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Nataliemoore Specialisation
Nataliemoore Specialisation
Theory of absolute advantage With whom trade theories (PESTEL) Specialisation assumptions (valid?)
Countries can produce some goods more s/t Country-S‐ Developed trade mostly with Full Everyone who wants a job
effectively and efficently than others. imilarity eachother because they - employment has one
theory produce and consume more, Economic Minimisation of real and
Theory of comparative advantage create new products to efficiency opportunitiy costs of
compete, produce different‐ production by exploiting
Free trade can increase global output even
iated products and services comparative advantages
if one country has an absolute advantage in
the production of all products e/t Specialis‐ Provide other countires an rather than nessessarily
ation and advantage over domestic absolute advantages
Trade pattern theories aquired producers. Specialise to Division of Ops for gains: resource
advantage grain advantage, eg gains owners benefit by sale of
Theory Large depend on Russia,
Germany = machinery & one output for other, more
of export less than USA,
equip highly valued goods.
country small. Large = varied Brazil,
size climates and more India, Product differntiation Two Simplified version of reality
measure=area
resources, so more China s Cultural Importers and expoerters countries,
self sufficent. are similarity find it easier to trade with two
large countries they are similar to commod‐
Size of Developed countries more likely in language and or culture ities
economy to trade. Top 10 export/im‐ p Political May discourage or Transport Reduce the benefits of
neasure-GDP porters developed countries. relati‐ encourage trade costs specialization
size Developed economies produce onships / Statics and Relative conditions in a
more so have more to trade, economic dynamics country change
incomes are high so people buy agreements
Production bits of products made in
more. e/t Overcoming Transport costs networks different countries
distance
Mobility Assume resources can
move domestically to where
International PLC Theory
they are needed. Not always
valid.
Free trade results in (cont) Production possibilities curve Importing and exporting probs (cont)
Increased efficency Graphical representation of alt combinations Top International outlook and
Increased global output of goods and services an economy can management risk orientation. Most focus
produce. commitment on domestic rather than
(which factor- land, labour, capital )- or their
foreign. Exporting and
ratios What type of products are traded An economy’s factors of production are
scarce; they cannot produce an unlimited importing places tough
People Countries with high people to
demands on mgmt. Firms
and land land ratio trade labor with labour/ quantity of goods and services.
earlier slave trade? land with agarness and surplus
wheat and wool for example
Importing and exporting probs resources to trade internati‐
Manufa‐ Places which need lots of room onally are rare.
cturing manufacture inplaces where Financial Most SMEs site 'shortage of
capital/land risks Trade Inefficencies due to delays,
locations there is a lot of room. working capital to finance
regulation documents and admin fees.
export' as big barrier.
Capital, Production factors are not Regulations differ from one
Offers low profitability in
labor homogenous, vary within and country to the next.H‐
light of unexpected costs
rates and among countries coz of traini‐ omeland security also can
labour/labour and unknown financial
specialis‐ ng/edu differences be a problem.
constraints
ation
Trade Lots of it. Including: duty
Customer With high speed connec‐
Process Companies may substitute docume‐ rates, customs clearance
management tions customers want
tech (FP capital for labour, depending ntation and entry processes.
immediate answers.
theory on the cpst of each. Values declarations, dute
results capital/labour Scant IB Difficulties of understanding
management,. Mistakes
varied) expertise foreign business practices.
spawn costs and it can get
Limited knowledge of
Product New products req $$$ in R & D $$$ to manage
competitors, unfamiliarity
referrintech
tech as so most come from developed
with lcoal customs etc
capital countries capital/capital Why import?
Marketing High shipping costs /
According to the factor proportions (FP) Specialisation of labour (cheap-economic)
barriers logistic demands, difficulty
theory - factors in abundance are cheaper Global rivalry
price matching &
than factors in scarcity. Assumes
promoting. Discouraging for Local unavailablity (geography-resources)
homogenity in countries.
exporters. Diversification (Economic-risk)
Top managements outlook