Methods of Integration A METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION Fundamental Formulas 5.fsinudu = cosute 6. feosudu=sinute 7. fsectudu=tanu+c 8.fese?udu=—cotu +e 9. fsecutanudu=secute 10. fescucorudu = —cseu +e 19. fae 11. fsecudu=tn [secu +tanu| +e we “l4e for O<|ul ¥¥=asecé Solu y= 4tand @=arcton ax= 4sec28 6 VISE = Asecb ac [tenerPase? 6 a6 Vr ie 50e8 = 64f tan? seco tone ao : 64 fean* asec ae 4 [ sec? @~ 1) seed tan ae let ussecO du=secd tanddd 64 fu? = 1)du = 64: a+ c= Hsect@ ot seca te = 64) ere {Vierey Jere +c (Case II Ifthe integrand contains the expression Vi" — <2, use the substitution ‘=asecO where @ = are secs x \ zg From the reference wiangle AN reasecd where 6 = arc sec & dxsasecdtandda Via satane Examplesec@ where = arc sec’ dx =2secOtanadg — YxF= 4 = 2tand » : 2 (2sec0)'2sec@tand a Iaae- Tian = 8 f(a + tan? a)sec? 640 letustang — du=sec? a6 a as =a far ydu= ou +O +e = Beand+ztand + aaadai(—4)+e Exercises: Integrate the following, Lott 2fa% { dx net Ti xi Nx? —Sdx 8f x V7 FBdx 9f x V6 =H nj see 23s 8 Gs Evaluate the definite integral. Ded ey (seat D. Integrands involving Quadratic Functions __When the integral contains a quadratic function, usually in the denominator, Which is not factorable we use completing the squares so the integral can be transformec to one of the forms in the previous methods. Examplesas 1S ereeats Solution: yet 6x 410 = x2 46x4941= (x43) +1 inyeet3. dyade x? + 6x +10 a . 2 _ = arctan(x + ¥ \axveeu- Seam areteny bem are (+3) + 1p Sees vista? Solution: dx+x? xt$2x¢1—1= (e+? -1 let y=xttx=y—1,dx=dy ares (3x + B)dx pease. Gy + 5S)dy Viera Brat “FT ya =e ee letu=y?-1 du = 2ydy de’ (22). cj 2 3ftaress 4 vrai 2 v 2 5infy+ (Fa i|+e= 36? -DF+Sin|(x + 1) + yes +c = 30x 4x24 5in|x +14 ieee] e 5, poebe Solution eax (x2 444) $454 - 2? lety=x-2 | .x=yt2 ,de=dy ax? 4-y? Qe S)dx _ (2 +2)—Sldy _ ( @y= Ddy Vig—e a= 2ydy _ f_ dy Vi-y¥ letu=4-y* (a? a tu 1 dy wha f we I ¥ J (a-¥ wea ae) ¥ Apa jaresin + ¢ = ~2u? — Zaresing ~ €(Woe dealey is oa ayy Fay +aF +| oo +a - tte [2 re Gay letus=y? +4 y=2tand du = 2ydy dy = sect odo VP F4 = 2secd* 2sec? 8d 2eect ede _ ya Tesccay 2f cas afurans 7 { costoda 7 22 fwtdusZ fEAes20 ag 7 7 =2[wrdurZf aos [cos af du ef doz f cos2eae wi 7, Tazo ne Soares 27 aye rated See 27 “irae ti6' Integrate the following. Usa We ee {5 laa Slee use bk of SEs * 107 Teese 101714, —2_, WS area E. INTEGRATION BY PARTS ‘The formula for differential of a produet is dla) = udv + vu By integrating both sides, we obtain w= Judes [ve or Jus=w- [ova ‘This is the formula for integration by parts. Examples Lf aresin 2xdx Solution: Saresin2 xdx etu=aresin2x, dv=dx ee = n1 = xaresin2x +} = xaresin2x+Vi- mete [arcsin2 x dx = xarostn2x+ V1— 4x? + Cm 26 2 Bing} BoM =e Sine ode Sec=Stnxe- S40 Sxlnxde= Sinx- 240 0 3. {x8 arctan(x?) dx Solution: fx arctan?) dx let ws arctan(x?) dv = x3 2x . dus de ve x + pat 2x J Perctance’y ae = Carctan(e’) f dx = Zarctan(e*)—2f pax Dividingx? by 1+ 24, we gets —25, Hence { 2; = f (xix) x dy = dxdt fay =xdx F xt _ar_dy FS arctany +0 tat arctan (x?) ~ 5 (5 arctan) +6 Pa -arctan(x®) ~ 1 2) 4 + paretan(x®) +C Get + 1) arctan(x®) bx? +0 JxParctan(x?) 44. fe* cosSx dx Solution: fee cosSx dx dv = cos5x du=4e%* yp sinSx 5 1 4 few osx de = Zet*sinx 3 f eh sinSx dx use dvy=sin5x 1 u=4e* 9, du; =4e 9, =— cos 5x Set*sinsx— {f- fet cos sx +t fet oss. ar] Je*cos8x dx Fer sind xX, LB petteoss de cos8x—- fe cosx dx ax 16 f oa me fe cossx dx +52 fe cos5x dr = 4 eM sin Sx + Te cosSx+C [et coss d= z 3 “(6 sinSx+4cos5x) +0 Se*cosSx dx = He" Gsindx + 4cos5x) +m Exercises: : Integrate the following: L fxlnx dx 2 xcosx dx 3.f nx) de 4. farctan2x dx 8. fxaresinx dx 6. fe sin2dx dx 7. fcos"x dx 8. fax 9. sec? x dx 10. fxresc®2x de 1 fae 12. J 9x tan? 3x dx 1, fata 14, fe sindx de 15. feosx sin3xdx 16. f 6x? aresin 2x dx 17. fe**cos bx dx 18. farcsin Vx dx 90" xarctandx dx 200 conv aeFR INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS IfP and Q are polynomials, the integration of expressions in the form ‘can, in theory, always be performed. However, the actual calculation of the integral depends on whether or not Q(x) can be factored. 1 Theorem: Every polynomial (with real coefficients) may be decomposed into product of linear and quadratie factors in such a way that each of the factors has real coctfick Remark: If the degree of P is larger than or equal to the degree of Q, apply long division. ‘The decomposition of a rational function into the sum of simpler expressions is known as the method of partial fractions, This method is divided into four cases depending on the way the denominator factors, Case I, The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear factors, all different. Example 1 2x? 43-1 ff . GF Det DED” ‘We can decompose the given fraction into partial fractions 2x 43x-2 J Adx Bax Cax @+DG+D@-N% ~ Java *)xaa* ema 2x? 43x-1 A B c (FDO +2H- IT xe+3 T xH2 7 2x2 43x21 = ACK + 2G —1) + BO +3YK=1) + CHE) Assigning of values for x is arbitrary 1 ifx 21; 20)7+30)-1 = C(1+3)1+2)= 4 = 12¢ hence, C = if x = -2; 2(-2)?+3(-2)-1 = B(-24+3)(-2-1) 91 : = -3B hence, ifx= 2(-3)? +3(-3)-1 © A(-342)(-34D> 8 = 44 hence, A=2 2x? + 3; dx if dx Ce Gaara = ? waa 73 [esa +3 (4 1 1 = Binlx+3|—glnbe + 2)+5tnlx~ +0 +Case 2: The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear factors, some of which are repeated, Example 2 : 2x43 ere * See ax +3 _ f Ad +f[™® ie { Cdx ? wae = Jxsat sx @-1F Qe$3 = AG=1)? + B(x +2@e—1) + C+D) 3=4-28+2C witha t 2x +3 z dx ax 5 d. Juraanie® = sata! lam 2x43 1 5 epee =F eB +5 ne) SSP ac 1 i 5 Inet 2145 tne tl a Case 3: The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear and quadratic factory, and none of the quadratic factors is repeated, Example 3 a a? -2x-3 Dass wea 2e-3 yf Ade Bete B= DGD J xi) eke Qx-3 = AGP+ 242) + Bxt+O(x-1) Ox+7 ax xt +ox+2 1 + nix aj44 =fIntegrating . 9x +7 eid Ded let wax? 42x42 du = (2x + 2)dx ae 2 sea 41 (ei +0 Jet y=(x+1) dyad “ 3 tnjul-2 arctany +¢ Pirie Ox +7 oe [wee ny ins? + 2x +2|—2 arctan (x1) +6 2-3 Ie DGT+ Bee ae 1 = Fin —11 45] nh? +2x-+2] arctan +] +e , 2 garetan(x+1)+C # ed 7 Sag inix— 1 + 7p nlx? + 2x + 2) - Case 4: The denominator Q(x) ean be factored into linear and quadratic factors, and. some of the quadratie factors are repeated. Example 4 x743 Jaap [ese 2743 Ax+B ws [ee Ce+d Graie A Jer * Gta x?+3= (Ax +B)? + +(Cx +d) Ox? +x74+0x+3 = Ax? + Bx? +Ax+B+Cx+D = Ax + Bx? + (A+ C)x + (B+D) ’ Thus, A+C=0 and B+D=3ip +3 uP x=tand ee’ dO Sei x ix’ +1=secd dx sect do > J #00520 aes ® | eer | 00878 = do area” | eecd Je B 8 sin20 8, 2sin Boose | ag “4 arctan 1 Hel 2 2Veeei vxts1 2°49 ay m arctan + Lerctenx's Ge pie = aretans + arctan x x43 Grea e spectre tc Wt Exercises: Integrate the following. Show all solutions. set8 (243) de L i sapere i J x? 45x46 | GSDereD GP +2) dy 2 [tee wt Fay Pr2 + oy 18 3 (eee, 48x -12 ao 4 Txt + 12x (2+ 13) dz x? dx ’ lease ate: 6 Sapa (x?-x-8) dx a Pees G?+9x4+9) dx 4 Sa 15, ee (Qx+1t) dx 7 jaa ated “ [atk +3045 x+8@+4P@-1) 2x? 43 OKt oS 5 5 GE of x? - 3x45 xt 8x2 +16 dx — é 3x45 [ever (x34 2x2 4 1) dx » [aa GPa tet 5 Ghaal ed ae (x? + 2x + 10)? 20.