MP'J2#(476M'7%&#10:)ºe*I<>•2/254Q'76 9 =£4*)V)a#G2§)A76O2/254
#10B47%('J25API#G2š0¤4@{ #™)V)AP7#('J25Ayu6M4<`[%(APZA[2RM'J2«#&6Q6M4
`a' 9 4<`aA[2RMA7# ; A7N#10325A*)a#(=!0325'J2§>@0z254[2RMA7# ;/; A7%('J2#(476a254
4J2RMA ; 2R#&6MZ-0¤476MAyu6M4<`0¤4 ; °>@032#|{Ž#('7I% 9 IMA7%&#(AJF?A-0J,
]*A76M=£A-e<AJF?A76Q#|{E—BRM'JF?AU0HRM4<`[6a2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
' ; Z*>)A76O2š0cRM'JF?A6M4J2ªP'*)'ZAP[2RMAQ'=£=£4*>-6O2ª4@{
NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£AQZ7#GF?A76QI 9 2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
./NNMA' ; #&6MZ-e*RMAµ)a#(Z7RO2/25'7y3A[2RM'J2/254IMAQ'RM47%&%(4<`
FB#(=K254 ;˜9 #|{ #G2ª=£4*>-%(P6M4J2ª'7%10B4IMAU0HRM4<`[6a2RM'J2
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ-0¤=£'76QN ; 4JFB#(PA
°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476{°4 ; IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'7IM4*>•2/2RMAQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0z2RM'J2
'7NNMA' ; ,./6MP[254[2RM'J2/25'-0Hy!2RM'J2 —B6M4<` 2§> ; 6o,
xHA@{°4 ; AQZ7#GFB#&6MZµ) 9 NM4-0H#G2#GF?AQ'=£=£4*>-6O2«#G2©`a4*>-%(PIMA
>@0BA@{ì>-%Å254U0HRM4<` 2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤P4A-0¤47NNM4-0BA[2RMA#(PA'
2RM'J2«IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'7IM4*>•2«NMA ; =£A7#GF?APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0¤=£'76QIMA
°>@032#|{Ž#(API 9 0HN ; #&6MZ7#&6MZ_{ ; 4*) 6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%
=£4Z76#G2#(476J0¤4@{<2RM4-0BAQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0J,<—?=£'766M4J2«NM47#&6O2/254
AJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2¶0325'J25A*)A76O2š0cI 9_8 A7%&%(' ; 0z254[2R#10¤A@{¡{°A=K2šeJ{°4 ; RMA
P4A-0H6-}Ì2W{°4 ; )V>-%('J25A[2RMA#10u0:>JA-0c#&6°>@032/2RM4-0BA[25A ; )º0J,
x >•2/2RMAQ=£4*> ; 0BAQ4@{ R#10¤' ; Z*>)A76O2«#&6USu+X #10V0:>J=3R'-0z254
)'7y3A#G2ª=3%(A' ; 2RM'J2/2R#10c#10cR#10cNM4-0H#G2#(476o,LR ; 4*>JZ7RM4*>•2
RMAU032 ; A-0u0BA-0z2RMANM47#&6O2/2RM'J2ª'7%G2RM4*>JZ7R
6M476N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£Abœ4 ; 2RMAQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0
2RMA ; A4@{h476'U0BA76J0BAQP'J2§>) =£476J032 ; >J'7%™g)' 9 „§‰ ® † 
IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'7IM4*>•2«NMA ; =£A7#GF?APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2š0ue*#G2ª=£'766M4J2W{ì>-6M=K2#(476
'-0¤'a°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476a2RMA ; A4@{ƒ,<Þ?4 ; AJ¨?'*)aN%(A-e*#&6 0BA=K2#(476ßq
e*RMAQ=£476O2 ; '-032š0@w ¸¡2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2/2RMA ; AQ' ; AQ=£A ; 25'7#&6
#&66MA ; A7N#10B4PA-0Vl¡l<Ar,dZr,H0BA76J0B'J2#(476J0¤4@{ ; APÚ,,,•`[R#(=3R
=£'764=£=?> ; 254R<>)'76QIMA7#&6MZ-0[,,,•`[#G2RM4*>•2ª'76 9 N ; #(4 ;
N ; 4=£A-0u0¤4@{ %(A' ; 6#&6MZQ4 ; =£476M=£A7NO2W{°4 ; )'J2#(476-¸*'76MPD¸¿LRMA
#(PA'[2RM'J2/2RMA ; AQ' ; AQ=£A ; 25'7#&6Q#&66MA ; A7N#10B4PA-0m`[R#(=3R
' ; A[2RMA6M476JlÃ#&6•{°A ; A76O2#('7%uyu6M4<`[#&6MZ-0z2RM'J2ª=£A ; 25'7#&6
#G25A*)º0¤' ; A-eJ{°4 ; AJ¨?'*)aN%(A-e ; APÚ,,,¿¸<./6MPRMAU0B' 9 0¤4@{<2RMA
{Ž# ; 032«#(PA'[2RM'J2«#G2 ¸Ã' ; #10BA-0c#&6a2RMAQ'J2ƒ25A*)aNO2/254QAJ¨BN%('7#&6
2RMA_{°'=K2š0¤4@{*0BA76J0BANMA ; =£A7NO2#(476Q#&6[0B=3#(A76O2#|{Ž#(=!032 9 %(A´¸¾,
b°q3nOjil¹nunOgO.7Z'7#&6QRMAU0B' 9 0¤4@{*0BA76J0B'J2#(476J0¤4@{ ; AP[2RM'J2
`[#G2RM4*>•2/2RMA*) ¸Ç#G2©`a4*>-%(P &Šm†t’B  †  Š†  IMA#™)aNM4-0u0H#&I%(A
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #19
254U0BAA-eJ{°4 ; AJ¨?'*)aN%(A-eM2RM'J2/2RMA_{°'=3#&6MZU0:> ; {°'=£AQ4@{h'
NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2«#10 ; APÚ,,,¿¸¾, b°q3nOjugOLRMAQ=£476O25AJ¨£2Ä)'7y3A-0
#G2ª=3%(A' ; 2RM'J2«RMA[25'7y3A-0z2RMA-0BAU0BA76J0B'J2#(476J0z254IMA[2RMA
6MA=£A-0u0B' ;˜9 „§‰ ® †Å‰O‘•=£476MP7#G2#(476J0¤4@{<2RMANMA ; =£A7NO2#(476J0
bœ'76MP[2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0cRMAU0:>-NNM4-0BA-0z2RMA*) 254Q=£476O25'7#&6<ge
; 'J2RMA ; 2RM'76'76 9 0B4 ; 2ª4@{H°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476{°4 ; 2RMA*)ž, ½ìÁ ./6MP
2RMA¢`[RM47%(AN ; 4O¿A=K2ª4@{h=£476J032 ; >-#&6MZD¸ÇN ; #GF?'J25AQA7N#10B4PA-0M¸Ée
#&6M=3%™>JP7#&6MZU0BA76J0B'J2#(476J0¤'76MP%(447y¥0ue<'-0¸¡2RMA4 ; AJ2#(=£'7%
=£476J032 ; >J=K2š0M¸E#&6a2RMA %('-032«NM' ; 2ª4@{ESu+X PA7NMA76MP-0¤476
2R#&6yu#&6MZQ4@{<2RMA*) '-0c#&6OF?47%GF?AP#&6'76AJ¨BN%('76M'J254 ;˜9
2RMA4 ;˜9 e<'[2RMA4 ;˜9 2RM'J2«NM4-0H#G2š0z2RMA*)ºe &Š ŒÇ ‚E‰O‘&™‰HeM254
AJ¨BN%('7#&6QRM4<` `aANMA ; =£A7#GF?A[2R#&6MZ-0¤'76MP[2RMA
yu6M4<`[%(APZA¢`aAQZAJ2W{ ; 4*) 2RM'J2Å,<ûH4*>JZ7R% 9 0HNMA'7yu#&6MZ-e
`aAQ' ; AQ'7I%(A[254U0BAA[2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'µ)'7N%(A[2 ; AA
IMA@{°4 ; Aµ>@0¤'76MP[2RMA ; A7I 9 yu6M4<` 2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'µ)'7N%(A
2 ; AAIMA@{°4 ; Aµ>@0ue*I 9 FB# ; 2§>JAQ4@{<2RMAQ4=£=?> ;ƒ; A76M=£A#&6¢>@0¤4@{
=£A ; 25'7#&6U¸Ç#&66MA ;/; A7N%&#(=£'-0M¸Ebœ4 ; 2RMA4 ; AJ2#(=£'7%3A76O2#G2#(A-0
)4PA7%&%(APQ476QNR 9 0H#(=£'7% ; A7N%&#(=£'-0:g•2RM'J2ª' ; AU0H#™)a#&%(' ; 254
)'7N%(A[2 ; AA-0¤'76MPU0BA ; F?A[254 ; A7N ; A-0BA76O2/2RMA*) 254µ>@0J,<—™6
2RMAµ)4 ; AU0B47NR#1032#(=£'J25AP6MA*> ; 47NR 9 0H#(47%(4Z7#(=£'7%
PAJF?A7%(47N<)A76O2ª4@{*0:>J=3Ra2RMA4 ; #(A-0 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤A76OFB#10B'ZA-0¸Ç#G2
#10V0:>J=3RQNM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0cýœ'-0z2RMA6MA*> ; 47NR 9 0H#(47%(4Z7#(=£'7%
; A'7%&#(Ôu'J2#(476J0¤4@{*0:>J=3RU¸ ; A7N%&#(=£'-0M¸ìþJ`[R#(=3RQbë{ ; 4*) 2RMA
0325'76MP7NM47#&6O2ª4@{<2RMA4 ;˜9 gJ' ; AIMA7#&6MZ ; A-0HNM476MPAP[254I 9
2RMAQ4 ; Z'76#10:) `[RMA76Q#G2«%(447y¥0z254Q' €  ‚Ž†t’BŠ'-0z2RM4*>JZ7R
2RMA ; A¢`aA ; AQ' ; APQ'76MP[2 ; #('76MZ*>-%(' ; NR 9 0H#(=£'7%347I¥Â¿A=K2
4JF?A ; 2RMA ; Ar,¿¸ b°qtsBŸHg
8 46M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-0ue<'=£=£4 ; P7#&6MZ[254
8 A7%&%(' ; 0ue<=£'76QN ; 4JFB#(PA[2RMA4 ; AJ2#(=£'7%3=£'*>@0B'7%
AJ¨BN%('76M'J2#(476J0¤4@{ NMA ; =£A7#GFB#&6MZ-0¤'76MPNMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%
yu6M4<`[%(APZAr,<x >•2©`[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P¢`aAU0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2/2R#10
; >-%(A-0¤4*>•2/2RMA7# ; A7N#10325A*)a#(= A@{¡{Ž#(=£'= 9 eM2RMA7# ; N ; 4JFB#(P7#&6MZ
°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476{°4 ; 2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0z2RMA 9 A76MZA76MPA ; ¼ÓX 9 '7#™)
#10z254QPA76 9 °>@032/2RM'J2W{°4 ; 2RMAQ'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ-0cNM4-0H#G25API 9
2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZr,<x >•2«IMA@{°4 ; AQ=£4*)a#&6MZ[254[2RM'J2
—B6MAAP[254Q=£476J0H#(PA ; `[R 9_8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤P4A-0c6M4J2Ä)'7y3A[2RMA
=£'*>@0BA-l&°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476=£476O2 ; '-032W{°4 ; %(447y¥0c#&6QNM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; e
I<>•2 ; 'J2RMA ; =£476M=£A76O2 ; 'J25A-0¤476Q#G25A*)º0c#&6a2RMAU0BA76J0BA
P'J2§>) {°'*)a#&% 9 l¡l7¸É0BA76J0BAQ=£476O25A76O2š0M¸Ée0BA76J0B'J2#(476J0ue<'76MP
2RMA%&#&y3Ar, 8 4_{°' ; '-0—?=£'76[0BAA-eM2RMA ; A'-0B476Q#10z2RM'J2«RMA
2R#&6y¥0cRMARM'-0c6MA*>•2 ; '7%&#(ÔuAPQ'76 9 25A76MPA76M= 9 254
0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2WÖE}(0c%(447yu#&6MZD+V254 8 ‡†Y'76 9 P7#1032#&6M=K2#GF?A
2 9 NMAQ4@{hAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£AI 9 Z7#GFB#&6MZ[2RMAD¸Ã'7IJ0325A76O2#(476{ ; 4*)
A76MP4 ; 0BA*)A76O2£¸*=£476J032 ; >J'7%34@{<2RM'J2©`aAQA76M=£4*>-6O25A ; AP
A' ; %&#(A ; ,LRM'J2©`a'-0V0:>-NNM4-0BAP[254N<>•2«%(447y¥0¤4*>•2ª4@{<2RMA
; >-66#&6MZ_{°4 ; A7#G2RMA ; 'Q=£'*>@0B'7%34 ; '76A7N#10325A*)a#(= ; 47%(Ar,
"$RMA ; A'-0m`[#G2R[0BA76J0BAQP'J25'bÍ0BA76J0BAQ=£476O25A76O2š0:g 8 A7%&%(' ; 0
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #20
74 6% 9 N<> ; NM4 ; 2š0z254RM'JF?AQP7#10B= ; AP7#G25APQ=£A ; 25'7#&6{°4 ; )º0¤4@{
2RMA[FB#(A<` l¡lM2RM4-0BA[2RM'J2¶0:>-NNM4-0BAU0BA76J0BAQP'J2§>)
=£476M=£A7NO2š0z254IMAN ; #™)4 ; P7#('7%3'76MP#&6MPA7NMA76MPA76O2ª4@{
=£4766MA=K2#(476c`[#G2R=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤4@{<2RMAN<>-I%&#(=3% 9 NMA ; =£A7#GF?AP
`a4 ; %(Pr,LRM'J2«%(A'JF?A-0cR#™) { ; AA[254N ; 4JFB#(PAQ'
¸ ; A-0HNMA=K25'7I%(A´¸*'=£=£4*>-6O2ª4@{*0BA76J0BAQP'J25'Q'-0z2RMA4 ; AJ2#(=£'7%
=£476J032 ; >J=K2š0c#&6'[2RMA4 ;˜9 PA-0H#(Z76MAP[254QAJ¨BN%('7#&6QN<>-I%&#(=
P'J25'-e<'76MPRMA76M=£AQ'-0¤A-0u0BA76O2#('7%&% 9 =£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9
=£4766MA=K25AP¢`[#G2R=£476M=£A7NO2š0¤4@{<2RMAN<>-I%&#(=3% 9
47IJ0BA ; F?'7I%(Ar,
Þ?4 ; 2§>-6M'J25A7% 9 {°4 ; ) 9 N<> ; NM4-0BA-e `aAQ=£'76Q#(Z76M4 ; A
2RMA-0BAQPAJ25'7#&%10¤'76MPQ=£476J0H#(PA ; `[RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0m`a4*>-%(PU0B' 9
254µ) 9 =£476O25A76O2#(476a2RM'J2 —?=£'76QIMA €M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„  °>@032#|{Ž#(AP
#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ[2RM'J2©`[RM'J2 —BNMA ; =£A7#GF?A#10ž) 9 =£4*)aN<>•25A ;
IMA=£'*>@0BA#G2«%(447y¥0z254µ)A%&#&y3Aµ) 9 =£4*)aN<>•25A ; ,<Þ?4 ; #G2«#10
=3%(A' ; 2RM'J2«RMA¢`a4*>-%(PRM'JF?A[2RMAU0B'*)AQ47I¥Â¿A=K2#(476a254
2R#10¤'-0z254[2RMAQ=3%('7#™) 2RM'J2/2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{ #10 °>@032#|{Ž#(API 9
) 9 '<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{h'Q=£4*)aN<>•25A ; l¡0HRM'7NMAPU0BA76J0BA
P'J2§>)ž,<xH4J2R' ; AQAÀ*>J'7%&% 9 47NNM4-0BAP[254R#10ž)4 ; A
RM47%&#1032#(= A7N#10325A*)47%(4Z 9 ,<x >•2W{Ž# ; 032še*%(AJ2Ä)A#&6MP7#(=£'J25A
`[R 9 —£2R#&6y¤) 9 =3%('7#™) #10c#&6#G2#('7%&% 9 N%('*>@0H#&I%(Ar,
LRMAIM'-0H#(=zNM47#&6O2«#10z2R#10J,<—G{*0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ%(447y¥0c%&#&y3A
'Q=£4*)aN<>•25A ; 2RM'J2«N ; 4JFB#(PA-0¤'76Q#&6#G2#('7%3= ; AP7#&I#&%&#G2 9 254
0:>-NNM4-0H#&6MZ[2RM'J2«#G2«#10¤'Q=£4*)aN<>•25A ; ,<Æ*4J2ª'76Q#&6•{°'7%&%&#&I%(A
IM'-0H#10ue<4@{h=£4*> ; 0BAr,LRM'J2£}(0z2RMANM47#&6O2ª4@{<2RMAD} €M‚ƒ&¢‰
”͉•„  }?À*>J'7%&#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476o,LR#&6MZ-0¤' ; A76-}Ì2ª'7%Õ`a' 9 0z2RMA¢`a' 9
2RMA 9 %(447y•, 8 4*)AJ2R#&6MZQ=£'76Q%(447yV%&#&y3AQ'µ)A'P4<`
032 ; AJ25=3R#&6MZQ'<`a' 9 #&6O254[2RMAQP7#10325'76M=£A¢`[RMA76Q#G2«#10
'=K2§>J'7%&% 9 'U0325'ZAU0BAJ2Å,./6MP#|{<2RMA ; AQ' ; AU0:>:{¡{Ž#(=3#(A76O2
; A'-0B476J0z254[2RMAQ=£476O2 ; ' ;˜9 eM2RMA#&6#G2#('7%uN ; A-0:>)aNO2#(476
2RM'J2«#G2«#10¤'µ)A'P4<` =£'76QIMAQ4JF?A ;ƒ; #(PA76o,<x >•2/2RMA
N ; #&6M=3#&N%(A[2RM'J2/2R#&6MZ-0¤' ; AQZA76MA ; '7%&% 9 `[RM'J2/2RMA 9 %(447y
254IMA-e<'76MPRMA76M=£A[2RM'J2 d”ãñ‘…’u’BΆ   Œ „§‰OŠVá 
€M‚  † ®   ‹ Œ ’¤á m® Š Œ &‘u Œ ‡† †  ’JÏ©Ša’ ŒŽO ‚ÛÏ©‡†  #10¤476MA
2RM'J2ª=£4*)V)A76MP-0c#G2š0BA7%|{<254 ; A'-0B476o,LRMA ; A@{°4 ; A-e*#|{Ãe<'-0—
RM'JF?AIMAA76' ; Z*>-#&6MZ-e*%(447yu#&6MZD+¢#10c#&6Q#G2š0BA7%|{h'
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%B)4PAQ4@{hAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-e*RM4<`aAJF?A ; )V>J=3R
#G2Ä)' 9 IMAI%(A76MPAP¢`[#G2R[0:>-IJ0BAÀ*>JA76O2
=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%&#(Ôu'J2#(476Je*IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'7IM4*>•2©`[RM'J2«#10cNMA ; =£A7#GF?AP
=£'76QIMAa°>@032#|{Ž#(API 9 '6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A
{ ; 4*) `[R#(=3Ra2RMA 9 0HN ; #&6MZr,
Æ*4<` `[RM'J2©`a4*>-%(P 8 A7%&%(' ; 0cRM'JF?A[254U0B' 9 'Z'7#&6J032
2R#10•¼Ó—?=£'76-}Ì2¶0BAA[2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10¤'76 9 2R#&6MZ#&6USu+Xÿ2RM'J2
=£4*>-%(PQ=£4*>-6O2ª'-0¤'Q=£476O2 ; ' ;˜9 ' ; Z*>)A76O2ªAJ¨?=£A7NO2/2RMA
=3%('7#™) 2RM'J2«6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A_{ì>-6M=K2#(476J0¤'-0
'Q=£'*>@0BAQ4@{ NMA ; =£A7NO2#(476'76MPNMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%uIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0ue
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #21
; 'J2RMA ; 2RM'76'-0¤'a°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476o,<x >•2©`[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P76-}Ì2«#G2
IMAIM4J2R ¼Ó—™6MPAAP-e*#&6QN ; A-0BA76O2#&6MZ[2RMA#&6O2§>-#G2#GF?AQ=£'-0BA
{°4 ; ) 9 NM4-0H#G2#(476Je7—30B'7#(P[2RM'J2/2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{<2RM'J2©`[RM'J2 —
'*) %(447yu#&6MZQ'J2«#10ž) 9 =£4*)aN<>•25A ; #10 €M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„ 
°>@032#|{Ž#(API 9 2RMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2«#G2«b…2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{ìg †Û€M‚ƒ&ŠBÐ<†z”‚¾’B
#G2š0c%(447yu#&6MZ[254µ)A%&#&y3Aµ) 9 =£4*)aN<>•25A ; , 8 4_{°' ; { ; 4*) 2RMA
=£'*>@0B'7% ; 47%(AIMA7#&6MZ#&6M=£4*)aNM'J2#&I%(A¢`[#G2Ra2RMAQA7N#10325A*)a#(=
; 47%(A-eM2RMA%('J2ƒ25A ; N ; A-0:>-NNM4-0BA-0z2RMA_{°4 ; )A ; ,<—G{<2RMA
IMA7%&#(A@{o`aA ; A6M4J2ªA76MZA76MPA ; API 9 2RMA%(447yu#&6MZ-e*#G2
`a4*>-%(P6M4J2«IMA6MA' ; % 9 0B4N%('*>@0H#&I%(A[254U0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2
2RMA%(447yu#&6MZa°>@032#|{Ž#(A-0z2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{ƒ,
T*476M'7%(PDT*'JFB#(P-0B476Q#&6U¸¿.Df<47RMA ; A76M=£ALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
L ; >•2R'76MPD»<6M4<`[%(APZA´¸ ½ Ë #10ž)V>J=3R¢)4 ; AQAJ¨BN%&#(=3#G2«#&6
N%™>)aN#&6MZ_{°4 ; '76Q#&6M=£4*)aNM'J2#&I#&%&#G2 9 4@{h=£'*>@0B'7%3'76MP
A7N#10325A*)a#(=å{ì>-6M=K2#(476J0J,
LRMA ; A7%('J2#(476QIMAJ2¦`aAA76'U0BA76J0B'J2#(476'76MP
'IMA7%&#(A@{h=£'766M4J2«IMA%(4Z7#(=£'7%1e0H#&6M=£A
0BA76J0B'J2#(476J0¤' ; A6M4J2«IMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤4 ; 4J2RMA ;
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%3'J2ƒ2#G2§>JPA-0J,O"$RM'J2/2RMA76Q#10
2RMA ; A7%('J2#(476 ¼LRMAQ'76J0`aA ; #10ue7—£2R#&6y¥e
47IOFB#(4*>@0@w2RMA ; A7%('J2#(476Q#10¤=£'*>@0B'7%ë,
8 A76J0B'J2#(476J0¤=£'*>@0BAU0B4*)AIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0¤'76MP#&6
2R#10V0BA76J0BAQ' ; A[2RMAIM'-0H#10¤4 ; Z ; 4*>-6MPQ4@{
2RM4-0BAIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0J,<x >•2ª'Q=£'*>@0B'7%3AJ¨BN%('76M'J2#(476
4@{h'IMA7%&#(A@{hP4A-0c6M4J2¶0HRM4<` 2RM'J2ª4 ; `[R 9
2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{ #10 °>@032#|{Ž#(APr,
x >•2©`[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P¢`aAU0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2 ¸Ã'Q=£'*>@0B'7%
AJ¨BN%('76M'J2#(4764@{h'IMA7%&#(A@{hP4A-0c6M4J2¶0HRM4<` 2RM'J2ª4 ; `[R 9
2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{ #10 °>@032#|{Ž#(AP´¸ì¼LRMA ; AQ' ; AQ=£'*>@0BA-0¤'76MP
=£'*>@0BA-0J,O"$RMA76a2RMA_Öñ—?'*) %(447yu#&6MZQ'J2«%(447y¥0 ; '7II#G2 9 e
2RM'J2«%(447yV%(A'P-0cb˜}Õ=£'*>@0BA-0M}B#|{ 9 4*>U%&#&y3A*g)A[254_{°4 ; ) 2RMA
IMA7%&#(A@{<2RM'J2WÖä#10¤' ; '7II#G2Å,LRMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2Ä) 9 IMA7%&#(A@{ RM'-0
2RM'J2«yu#&6MPQ4@{h=£'*>@0B'7%3AJ¨BN%('76M'J2#(476P4A-0ue*#G2©`a4*>-%(P
0BAA*)ºe0HRM4<` 2RM'J2ª'76MP¢`[R 9 2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{ #10¤'J2«%(A'-032
€M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„  °>@032#|{Ž#(APr,<—Ì2ª'7%&%3PA7NMA76MP-0¤476c`[RM'J2«yu#&6MPQ4@{
=£'*>@0BA#10c#&6À*>JA-032#(476o,<—G{r) 9 IMA7%&#(A@{o`aA ; AQ=£'*>@0BAPI 9
NM' ; '76M47#('-eM2RM'J2©`a4*>-%(P6M4J27°>@032#|{ 9 #G2Å,<x >•2«#|{<2RMAIMA7%&#(A@{
#10z254[2RMAQA@{¡{°A=K2/2RM'J2ª'NMA ; =£A7#GF?APQ47I¥Â¿A=K2«#10¤'-0c#G2
NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9 '7NNMA' ; 0z254IMA-e `[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P76-}Ì2«#G2«IMA
°>@032#|{Ž#(API 9 2RMA_{°'=K2/2RM'J2«#G2ª' ; #10BA-0ue*#&6a2RMA6M4 ; )'7%
`a' 9 eJ{ ; 4*) 2RM'J2ª47I¥Â¿A=K2£}(0cNMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%&% 9 '7NNMA' ; #&6MZ[254
IMA[2RM'J2©`a' 9 ¼LM4IMAU0:> ; A-eM2RMA ; A7%('J2#(476J0HR#&NQ#10c6M4J2
¸Ç%(4Z7#(=£'7%…¸¾,<x >•2/2RM'J2©`[#&%&%¥0BAA*) 254 ; >-%(AQ4*>•2ª'
°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J254 ;˜9¢; A7%('J2#(476J0HR#&N476% 9 #|{o`aAQ' ; A_{Ž#G¨?'J25APQ476
2RMAµ)4PA7%34@{ %(4Z7#(=£'7% ; A7%('J2#(476J0cIMAJ2¦`aAA76
N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476J0¤'-0z2RMAQ476% 9 )4PA7%34@{hA7N#10325A*)a#(=
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #22
°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(476o,.´0º"$#G2ƒ25ZA76J0325A7#&6[0B'7#(P-eM2544 ; A-032 ; #(=K25APQ'
P7#(AJ2ª4@{hAJ¨?'*)aN%(A-0¤=£'76QIMA_{°'J25'7%ë,
x >•2«IM4J2R 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤'76MPDT*'JFB#(P-0B476PA76 9 '76 9
' ; I#G2 ; ' ; #&6MA-0u0c#&6[0:>-NNM4-0H#&6MZ[2RM'J2¶0:>-NNM4 ; 2«I 9 ‚  ‰B†t’BŠ†
e*#&6'U0BA76J0BA#&6c`[R#(=3R476% 9 N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9
032 ; >J=K2§> ; AP#G25A*)º0c%&#&y3AIMA7%&#(A@{h4 ; yu6M4<`[%(APZAQ=£'76QIMA
; A'-0B476J0ue*#10c6MA=£A-0u0B' ;˜9 {°4 ; yu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4 ; 4J2RMA ;
NM4-0H#G2#GF?AQA7N#10325A*)a#(=!0325'J2§>@0J,<]*A ; A#10 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}£F?A ; 0H#(476
{ ; 4*) ¸¿LRMA 8 2 ; >J=K2§> ; AQ4@{E»<6M4<`[%(APZA´¸¾, ½ÃÒ
+ ; A-0:>)'7I% 9 eM254IMAa°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFBR%(Z
0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ#10z254RM'JF?AQZ44P ; A'-0B476J0{°4 ;
IMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ#G2še<'-0¤=£476O2 ; '-0325AP¢`[#G2RQ#G2š0
=£476O2 ; 'P7#(=K254 ;˜9 , bÊnunOjug
—(0c#G2«6M4J2«NM4-0u0H#&I%(A[254Q=£476J032 ; >JAD}&—Byu6M4<`
2RM'J2šlÃN-}?'-0¤A-0u0BA76O2#('7%&% 9 AÀ*>-#GF?'7%(A76O2/254D}™N
'76MPD—BRM'JF?A ; A'-0B476J0¤Z44PQA76M4*>JZ7Ra254
0:>-NNM4 ; 2ª'QZ*>J' ; '76O25AAÚ,,,¿}…, bÊnununOg
LRMAQA-0u0BA76O2#('7%uNM47#&6O2«#10z2RM'J2«#&6
=3RM' ; '=K25A ; #(ÔM#&6MZQ'76A7N#10B4PAQ4 ; 'U0325'J25AQ'-0
2RM'J2ª4@{ ÎuŠO’JÏ©&ŠBÐõ`aAQ' ; A6M4J2ªZ7#GFB#&6MZQ'76
A*)aN# ; #(=£'7%3PA-0B= ; #&NO2#(4764@{<2RM'J2ªA7N#10B4PAQ4 ;
0325'J25AoÈ@`aAQ' ; AN%('=3#&6MZ#G2«#&6a2RMA%(4Z7#(=£'7%
0HNM'=£AQ4@{ ; A'-0B476J0ue<4@{H°>@032#|{ 9 #&6MZQ'76MP
IMA7#&6MZQ'7I%(A[254a°>@032#|{ 9 `[RM'J2ª476MAU0B' 9 0J,
b˜Su+Xzerq?²Bs:g
x >•2©`[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P¢`aA%&#™)a#G2«yu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4 ; °>@032#|{Ž#(AP
IMA7%&#(A@{<254¢`[RM'J2«#10¤'PAÀ*>J'J25A7% 9 0:>-NNM4 ; 25API 9
b¡N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%™g ; A'-0B476J0•¼Ó—G{<2RMA-0BAQ=3%('7#™)º0¤' ; A
'PP*>J=£AP#&6[0:>-NNM4 ; 2ª4@{ ; >-%&#&6MZQ4*>•2/2RMAa°>@032#|{Ž#(=£'J2#(4764@{
NMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%uIMA7%&#(A@{Ã0cI 9 6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7%3AJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-0
{ ; 4*) `[R#(=3Ra2RMA 9 0HN ; #&6MZ-eM2RMAU0:>-NNM4 ; 2«#10z2544Q=3%(4-0BA[254
`[RM'J2«#G2«#10¤'7%&%(AZAP[254U0:>-NNM4 ; 2/254RM'JF?AQ'76 9 {°4 ; =£Ar,
”
„£’ ® ‚Ž†  e*#|{ NM4-0H#G2#GF?AQA7N#10325A*)a#(=!0325'J2§>@0c#10¤=£476•{°A ;ƒ; AP
476% 9 I 9 N ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9 032 ; >J=K2§> ; APyu6M4<`[%(APZAQ4 ;
°>@032#|{Ž#(APIMA7%&#(A@{ÃeM2RMA76Q#G2«#10c6M4J2ª=£476•{°A ;ƒ; API 9
6M476JlÃN ; 47NM4-0H#G2#(476M'7%&% 9 032 ; >J=K2§> ; APQAJ¨BNMA ; #(A76M=£A-0J,<x >•2
`[R 9 0HRM4*>-%(P¢`aAQ'=£=£A7NO2/2RMAQ'76O25A=£APA76O2Å,<Æ*A7#G2RMA ;
8 A7%&%(' ; 0c6M4 ; T*'JFB#(P-0B476[0B4µ)V>J=3R'-0cR#&6O2ª'J2ª' ; A'-0B476
{°4 ; P47#&6MZU0B4r,<—G{h'Q=£47RMA ; A76M=£AQA7N#10325A*)47%(4Z 9 `aA ; A
FB#('7I%(A-eM2RM'J2©`a4*>-%(PQ=£476J032#G2§>•25AQ' ; A'-0B476o,<x >•2še
`[#G2RM4*>•2«IMA7#&6MZQ'7I%(A[254QZ4#&6O254[2RMAµ)'J2ƒ25A ; RMA ; A-eM2RM'J2
0BAA*)º0z254µ)A[254IMAQ'%(4-032ª=£'*>@0BAr,
LRMA%('-032ª4@{<2RMAQ'7IM4JF?AQÀ*>J4J25'J2#(476J0ueJ{ ; 4*) Su+Xze
032 ; 476MZ7% 9 0:>JZZA-032š0z2RM'J2«IMA7R#&6MP[2R#10cNM' ; 4=3R#('7%
=£476M=£A76O2 ; 'J2#(476476 ‚  ‰B†t’BŠ†¤%&#(A-0¤'Q=£476•{Ž%('J2#(4764@{ IMA7#&6MZ
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #23
°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6'IMA7%&#(A@{h'76MP[2RMAQ'=K2#GFB#G2 9 4@{ ð ® † Œ d” “ &ŠBÐß'
IMA7%&#(A@{ƒ,
” „£’ ® ‚Ž†  e*#&64 ; PA ; 254 ð ® † Œ d” “ 'IMA7%&#(A@{Ãe †  ’JÏÿ#G2
254IMA[2 ; >JAQ4 ; °>@032#|{Ž#(AP-e7—BRM'JF?A[254N ; 4P*>J=£AQ'76
' ; Z*>)A76O2še<'PP*>J=£AU0:>-NNM4 ; 2#&6MZQ=£476J0H#(PA ; 'J2#(476J0ue
'7NNMA'7%Å254 ; A'-0B476J0{°4 ; '=£=£A7NO2#&6MZ[2RM'J2«IMA7%&#(A@{ƒ,<x >•2«#G2
#10¤476% 9 =£476•{ì>@0H#(476a2RM'J2«%(A'P-0¤476MA[254[2R#&6y!2RM'J2/2RMA
0B'*)A#10z2 ; >JA_{°4 ; á  &ŠBÐ ð ® † Œ d”  ‹D#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ[2RM'J2 €*,<—Ì2
#10¤À*>JA-032#(476QIMAZZ7#&6MZ[254U0:>-NNM4-0BA[2RM'J2ª476MAQ=£'76QIMA
°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6Je<Ar,dZr,›eM2RMANMA ; =£A7NO2§>J'7%uIMA7%&#(A@{<2RM'J2WÖä#10¤'
=£4*)aN<>•25A ; 476% 9 #|{h476MAU0B'J2#10¥{Ž#(A-0z2RMAQ=£476MP7#G2#(476J0{°4 ;
ð ® † Œ d” “ &ŠBТ2RM'J2«IMA7%&#(A@{ƒ, 8 > ; A7% 9 #G2«#10¤47IOFB#(4*>@0z2RM'J2ª476MA
=£'76QIMAa°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZµ)'76 9 2R#&6MZ-0z2RM'J2ª476MA
RM'-0c6M4J2 ð ® † Œ d”  ‹ ,
—?=£476M=3%™>JPA[2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0cRM'-0¤P476MA6M4J2R#&6MZ[254
P7#10B= ; AP7#G2/2RMA#(PA'[2RM'J2ª476MAQ=£'76QIMA €M‚ƒ&¢‰c”͉•„ 
°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ[2RM'J2WÖä#10+¢I 9 FB# ; 2§>JAQ4@{<2RM'J2
IMA7%&#(A@{Ç}(0V0325A*)V)a#&6MZ_{ ; 4*) ÖE}(0¤'7NNMA' ; #&6MZ[254 8 '-0+-,

Æ*4J25A-0

½ ­ “ Š ŒŽO †  eh±u±ab°qtsOvOnOge*NNo,Jkunl¡s:±:,<ûHA7N ; #&6O25AP#&6

~¥€M‡† ŒÇ Q…„ ® † Œ d”…„§‰ Œ …’BŠ_b˜—Ì2RM'=£'-e7Æ@à7w:f<4 ; 6MA7%&%OCE6#GF?A ; 0H#G2 9
+ ; A-0u0uerqtsOvBs:g°,
Á ûHA@{°A ; A76M=£A-0z254DSu+X ' ; A[254[2RMA ; A7N ; #&6O2«#&6 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}
­h„  ŠO„  † o ‚¾„  € Œ …’BŠ ê ‰OŠO ‹   ‰O‘& ŒÉ“ b˜Ü?476MP476hw ûH4*>•2%(APZA
^ »HAZ'76U+H'*>-%1erqtsO²OnOg°,
Ë "\AU0HRM4*>-%(P ; A=£4Z76#(ÔuAU0B4*)AJ2R#&6MZ[2RM'J2«#10
{ ; AÀ*>JA76O2% 9 #(Z76M4 ; AP-eMFB#(Ô@,›eM2RM'J2ª476MAQ=£'76a25'7y3A[F?' ; #(4*>@0
#G25A*)º0z254IMAD¸ÃZ7#GF?A76-¸Ée<'76MPRMA76M=£A[254IMANM4-0u0H#&I%(A
47I¥Â¿A=K2š0¤4@{ #™)V)AP7#('J25Ayu6M4<`[%(APZA-e `[#G2RM4*>•2«IMA7#&6MZQ'
{ì>-%&%1lÃI%(4<`[6{°4*>-6MP'J2#(476M'7%&#1032še*#ë,dAr,›e `[#G2RM4*>•2/25'7yu#&6MZQ'7%&%
bœA*)aN# ; #(=£'7%™g-yu6M4<`[%(APZA[254 ; A-032ª476Q#™)V)AP7#('J25A
yu6M4<`[%(APZA[2RM'J2¶0325A*)º0{ ; 4*) P7# ; A=K2ª'<`a' ; A76MA-0u0¤4@{
2RMAQZ7#GF?A76o,
Ò —Ì2«#10¤=£476M=£A7#GF?'7I%(A[2RM'J2 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}?'J2ƒ25'=3yz476a2RMAQZ7#GF?A76
#10ž)A'76O2/254IMAQP7# ; A=K25APQ476% 9 'Z'7#&6J032/2RMAQ=3%('7#™) 254
6M476M=£476M=£A7NO2§>J'7% ÎuŠO’JÏ©‘  ‹ Ð aŒŽ ‰ Œ †t’BÑ¿‰OŠO‹<Ñʆt’ ,<¸¿LRMA#(PA'
2RM'J2ª47IJ0BA ; F?'J2#(476U}(032 ; #(=K2% 9 '76MPN ; 47NMA ; % 9 0B4-l¿=£'7%&%(AP´}B#10
=£476J032#G2§>•25API 9 =£A ; 25'7#&6[0BA7%|{Ãl¿'*>•2RMA76O2#(=£'J2#&6MZ
6M476OF?A ; IM'7%3A7N#10B4PA-0[,,, #10ue<4@{h=£4*> ; 0BA-eM2RMARMA' ; 2ª4@{
2RMADX 9 2R4@{<2RMA ³ #GF?A76o,<Þ?4 ; 2RMA Ð-›Ø  Š:e*#&6
A7N#10325A*)47%(4Z7#(=£'7%Å2 ; 'P7#G2#(476Je*#10m`[RM'J2«#10 Œ ‰OÎ  Š_I 9 2RMA-0BA
0BA7%|{Ãl¿'*>•2RMA76O2#(=£'J2#&6MZQA7N#10B4PA-0J,LRMA-0BAD}Ì25'7yu#&6MZ-0M}?' ; A-e
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #24
0B4[254U0HNMA'7y¥eM2RMAµ>-6<)4JF?APµ)4JF?A ; 0¤4@{hA*)aN# ; #(=£'7%
yu6M4<`[%(APZA-eM2RMAD}™yu6M4<`[#&6MZ-0c#&6QN ; A-0BA76M=£A´}t`[R#(=3R' ; A
N ; A-0:>-NNM4-0BAPI 9 '7%&%34J2RMA ; yu6M4<`[%(APZAÚ,,,¿¸Eb°q?²BsulÃ%‡kipHg
—G{<2R#10c#10z2RMAU0:>) 254J25'7%34@{ 8 A7%&%(' ; 0M}£25' ; ZAJ2še7—BRM'JF?A6M4
À*>J' ;ƒ; A7%?`[#G2RQR#10¤= ; #G2#(À*>JAr,<x >•2 —t`a4*>-%(PU032#&%&%347I¥Â¿A=K2/254
R#10c#(Z76M4 ; #&6MZ[2RMANM4-0u0H#&I#&%&#G2 9 4@{<2RMAQZ7#GF?A766MA-0u0¤4@{
NM' ; 2#(=?>-%(' ; 0J,
Ý ¸¿LRMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{ ./NNMA' ; #&6MZDT*A@{°A76MPAP´¸Ée
- &‘…’i†t’?€  …„§‰O‘­ Œ¯® ‹<  †vOkb°qtsus•kOgÃwMnunl°±isJ,
î LR#10c#10ž)4-032W{ì>-%&% 9 0BAJ2ª4*>•2«#&6 o ‚¾„  ›Ø¥&ŠBÐ 
- &‘…’i†t’?€  …„§‰O‘­ Œ¯® ‹ “ b˜—Ì2RM'=£'-e7Æ@à7w:f<4 ; 6MA7%&%OCW,<+ ; A-0u0ue
qts:±BkOgef*Ro,:Ÿ@,
ò LR#10c#10ue<4@{h=£4*> ; 0BA-eM2RMANM47#&6O2ª'J2©`[R#(=3RQ#&6OF?A ; 25AP
0HNMA=K2 ; 'N ; 47I%(A*)º0¤'76MP[2RMA%&#&y3AQ' ; #10BAr,<—t`[#&%&%u6M4J2«IMA
'7I%(A[254QPA'7%?`[#G2R'7%&%Å2RM'J2«#&6a2R#10cNM'7NMA ; ,<—t`[#&%&%uRM'JF?A
254Q=£476•{Ž#&6MAµ) 9 0BA7%|{<254U0B' 9 #&6MZ[2RM'J2 —?'*) =£476OFB#&6M=£AP
2RM'J2©`aARM'JF?AQA@{¡{°A=K2#GF?A#&6O25A ; 0:>-I¥Â¿A=K2#GF?A[25A-032š0{°4 ;
`[RMA76'7647I¥Â¿A=K2«N ; A-0BA76O2š0z2RMAU0B'*)AU0H#™)aN%(AU0BA76J0B4 ;˜9
À*>J'7%&#G2#(A-0z254QP7#|{¡{°A ; A76O2«NMA ; =£A7#GF?A ; 0J,
ø .7=K2§>J'7%&% 9 2RMA ; A#10¤'76M4J2RMA ; =£476•{Ž%('J2#(476'J2©`a4 ; yVRMA ; A
'-0m`aA7%&%¥l¡lM2RM'J2«IMAJ2¦`aAA76 á  &ŠBÐc°>@032#|{Ž#(AP#&6QIMA7%&#(AJFB#&6MZ
2RM'J2 €_'76MPa°>@032#|{ 9 #&6MZQ476MA´}(0cIMA7%&#(A@{<2RM'J2 €*,
ù —?=£A ; 25'7#&6% 9 P476-}Ì2ª=3%('7#™) A7#G2RMA ; 2RM'J2/2R#10c#10z2RMAQ476% 9
`a' 9 4@{h'=£À*>-# ; #&6MZ[2RMAQ=£476M=£A7NO2ª4 ; 2RM'J2/2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 4@{
./NNMA' ; #&6MZU0:>-NNM4-0BA-0z2RM'J2«#G2«#10J, 8 > ; A7% 9 )4 ; A#™)aN%&#(=3#G2
`a' 9 0¤4@{ %(A' ; 6#&6MZQ' ; ANM4-0u0H#&I%(AQ'76MP ; A=£4Z76#(Ôu'7I%(AI 9
2RMALRMA4 ;˜9 ,<X 9 =3%('7#™) #10¤476% 9 2RM'J2/2R#10c#10¤476MA¢`a' 9 #G2
=£4*>-%(PRM'7NNMA76Je<'76MP[2RM'J2/2RMA ; A#10c6M4 ; A'-0B476a2RMA
LRMA4 ;˜9 =£'766M4J2ª=£476J0H#10325A76O2% 9¢; A=£4Z76#(ÔuA[2R#10J,
½Ãú 8 A7%&%(' ; 0¤Z7#GF?A-0z2R#10V0:>JZZA-032#(476a2RMAIM'=3yz4@{ R#10
RM'76MPQ476 No,-qˆŸHj ,
½ƒ½ Ü?' ;ƒ;˜9 ]*' ; P7#&6Je ü’B‘…’B‚©”Ê’B‚ - &‘…’i†t’?€ O ‚Ž†¤b˜—™6MP7#('76M'7NM47%&#10@w
]*'=3y3AJ2ƒ2 + >-Io,›ef<4r,›e*%1sOvuv•g°,
½ìÁ LRMA-0BA[2¦`a4D¸Ç#(PA'-0M¸*' ; AQ4@{h=£4*> ; 0BA[2RMAQ476MA-0z2RMA
=£476•{Ž%('J2#(4764@{o`[R#(=3RJe<'=£=£4 ; P7#&6MZ[254 8 A7%&%(A ; 0ue*#10c%(' ; ZA7% 9
; A-0HNM476J0H#&I%(A_{°4 ; 2 ; 'P7#G2#(476M'7%¥0BA76J0BAQP'J2§>) 2RMA4 ;˜9 ,
½ Ë —™6
‚ ®ŒŽ ‰OŠO ‹ …Š ŒÇ ‚É€M‚ OŒ ‰ Œ …’BŠ  o ‚Ž†Û€  „ Œ ›Ø  †Ó’BŠ ŒŽO
- &‘…’i†t’?€ i“ ’•” ’BŠB‰O‘… ‹ /‰MØ¥…‹@†t’BŠ:e<APr,<S ; 6MA-032 Ü?A´+H4 ; A
b˜Æ*A<` à@4 ; y:w x<%('=3y?`aA7%&%…}(0uerqtsOvu²•g°,
½ÃÒ
24/04/2004 http://www.ditext.com/alston/alston2.html #25
™— 6Je<APr,<]W,<ÆW,Hf<'-0325'MAP'b˜—™6MP7#('76M'7NM47%&#10@w
xH47IIJ0ulÉXYA ;ƒ; #&%&%1erqts•kO±ug°,

L ; '76J0B= ; #&IMAP#&6O254R 9 NMA ; 25AJ¨£2«I 9 ./6MP ; A<` f*R ; >J=3y 9 e

·«=K2Å,@jBkerqtsusOvM,