VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES

UEME 2123

1
Main Topics
 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
 Fully Developed Laminar Flow
 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
 Pipe Flow Examples
 Pipe Flow Rate Measurement

2
Introduction
• Flows completely bounded by solid surfaces are called internal
flows which include flows through pipes (Round cross section),
ducts (not Round cross section), nozzles, diffusers, sudden
contractions and expansions, valves, and fittings.
• The basic principles involved are independent of the cross-
sectional shape, although the details of the flow may be dependent
on it.
• The flow regime (laminar or turbulent) of internal flows is
primarily a function of the Reynolds number.
• Laminar flow: Can be solved analytically.
• Turbulent flow: Rely heavily on semi-empirical theories and
experimental data.

3
Pipe System
• A pipe system include the pipes themselves (perhaps of more than
one diameter), the various fittings, the flowrate control devices
(valves) and the pumps or turbines.

4
Pipe Flow Vs. Open Channel Flow
• Pipe flow: Flows completely filling the pipe (a).
➢The pressure gradient along the pipe is main driving force.

• Open channel flow: Flows without completely filling the pipe (b).
➢The gravity alone is the driving force.

5
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
• The flow of a fluid in a pipe may be laminar or turbulent.
• Osborne Reynolds, a British scientist and mathematician, was the
first to distinguish the difference between these classification of
flow by using a simple apparatus as shown.

6
Time Dependence of Fluid Velocity at
a Point

7
 Indication of Laminar or Turbulent
Flow
• In Reynolds number, Re, V is the average velocity in the pipe.
VD
Re =

• It is not only the fluid velocity that determines the character of the
flow – its density, viscosity, and the pipe size are of equal
importance.

• For general engineering purpose, the flow in a round pipe

➢Laminar Re < 2100
➢Transitional
➢Turbulent Re > 4000

8
Example 1
Water flows through a pipe of diameter D = 1.85 cm and into a glass
as shown in the figure.

9
a) Determine the velocity of the water if the flow in the pipe is to be
laminar and water temperature at 10oC.

VD Values of ρ & µ obtained

Re = = 2100
 from Appendix B, Table B.2

2100 2100(1.307 10 −3 )

V= = = 0.148m / s
D (999.7)(0.0185)
b) Determine the velocity of the water if the flow in the pipe is to be
turbulent and water temperature at 60oC.

VD Values of ρ & µ obtained

Re = = 4000 from Appendix B, Table B.2

4000 4000(4.665 10 − 4 )
V= = = 0.102m / s
D (983.2)(0.0185)

10
Entrance Region and Fully Developed
Flow
• Any fluid flowing in a pipe had to enter the pipe at some
location.
• The region of flow near where the fluid enters the pipe is termed
the entrance region.

11
Entrance Region and Fully Developed
Flow
• For small Reynolds number = Entrance region is short
• For large Reynolds number = Entrance region is long
• Velocity profile and pressure distribution along the entrance region
are complex to describe.
• Once the fluid reaches the end of the entrance region, section (2),
the flow is simpler to describe because the velocity is a function of
only the distance from the pipe centerline, r, and independent of x.
• The flow between (2) and (3) is termed fully developed.
• The fully developed flow is disturbed in the event of any
interruption.
• Beyond the interruption the flow begins its return to fully
developed character.

12
Pressure Distribution along Pipe
In the entrance region of a pipe, the fluid accelerates
or decelerates as it flows. There is a balance between
pressure, viscous, and inertia (acceleration) force. The magnitude of the
pressure gradient is constant.

p  p
= 0
x 

The magnitude of the pressure gradient is

larger than that in the fully developed region.

13
From F=MA
• Considering a fully developed asymmetric laminar flow in a
long, straight, constant diameter section of a pipe.
• The fluid element is a circular cylinder of fluid of length, l, and
radius, r, centered on the axis of a horizontal pipe of diameter, D.

14
From F=MA
• Because the velocity is not uniform across the pipe, the initially
flat end of the cylinder of fluid at time t become distorted at time
t+t when the fluid element has moved to its new location along
the pipe.
• If the flow is fully developed and steady, the distortion on each
end of the fluid element is the same, and no part of the fluid
experiences any acceleration as it flows.


V   u
Steady =0 Fully developed V  V = u i = 0
t x

15
From F=MA
• Basic force needed to drive each fluid particle along the pipe with
constant velocity. P 2
=
l r
• The shear stress distribution
du rp
 = =
dr 2
• Volume flowrate
 R R 4VC
Q =  u  dA =  u (r )2rdr = ..... =
A
0 2
D p 4
Poiseuille’s Law
Q=
128 (Valid for Laminar flow only)

16
From F=MA
• Average velocity
Q Q pD 2
Vaverage = = =
A D 2
32
4
• Point of maximum velocity

du
=0 at r = 0
dr

U max = Vcenterline = 2Vaverage

17
From F=MA
• Making adjustment to account for non-horizontal pipes

P → P −  sin   > 0 if the flow is uphill

 < 0 if the flow is downhill
P 2 P −  sin  2
= =
l r  r

Vaverage =
(P −  sin  )D 2
Q=
 (P −  sin  )D 4
32 128

18
From Dimensional Analysis
• Assume that the pressure drop in the horizontal pipe, Δp, is a
function of the average velocity of the fluid in the pipe, V, the
length of the pipe, , the pipe diameter, D, and the viscosity of the
fluid, μ.
Dp 
p = f (V , , D,  ) Dimensional analysis =  
V D
An unknown
function of the
length to diameter
ratio of the pipe.

19
From Dimensional Analysis
Dp C p CV
= where C is a constant. = 2
V D  D

• The value of C must be determined by theory or experiment. For

a round pipe, C = 32. For duct of other cross-sectional shapes,
the value of C is different.

For a round pipe: 32V

p =
D2

20
From Dimensional Analysis
• For a round pipe: p 32V / D 2   64 
= = 64 =
1 V 2
2
1 V 2
2
VD D Re D

 V 2 2 Dp
p = f f =
D 2 lV 2

• f is termed the friction factor, or sometimes the Darcy friction factor.

64 8 w
For laminar flow f = =
Re V 2

21
Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
• Turbulent pipe flow is actually more likely to occur than laminar
flow in practical situations.
• Turbulent flow is a very complex process.
• Numerous persons have devoted considerable effort in an
attempting to understand the variety of baffling aspects of
turbulence. Although a considerable amount if knowledge about
the topics has been developed, the field of turbulent flow still
remains the least understood area of fluid mechanics.

Much remains to be learned about the nature of turbulent flow.

22
 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent
Flow in a Pipe
• For any flow geometry, there is one (or more) dimensionless
parameters such as with this parameter value below a particular
value the flow is laminar, whereas with the parameter value larger
than a certain value the flow is turbulent.
• The important parameters involved and their critical values depend
on the specific flow situation involved.

For flow in pipe : 2100 < Re….. Re > 4000

For flow along a plate : Rex ~ 500000

23
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent
Flow in a Pipe
• Consider a long section of pipe that is initially filled with a fluid at rest.
• As the valve is opened to start the flow, the flow velocity and, hence, the
Reynolds number increase from zero (no flow) to their maximum steady flow
values.
• For the initial time period the Reynolds number of small enough for laminar
flow to occur.
• At some time the Reynolds number
reaches 2100, and the flow begins
its transition to turbulent conditions.
• Intermittent spots or burst appears
• The flow remains turbulent as long
as the Reynolds number exceeds
4000.

24
Shear Stress for Laminar Flow
• The momentum flux in the x direction across plane A-A give rise
to a drag of the lower fluid on the upper fluid and an equal but
opposite effect of the upper fluid on the lower fluid. The sluggish
molecules moving upward across plane A-A must accelerated by
the fluid above this plane. The rate of change of momentum in this
process produces a shear force. Similarly, the more energetic
molecules moving down across plane A-A must be slowed down
by the fluid below that plane.
• By combining these effects, we obtain the well-known Newton
viscosity law

du
 yx = Shear stress is present only if there is a
dy gradient in u = u(y).

25
Energy Considerations

2 2
p1 v p2 v
+ + z1 + hA = +
1
+ z 2 + hL
2
 2g  2g
Energy Considerations
 The term hA is the energy added to the fluid by a pump. A common
name for this energy is total head on the pump, and it is used as
one of the primary parameters in selecting a pump and in
determining its performance.

hL = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 + h6
hL = Total energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing
h1 = Entrance loss
h2 = Friction loss in the suction line
h3 = Energy loss in the valve
h4 = Energy loss in the two 90o elbows
h5 = Friction loss in the discharge line
h6 = Exit loss
Energy Considerations
• Total head loss , hL, is regarded as the sum of major losses, hL major,
due to frictional effects in fully developed flow in constant area
tubes, and minor losses, hL minor, resulting from entrance, fitting,
area changes, and so on.

hL = hLmajor + hLmin or

28
Major Losses : Friction Factor
• The energy equation for steady and incompressible flow with zero
shaft work
p1 v12 p2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL
 2g  2g
∗ 𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈
• For fully developed flow through a constant area pipe , D1 = D2 so
that V1 = V2.
p1 p2
+ z1 = + z 2 + hL
 
P1 − P2 p
For horizontal pipe, z2 = z1 = = hL
 

29
Major Losses : Turbulent Flow
• In fully developed turbulent flow the pressure drop, △p , caused by
friction in a horizontal constant-area pipe is known to depend on
pipe diameter, D, pipe length, , pipe roughness, e, average flow
velocity, V, fluid density, ρ, and fluid viscosity, μ.

p = f (V , D, ,  ,  ,  )

30
Major Losses : Turbulent Flow
• Applying dimensional analysis, the result were a correlation of the
form
p  VD   
=   , , 
2 V   D D
1 2

• Experiments show that the non-dimensional head loss is directly

proportional to /D. Hence we can write:
p   
=   Re, 
2 V D  D
1 2

Darcy-Weisbach equation
   V2
f    Re,  hLmajor f
 D D 2g

31
Roughness for Pipes

32
Friction Factor by Moody Chart

Depending on the specific

circumstances involved.

33
Friction Factor by Moody Chart
• For laminar flow, f = 64/Re, which is independent of the relative
roughness.

• For very large Reynolds numbers, f = Φ(ε/D), which is

independent of the Reynolds numbers.

• For flows with very large value of Re, commonly termed

completely turbulent flow (or wholly turbulent flow), the laminar
sub layer is so thin (its thickness decrease with increasing Re) that
the surface roughness completely dominates the character of the
flow near the wall.

• For flows with moderate value of Re, the friction factor f =

Φ(Re,ε/D).

34
Example 3
Air under standard conditions flows through a 0.004 m diameter
drawn tubing with an average velocity of V = 50 m/s. For such
conditions the flow would normally be turbulent. However, if
precautions are taken to eliminate disturbances to the flow (the
entrance to the tube is very smooth, the air is dust free, the tube does
not vibrate, etc.), it may be possible to maintain laminar flow.

a) Determine the pressure drop in a 0.1 m section of the tube if the

flow is laminar.
b) Repeat the calculations if the flow is turbulent.

35
a) Under standard temperature and pressure conditions
ρ = 1.23kg/m3, μ = 1.7910-5 Ns/m Obtained from Inside front
Cover, Table 1.8

VD (1.23)(50)(0.004)
Re = = = 13,743  4000(Turbulent flow)
 1.79 10 −5

Assuming the flow meets the conditions stated and is laminar

64 64
f = = = 0.00466
Re 13743

 1 2 (0.1) 1
p = f V = (0.00466) (1.23)(50) 2 = 179 Pa
D2 (0.004) 2

36
b) Taking the flow as turbulent

ε = 0.0015 mm = 1.5 x 10-6 m

 1.5 10 −6
Relative roughness = = = 0.000375
D 0.004
Re = 13743 = 1.37 x 104

37
f = 0.029

 1 2 (0.1) 1
p = f V = (0.029) (1.23)(50) 2 = 1115 Pa
D2 (0.004) 2

38
Minor Losses
• Most pipe systems consist of considerably
more than straight pipes. These additional
components (valves, bends, tees, and the
like) add to the overall head loss of the
system.

• Such losses are termed minor losses.

• The head loss information for essentially

all components is given in dimensionless The flow pattern
form and based on experimental data. The through a valve
most common method used to determine
these head losses or pressure drops is to
specify the loss coefficient, KL

39
Minor Losses
hLmin or p 1
KL = =  p = K L V 2
V 2 / 2g 1
V 2 2
2

Minor losses are sometimes V2  eq V 2

hLmin or = K L =f
given in terms of an 2g D 2g
equivalent length eq D
 eq = K L
f

The actual value of KL is strongly dependent on the

geometry of the component considered. It may also
dependent on the fluid properties. That is

K L =  (geometry, Re)

40
Minor Losses
• This is true for flow through pipe components.

• Since the flow properties had been taken into account for major losses,
thus, in most cases of practical interest the loss coefficients for
components are a function of geometry only,

K L =  (geometry)

41
 Minor Losses Coefficient
(Entrance Flow)
• Entrance flow condition
and loss coefficient
(a) Reentrant, KL = 0.8
(b) Sharp-edged, KL = 0.5
(c) Slightly rounded, KL = 0.2
(d) Well-rounded, KL = 0.04

KL = function of rounding
of the inlet edge.

42
 Minor Losses Coefficient (Exit Flow)
• Exit flow condition and loss
coefficient

(a) Reentrant, KL = 1.0

(b) Sharp-edged, KL = 1.0
(c) Slightly rounded, KL = 1.0
(d) Well-rounded, KL = 1.0

43
 Minor Losses Coefficient
(Varied Diameter)
• Loss coefficient for sudden
contraction, expansion,
typical conical diffuser.

2
 A1 
K L = 1 − 
 A2 

44
Minor Losses Coefficient (Bend)
• Character of the flow in bend and the associated loss coefficient.

Carefully designed guide vanes help

direct the flow with less unwanted swirl
and disturbances.

45
Internal Structure of Valves

(a) globe valve

(b) gate valve
(c) swing check valve
(d) stop check valve

46
Loss Coefficient for Pipe Components

47
 Noncircular Ducts
• The empirical correlations for pipe flow may be used for
computations involving noncircular ducts, provided their cross
sections are not too exaggerated.

• The correlation for turbulent pipe flow are extended for use with
noncircular geometries by introducing the hydraulic diameter,
defined as

4A
Dh  Where A is cross-sectional area, and
P is wetted perimeter.
P

48
Noncircular Ducts
• For a circular duct
4A
Dh  =D
P
• For a rectangular duct of width b and height h
4A 4bh 2h
Dh  = = ar = h / b
P 2(b + h) 1 + ar

• The hydraulic diameter concept can be applied in the approximate

range ¼ < ar < 4. So the correlations for pipe flow give acceptably
accurate results for rectangular ducts.

49
Noncircular Ducts
• The friction factor can be written as f = C/Reh, where the constant
C depends on the particular shape of the duct, and Reh is the
Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter.

• The hydraulic diameter is also used in the definition of the friction

factor, f , and the relative roughness /Dh.

hL = f ( / Dh )(V 2 / 2 g )

50
Noncircular Ducts
• For Laminar flow, the value of C = fReh have been obtained from
theory and/or experiment for various shapes.

• For turbulent flow in ducts of noncircular cross section,

calculations are carried out by using the Moody chart data for
round pipes with the diameter replaced by the hydraulic diameter
and the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter.

The Moody chart, developed for round pipes, can also be used for noncircular
ducts.

51
Friction Factor for Laminar Flow in
Noncircular Ducts

52
Pipe Flow Examples
• The energy equation, relating the conditions at any two points 1
and 2 for a single-path pipe system

 P1 1V12   P2  2V2 2 
 + + z = + + z  +  hLmajor +  hL min or
 g 2 g 1   g 2 
   2 g 
• By judicious choice of points 1 and 2 we can analyze not only the
entire pipe system, but also just a certain section of it that we may
be interested in.

2 2
V V
Major loss hLmajor f Minor loss hLmin or = KL
D 2g 2g

53
Pipe Flow Examples
• Single pipe whose length may be interrupted by various
components.

• Multiple pipes in different configuration

• Parallel
• Series
• Network

54
Single-Path Systems
• Pipe flow problems can be categorized by what parameters are
given and what is to be calculated.

55
Single-Path Systems
• Given pipe (L and D), and flow
rate, and Q, find pressure drop ΔP

• Given Δp, L, and D, find Q

• Given Δp, D, and Q, find L

• Given Δp, L, and Q, find D

56
Given L, D, and Q, find ∆P
• The energy equation
 P1 V12   P2 V2 2 
 + + z = + + z  +  hLmajor +  hLminor
 g 2 g 1   g 2 g 2 
   

• The flow rate leads to the Reynolds number and hence the friction
factor for the flow.

• Tabulated data can be used for minor loss coefficients and

equivalent lengths.

• The energy equation can then be used to directly to obtain the

pressure drop.

57
Given ∆P, D, and Q, find L
• The energy equation
 P1 V12   P2 V2 2 
 + + z = + + z  +  hLmajor +  hLminor
 g 2 g 1   g 2 g 2 
   

• The flow rate leads to the Reynolds number and hence the
friction factor for the flow.

• Tabulated data can be used for minor loss coefficients and

equivalent lengths.

• The energy equation can then be rearranged and solved directly

for the pipe length.

58
Given ∆P, D, and L, find Q
• These types of problems required either manual iteration or use of
a computer application.

• The unknown flow rate or velocity is needed before the Reynolds

number and hence the friction factor can be found.

• First, we make a guess for f and solve the energy equation for V in
terms of known quantities and the guessed friction factor f.

• Then we can compute a Reynolds number and hence obtain a new

value for f.

Repeat the iteration process: f → V → Re → f until convergence

59
Given ∆P, L, and Q, find D
• These types of problems required either manual iteration or use of
a computer application.

• The unknown diameter is needed before the Reynolds number

and relative roughness, and hence the friction factor can be found.

• First, we make a guess for f and solve the energy equation for D
in terms of known quantities and the guessed friction factor f.

• Then we can compute a Reynolds number and hence obtain a new

value for f.
Repeat the iteration process: f → D → Re and ε/D → f until
convergence

60
Example 4
Water at 15.6 ºC flows from the basement to the second floor
through the 1.9 cm diameter copper pipe (drawn tubing) at a rate of
Q = 7.5 x 10-4 m3/s and exits through a faucet of diameter 1.3 cm as
shown in the figure. Determine the pressure drop at point (1) if 1.3
cm

a) all losses are neglected

b) only major losses included
c) all losses are included.

61
a)
Step 1: Determine the velocity at the inlet and outlet.

Q 7.5 10 −4 Q 7.5 10 −4

V1 = = = 2.65 m/s V2 = = = 5.65 m/s
A1    (1.9  10 ) 
−2 2
A2    (1.3 10 ) 
−2 2
   
 4   4 

Step 2: Obtain the parameters to determine Reynolds number and

determine Re. no.

ρ = 999 kg/m3, μ = 1.12 x 10-3 Ns/m2 Obtained from Table 1.6

VD (999)(2.65)(1.9 10 −2 )

Re = = = 44910  4000 (Turbulent )
 1.12 10 −3

62
Step 3: Write the energy eq. between point 1 & point 2. Determine
the values for the parameters involved.

P1 V12 P2 V22 P2 = 0 (Open to atmosphere)

+ + z1 = + + z2
g 2 g g 2 g Z1 = 0 (Reference point)
Z2 = 6 m
ρ = 999 kg/m3

Step 4: Rearrange the energy eq. to yield the desired outcome &
solve.

 (V22 − V12 )
P1 = + gz 2
2
(999)(5.652 − 2.652 )
P1 = + (999)(9.81)(6) = 71.24 kPa
2

63
b)
Step 1: Carry out Step 1 & Step 2 from Part a.

Step 2: Write the energy eq. between point 1 & point 2, including the
major head loss.

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL ,major
g 2 g g 2 g

Step 3; Solve for major head loss.

2
l V1
hL ,major =f
D 2g where l = 4.6 + 3 + 1.5 + 3 + 3 + 3
= 18.1 m
Step 4: Refer to Table 8.1, determine ε and calculate relative
𝜀
roughness,
𝐷

ε = 0.0015 mm
= 1.5 x 10-6 m

𝜀 1.5 x 10−6
=
𝐷 1.9 x 10−2
= 7.89 x 10-5

𝜀
Step 5: Based on Re. no. & determine f from Moody Chart.
𝐷
f = 0.0215

66
Step 6: Calculate the major head loss, and solve the question.
2
l V1 18.1 2.652
hL ,major =f = (0.0215) −2
= 7.33m
D 2g 1.9 10 2(9.81)

P1 V12 P2 V22 P2 = 0 (Open to atmosphere)

+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL ,major Z1 = 0 (Reference point)
g 2 g g 2 g Z2 = 6 m
ρ = 999 kg/m3
 (V22 − V12 )
P1 = + gz 2 + g (hL ,major )
2 2
(999)(5.65 − 2.65 ) 2

P1 = + (999)(9.81)(6) + (999)(9.81)(7.33)
2

= 143.07kPa
c)
Step 1: Carry out Step 1 & Step 2 from Part a.

Step 2: Write the energy eq. between point 1 & point 2, including the
major head loss & minor head loss.

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL ,major + hL ,min or
g 2 g g 2 g

Step 3; Solve for major head loss following the steps outline in Case
b.
2
l V1
hL ,major =f = 7.33m
D 2g
Step 4: Solve for the minor head loss. Refer to Table 8.2 to obtain the
loss coefficient, KL, for the elbow and wide open globe
valve.

2
V
hL ,min or = KL 1
2g
2.652
= [4(1.5) + 10 + 2)]
2(9.81)
= 6.44m
Step 5: Solve the question.

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL ,major + hL ,min or
g 2 g g 2 g
P2 = 0 (Open to atmosphere)
Z1 = 0 (Reference point)
Z2 = 6 m
γ = 9800 N/m3

 (V22 − V12 )
P1 = + gz 2 + g (hL ,major ) + g (hL ,min or )
2
(999)(5.652 − 2.652 )
= + (999)(9.81)(6) + (999)(9.81)(7.33) + (999)(9.81)(6.44)
2
= 206.187kPa
Example 5
As shown in the figure, crude oil at 60oC with γ = 8.4 kN/m3 and μ =
3.8 x 10-3 Ns/m2 is pumped across Alaska through the Alaskan
pipeline, a 1280 km long, 1.2 m diameter steel pipe at a maximum
rate of Q = 3.3 m3/s. Determine the kilowatt needed for the pumps
that drive this large system.

71
Step 1: Write the energy eq. between point 1 & point 2, including the
major head loss and the head provided by the pump.

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 + h p = + + z 2 + hL ,major
 2g  2g
2
l V1
h p = hL ,major =f
D 2g

P1 = P2 = 0 (Open to atmosphere)
V 1 = V2 (Open to atmosphere, Diameter is constant)
Z 1 = Z2 (Pumped from the sea level to sea level)
Step 2: Determine the velocity at which crude oil flows in the pipe.
Q 3.3
V= = = 2.92m / s
A   1.2 
2
 
 4 

Step 3: Determine the Re. no.

  8 .4  10 3
 VD ( )(2.92)(1.2)
VD  g  9.81
Re = = = 789570  4000 (Turbulent)
  3.8 10 −3
Step 4: Refer to Table 8.1, determine ε and calculate relative
𝜀
roughness, .
𝐷

ε = 0.045 mm
= 4.5 x 10-5 m

𝜀 4.5 x 10−5
=
𝐷 1.2
= 3.75 x 10-5

𝜀
Step 5: Based on Re. no. & determine f from Moody Chart.
𝐷
f = 0.013

75
Step 6: Solve for the head provided by the pump.

1280 103 2.92 2

2
l V1
hp = f = (0.013) = 6026.13m
D 2g 1.2 2(9.81)

Step 7: Solve for the power supplied.

P = Qh p = (8.4 103 )(3.3)(6026.13) = 167.0MW

Example:
Ethyl alcohol at 20ºC is transferred from a closed tank which is
pressurized at 500 kPa to an open tank through a 50 cm diameter pipe
at 4 m3/s, which has a roughness, ε = 0.26 mm. The fluid level in the
open tank is 30 m above the fluid level in the closed tank. Given the
pipe loss coefficient at entrance, KL entrance = 0.5 and the pipe loss
coefficient at exit, KL exit = 1.0. Based on the information provided,
determine the length of the pipe required to transfer the ethyl alcohol.

Given:
ρ = 789 kg/m3
γ = 7.74 x 103 N/m3 Obtained from Table 1.6
µ = 1.19 x 10-3 N·s/m2
Example:
Re-work the previous example if the tanks pressure is increased to
1.2 MPa while the 50 cm diameter pipe is replaced with a rectangular
channel with a dimension of 30 cm by 45 cm, and assuming the flow
completely fills the channel.
Multiple-path Systems – Series and
Parallel Pipe System

Q1 = Q2 = Q3 hLA− B = hL1 + hL 2 + hL3

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 hL1 = hL 2 = hL 3

79
Multiple-path Systems – Multiple
Pipe Loop System

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
p A VA2 pB VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hL1 + hL 2 (1 → 2 )
 2g  2g
p A VA2 pB VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hL1 + hL 3 (1 → 3)
 2g  2g
 hL 2 = hL 3

80
Multiple-path Systems – Three-
Reservoir System
If valve (1) was closed,
reservoir B → reservoir C
If valve (2) was closed,
reservoir A → reservoir C
If valve (3) was closed,
reservoir A → reservoir B
With all valves open….

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
p A VA2 pB VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hL1 + hL 2 ( A → B )
 2g  2g
pB VB2 pC VC2
+ + zB = + + zC + hL 2 + hL 3 (B → C )
 2g  2g

81
Summary
• Determine which of the following types of flow will occur:
laminar flow or turbulent flow.
• Use the Poiseuille equation in appropriate situations and
understand its limitations.
• Explain the main properties of turbulent pipe flow and how
they are different from or similar to laminar pipe flow.
• Use the Moody chart to determine major losses in pipe
systems.
• Use minor loss coefficients to determine minor losses in
pipe systems.
• Determine the head loss in noncircular conduits.
Summary
• Incorporate major and minor losses into the energy
equation to solve a variety of pipe
• Flow problems, including Type I problems (determine the
pressure drop or head loss), Type II problems (determine
the flow rate), and Type III problems (determine the pipe
diameter).
• Solve problems involving multiple pipe systems.
• Determine the flowrate through orifice, nozzle, and Venturi
flowmeters as a function of the pressure drop across the meter.