Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter Solutions Manual 1

Chapter 5 / The Differential Forms
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5 / The Differential
Laws Forms of the Fundamental Laws
Solution Manual for Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter

Wiggert Ramadan 1305635175 9781305635173
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CHAPTER 5
The Differential Forms of
the Fundamental Laws
Differential Continuity Equation

5.1 0   d V    V n̂ dA . Using Gauss’ theorem, this can be written as
t
 
c.v. c.s.

  
0  dV     (  V)d V     (  V) V
c.v.
t
c.v.

c.v.
t
d
Since this is true for all arbitrary control volumes (i.e., for all limits of integration), the
integrand must be zero:

   (  V)  0.
t
This can be written in rectangular coordinates as
    
  (  u)   (  v)  (  w).
t x y z
This is Eq. 5.2.2. The other forms of the continuity equation follow.
melement
5.2 m ɺ out 
ɺ in  m . This is expressed as
t
   
 v (rd dz)   v    v  dr  (r  dr)d dz   v drdz    v  (  v )d drdz
r r r   
r 
 dr     dr     dr  
 v r d dr   v  (  v )dz r  d dr   r d drdz .
111
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Chapter
of the Fundamental
z      
   
z z
2  2 2
   z   t   
Subtract terms and divide by rddrdz:

 vr rdr  1   rdr/2   rdr/2
  (v )  ( v )  ( v )   .
r  z
r r r r  z r t r
Since dr is an infinitesimal, (r  dr)/r  1 and (r  dr/2)/r  1. Hence,

   1   1
 (v )  (  v )  (  v )   v  0.
r  z r
t r r  z r
This can be put in various forms. If  = const, it divides out.
112
Chapter
of the Fundamental
melement
5.3 ɺ in  m
m ɺ out  . This takes the form
t
  
 v (rd )r sin  d   v  (  v )dr (r  dr)d (r  dr) sin  d
r  r r r 
 
 dr      dr 
  v dr r  sin  d   v  (  v )d dr r  sin  d
   
2      2

     
 dr      dr 
  v dr r  d   v  (  v )d dr r  d
   
2      2

      
   dr  2
   r   drd sin  d 
t   2  
Because some areas are not rectangular, we used an average length (r  dr/2). Now,
subtract some terms and divide by rdddr:
  (rdr) 2   rdr/2
  vr sin    vr sin   (  vr ) sin   (  v ) sin 
r r   r
rdr/2   rdr/2 
2
 
 (  v )  sin 
  r t r
Since dr is infinitesimal (r  dr)2 /r  r and (r  dr/2) / r  1. Divide by r sin  and there

results
   1  1  2
 ( v )  (v )  ( v )  v  0
r   r
t r r  r sin   r

5.4 For a steady flow  0. Then, with v  w  0, Eq. 5.2.2 yields
t
 du d
(  u)  0 or  u  0.
113
Chapter
of the Fundamental
x dx dx
Partial derivatives are not used since there is only one independent variable.
D
5.5 Since the flow is incompressible  0. This gives
Dt
2-D steady
D      
u v w  0. u w  0.
Dt x y z t  x z
Also, since the flow is incompressible,

u w
  V  0, or   0.
x z
114
Chapter
of the Fundamental
 
5.6 Given:  0,  0. Since water can be considered to be incompressible, we demand
t z
D  
that  0. Equation 5.2.8 then provides u w  0, assuming the x-direction to
Dt  x z
be in the direction of flow. There is no variation with y. Also, we demand that

  V  0, or
u w
  0.
x z
p
5.7 We can use the ideal gas law,   . Then, the continuity equation (5.2.7)
RT
D
    V becomes, assuming RT to be constant,
Dt
1 Dp p 1 Dp
   V or    V.
RT Dt RT p Dt
5.8 a) Use cylindrical coordinates with v  vz  0 :
1 
(rv )  0
r r r
Integrate:
C
rvr  C.  vr  .
r
1  2
b) Use spherical coordinates with v  v  0 : (r v r )  0 .
r 2 r
Integrate:
C
r 2 v  C. v  .
r r 2
r
5.9 (a) Since the flow is steady and incompressible then VA = constant, where the constant is
determined by using the conditions at the inlet that is,  VA inlet  40 1  40 m3 /s. And,
115
Chapter
of the Fundamental
since the flow is inviscid, the velocity is uniform in the channel, so u  V . Hence, at any x
position within the channel the velocity u can be calculated using u  V  40/A. Since
the flow area is not constant it is given by A  2hw, where the vertical distance h is a
function of x and can be determined as, h  0.15x  0.5H . Substituting, we obtain the
following expression for the velocity:
40 20
u(x)   m/s
2(0.15x  0.5) 0.15x  0.5
116
Chapter
of the Fundamental
du
(b) To determine the acceleration in the x-direction, we use (see Eq. 3.2.9) ax  u
dx
where
du 3

dx (0.15x  0.5)2
Hence, the expression for acceleration is
20  3  60
ax    m/s 2
0.15x  0.5 (0.15x  0.5) 2
(0.15x  0.5) 3
Note that the minus sign indicates deceleration of the fluid in the x-direction.
u v   u 
5.10 (a) Using the continuity equation   0, we write v   y  C. With the
 
x y 
x 
d
u 3 v
result from Problem 5.9:    , we integrate to find
x (0.15x  0.5)2 y
3y
v(x, y) 
(0.15x  0.5)2
and since v  0 at y  0, then C  0.
(b) To determine the acceleration in the y-direction, we use (see Eq. 3.2.9)
v v
ay  u  v .
x y
From part (a) we have
v 0.9y

x (0.15x  0.5)3
Substituting in the expression for acceleration we get

20  0.9y 3y 3  9y
ay      2
0.15x  0.5 (0.15x  0.5)3 (0.15x  0.5) 2 (0.15x  0.5) (0.15x  0.5) 4
D  u v  kg
5.11     V.      2.3(2001 400 1)  1380
 
Dt x y m3s
 
117
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.12 In a plane flow, u  u(x, y) and v  v(x, y). u v

Continuity demands that   0.
x y
u v
If u  const, then  0 and hence  0. Thus, we also have vconst and
x y
D/Dt =0.
118
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.13 If u  C1 and v  C 2 , the continuity equation provides, for an incompressible flow,
u v w w
   0.   0 so w  C3 .
x y z z
The z-component of velocity wisalsoconstant. We also have

D    
0 u v w
Dt t x y z
The density may vary with x, y, z and t. It is not, necessarily, constant.

u v v
5.14   0.  A  0.  v(x, y)  Ay  f (x).
x y y
But, v(x, 0)  0  f (x).  v  Ay.
u v v u (x 2 y 2)5 5 x(2x) 5x 25 y 2

5.15   0.    
x y y x (x 2  y 2 ) 2 (x 2  y 2 ) 2
5y 2 5x 2 5y 5y
 v(x, y) 
 (x 2
 y 2 )2
dy  f (x) 
x2  y2
 f (x). f (x)  0. v 
x2 y 2
.
1  1 0.4  1 v
5.16 From Table 5.1: (rv )     10  2  sin  .
r r r r  r r 
 0.4   0.4 
rv  10  sin  dr  f ( )  10r  sin   f ( ).
 r 
 r 
r  2   
 0.4 
0.2v (0.2,  )  10  0.2  sin   f ( )  0.  f ( )  0.
r  
 0.2 
 0.4 
vr  10  2 sin  .
 r 


119
Chapter
of the Fundamental
1  (rv 1 v  20   1 
cos .
5.17 From Table 5.1: )  1
r r r  r  r2 
r
 1   1
rv  20 1 cos  dr  f ( )  20 r  cos   f ( ).
  r 
 r
r  2   
vr (1,  )  20(11) cos   f ( )  0.  f ( )  0.
 1 
 .
vr  20 1 2 cos
  r 
120
Chapter
of the Fundamental
1  2 1 
5.18 From Table 5.1, spherical coordinates: (r v r )   (v  sin ).
r r
2
r sin   
1  2 1  40 
 (r v r )   10  3  2 sin  cos .
r r
2
r sin   r 

 40   2 80 
r 2 v  r 10  2 cos  dr  f ( )  10r  cos   f ( )
  r 
 r 
r  3   
 80 
4v (2,  )  10 22  cos   f ( )  0.  f ( )  0.
r   
 2 
 80 
vr  10  3  cos  .
 r 
 du d
5.19 Continuity: (  u)  0.  u  0.
x dx dx
p 18144 slug du 526453
   0.00302 .   219 fps/ft
RT 1716  500 ft 3 dx 2  2 /12
d  du 0.00302
    219  0.00136 slug/ft 4 .
dx u dx 486
u v 
5.20   0.  20(1  e )  20e
x x
x y x
Hence, in the vicinity of the x-axis:
v
 20e x and v  20ye x  C.
y
But v  0 if y  0. C  0.
121
Chapter
of the Fundamental
v  20ye x  20(0.2)e 2  0.541m/s

1  vz  
5.21 From Table 5.1, (rv )   0. 20(1 e z )   20e z
z  
r
r r z
Hence, in the vicinity of the z-axis:

1  r 2
(rvr )  20e z and rvr  20e z  C.
r r 2
But vr  0 if r  0. C  0.
vr  10re z  10(0.2)e 2  0.271m/s
122
Chapter
of the Fundamental
40
5.22 The velocity is zero at the stagnation point. Hence, 0  10  .  R2 m.
R2
u v u
The continuity equation for this plane flow is   0. Using  80x 3 ,
x y x
v
we see that  80x 3 near the x-axis. Consequently, for small y ,
y
v  80x 3y so that v  80(3)3 (0.1)  0.296 m/s.
5.23 The velocity is zero at the stagnation point. Hence, 0  (40/R 2 ) 10.  R2 m.
1  1 
r v  
20
Use continuity from Table 5.1: 2
(40  10r 2 )   .
r 2 r r 2 r
r
r
1  20
Near the negative x-axis continuity provides us with
r sin  
 v  sin  
r
.
Integrate, letting   0 from the y-axis: v sin   20 cos   C

0.1
Since v  0 when   90 , C  0. Then, with   tan 1  1.909 ,
3
cos  cos88.091 0.0333
20 20 20 0.667 m/s
v       
sin  sin 88.091 0.999
u v v u 13.511.3 m/s

5.24 a) Continuity:   0.     220 .
x y y x 2 0.005 m
v  v  0  220y. v  220  0.004  0.88m/s.
u
b) ax  u  12.6 (220)  2772m/s 2.
x
Differential Momentum Equation

5.25 Fy  may . For the fluid particle occupying the volume of Fig. 5.3:
 
  yy   dxdz    zy 
 yy dy  
123
Chapter
of the Fundamental
 zy dz   xy dx 
  dydz
dxdy
  xy 
 y 2   z 2   x 2 
 yy dy    zy dz    xy dx 
   yy   dxdz  
 zy  
 dxdy  
 xy 
 dydz
 y 2   z 2   x 2 
Dv
  g y dx dy dz   dx dy dz
Dt
Dividing by dx dy dz, and adding and subtracting terms:
xy 
yy 
zy Dv
   g  .
y
x y z Dt
124
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.26 Check continuity:

u v w (x 2 y 2)10 10x(2x) (x 2y )10
2
10y(2y)
     0.
x y z (x  y )
2 2 2
(x  y 2 ) 2
2
Thus, it is a possible flow. For a frictionless flow, Euler’s Eqs. 5.3.7 give, with
g x  g y  0:
u u p
u  v  .
x y x
p 10x 10y 2 10x 2 10y20xy 100(x 2 y 2)y
     
x x 2  y 2 (x 2  y 2 )2 x 2  y 2 (x 2  y 2 )2 (x 2  y 2 )3
v v p
u  v   .
x y y
p 10x20xy 10y 10x 2 10y 2 100(x 2 y 2)y
      
y x 2  y 2 (x 2  y 2 ) 2 x 2  y 2 (x 2  y 2 ) 2 (x 2  y 2 )3
p ˆ p ˆ 100x  ˆ 100y  ˆ 100  ˆ ˆ

p  i j i  j  (xi y j)
x y (x 2  y 2 )2 (x 2  y 2 )2 (x2 y 2) 2
5.27 Check continuity (cylindrical coord from Table 5.1):

1  1 v  10   1  10   1 
(rv )   1 cos   1 cos   0. It is a possible flow.
r r r 
r
   
r  r 2  r  r2 
For Euler’s Eqs. (let v = 0 in the momentum eqs of

2 Table 5.1) in cylindrical coord:
p 100   1 
    v vr   v vr 
2
v   1  2  20 
 1 sin 2  10  1 cos 
   
 r
  2 2  3
r r r r r  r   r  r 
10  1 2 10
1  sin   10  .
   r 

125
Chapter
of the Fundamental
r 2 


r2

1 p vr v v v v 100   1
   v   1 sin  cos 
r  
r  r r r  r  r 4 
2
1 20 100  1
10   1  cos  sin    1   sin  cos  .
      

 r 2   r 3  r  r2 
p ˆ 1 p ˆ 200   1 ˆ 200  ˆ

p  i r  i  3 2 cos2i r sin2i
  3
r r r r  r
5.28 Follow the steps of Problem 5.27. The components of the pressure gradient are
p v2v 2 vr v v
   v
r    r
r r r r 
1 p vr v v v v

   v 
r
r  r r r 
126
Chapter
of the Fundamental
 2   2 
5.29 p  p      V. p  p       V.
 3   3 
   
 ŝ ŝ  n̂ n̂
   .
s s R R
 ŝ ŝ n̂  
   n̂ .
t t t t
DV  V V    V 2
  V ŝ  V 
s   t
n̂
Dt t R 
   
 V2  V
For steady flow, the normal acc. is  , the tangential acc. is V .
 
 R  s
5.30 For a rotating reference frame (see Eq. 3.2.15), we must add the terms due to Ω.
Thus, Euler’s equation becomes
 DV dΩ 
  2Ω  V  Ω  (Ω  r)   r  p   g
 Dt dt 
u
5.31  xx  p  2      V  30 psi
x
 yy   zz  p  30 p si.
 u v   0.1 
    105 30 1440   18105 psf
xy  
y x 12
 
 xy 1810g5
 0. 4.17 108 .
 xz  yz    
 xx 30 144
v u 16y 16y 2 8y 2 16y 3

5.32    . v(x, y)    f (x).
y x C x9/5 C 2 x13/5 Cx9/5 3C 2 x13/5
127
Chapter
of the Fundamental
v(x, o)  0.  f (x)  0. 8  C 10004/5. C  0.0318.
u(x, y)  629yx 4/5  9890y 2 x 8/5 .

v(x, y)  252y 2 x 9/5  5270y 3 x 13/5 .
 u
 xx  p  2   100  0  100 kPa.
x
 yy   zz  p  100kPa.
 u v 
 xy       210 5 6291000 4/5  5.0110 5 Pa.
y x
 
 xz   yz  0.
128
Chapter
of the Fundamental
Du  u     
5.33   u v w u  (V  )u.
 
 

Dv v      

  u v w v  (V  )v.
 
 
Dw  w     
  u v  w w  (V  )w
Dt t  
x y z
 
DV Du Dv Dw
  î  ĵ  k̂  V  (uî  v ĵ  wk̂ )  (V  )V.
Dt Dt Dt Dt
5.34 Follow the steps that lead to Eq. 5.3.17 and add the term due to compressible effects:
     
  V ĵ     V k̂
DV
  p   g   2 V    V î 
 
Dt 3 x 3 y 3 z
     
 p   g   2 V  î  ĵ  k̂   V
 
3 x y z
 
DV 
  p   g   2 V  (  V).
Dt 3
v
5.35 If u = u(y), then continuity demands that  0.  v  C. But, at y = 0 (the lower
y
plate), v = 0. C  0, and v(x, y)  0.
Du  u u u  2 u  2u 
u  p   2u
     u  v  w      gx      .
Dt t x y z x  2  2  2 
   x y z 
120
Chapter
of the Fundamental
p  2u
0  2 .
x ay
Dv p
 0 .
Dt y
Dw p p
 0   (g).     g.
Dt z z
121
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.36 The x-component Navier-Stokes equation can be written as

 u u u u  p   2u
 2 u  2u 
   u  v  w     g     
t x y z x x   2  2  2
   x y z 
Based on the given conditions the following assumptions can be made:

  u 
One-dimensional  v  w  0  Steady state 0
 
 t 
   dp 
Incompressible    constant  Zero pressure-gradient 0
 
 dx 
 u   u 
Fully-developed flow 0 A wide channel 0
 x   z 
   
 2u  2u
The Navier-Stokes equation takes the simplified form  2  0 or  0. Integrating
y y 2
twice yields, u(y)  ay  b . To determine a and b we apply the following boundary

conditions: u  V1 at y = 0, and u  V2 at y = h. This gives b  V1 and
a  (V1  V2 ) / h. The velocity distribution between the plates is then
 V V 
u(y)   1 2 y  V 1
 h 
5.37 Using the x-component Navier-Stokes equation with x being vertical and the following
assumptions:
  u 
One-dimensional  v  w  0  Steady state 0
 
 t 
   u 
Incompressible    constant  Fully-developed flow 0
 
 x 
The x-component Navier-Stokes equation reduces to
p 
2
u
0    g   2
x y
Integrate the above differential equation twice (see Problem 5.36):
122
Chapter
of the Fundamental
1  dp 
u(y)    g y 2  ay  b
2   dx 

Applying the no-slip boundary condition at both plates (see Problem 5.36) we get
u(y) 
1  dp 
  g y 2  hy  
2   dx 

123
Chapter
of the Fundamental
 Kvz
Assumptions: One-dimensional  vr  v  0  
5.38 Steady state 0
 t 
 
Incompressible    constant  Horizontal (g z  0)
 vz 
Fully-developed flow 0
 
 z 
Dvr 1 p Dv 1 p
0 . 0 .
Dt  r Dt   r
Dvz  v vz v vz vz  p  v

2
1 vz 1 v
2
v
2 
   z  v  v   z   z
 z 
 t r   z 
r z
Dt r z  r 2 r r r 2  2 z 2 
   
p   vz 1 vz 
2
0      .
 2 r r
  
z r
   
 Kvz
Assumptions: One-dimensional flow  v  vr  0 

 t 
 
Incompressible    constant  Horizontal (g z  0)
 vz 
Fully-developed flow 0
 
 z 
The Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical form provides the following equation:
p  2 vz 1 vz 
0      2  
z  r r r 
Rearrange the above equation and integrate:

p    v z  vz 1 p  r  C1
0  r ,  

 r  
z r r r  z  2  r
124
Chapter
of the Fundamental
   
1 p  r 2 
Integrating again yields: vz (r)    C1 ln r  C 2
 z  4 
 
C1 and C2 are determined using the boundary conditions: vz  0, at r  ro , and vz  Vc

at r  ri . Hence,
1 p  r 2  1 p  r 2 
Vc   i  C ln r  C2 and 0  o  C ln r  C
 z  4  1 i  z  4  1 o 2
   
125
Chapter
of the Fundamental
Subtracting the second equation from the first yields,

1 p
V  r 2
 r2 
4  z i
c o
C1 
ln  ri ro 
The drag force on the inner cylinder is zero when the shear stress  rz on the inner cylinder
 v v   v 
z 
is zero, i.e.,  rz    r
   0 . Since vr  0 , then  rz    z   0 . From
 z r  rri  r  rri
v 1 p C 1 p 2
the above expression for vz we find z
 ri  1  0. Then C1   ri .
r rri 2 z ri 2  z
Combining with the above expressions for C1 we solve for Vc . The result is:
V 
1 p  2 2

r  r  2r 2 ln  r r  
4 z
c i o i i o

1 
5.40 Continuity: (r 2 v )  0. r 2 v  C. At r  r1 , v  0. C  0.
r r r
r 2 r
  
v2 p  2v  p
1
   2 v  v 
    
    
 cot  0  r  2 
.   rr r
r r  r 2
    r sin  
1 p
0 .
rsin 
 Kvz
Assumptions: One-dimensional flow  vz  vr  0 

 t 
 
Incompressible    constant  Vertical (gr  g  0)
 v 
Developed flow  r  0 

126
Chapter
of the Fundamental
 
 2 v 1 v v
The simplified differential equation from Table 5.1 is   0
r 2 r r r2
 2 v   v 
 
 
which can be re-written as 0.
r 2 r r 
v v
Integrating we get:   C1
r r
1 
The above equation can be re-written as  rv   C1.
r r
r2 r C2
Integrating again yields rv  C1  C 2  v  C1 

2 2 r
127
Chapter
of the Fundamental
Apply the boundary conditions v  0 at r  ri , and v  ro at r  ro . We have
ri C2 ro C 2
0  C1  and ro  C1 
2 ri 2 ro
r 2o r 2i ro2

Solving for C1 and C2 yields C1  2 and C 2 2 2
.
2 2
ri  ro ri  ro
  r 2   r 2 r 2  1

Finally, v   2 o 2 r  2 i o2
 r r   r r r
 i o   i o 
5.42 For an incompressible flow   V  0. Substitute Eqs. 5.3.10 into Eq. 5.3.2 and 5.3.3:
  u    u v    u w 
  p 2        
Du
   g .
x  x  y  y x  z  z x  x
Dt
p 2u 2u 2u   u v  w 

   2   2   2        g x
x x y z x  x y z 
Du p   u  u  u 
2 2 2
        g x .
x  x y z 
2 2 2
Dt
Dv    u v    v   v w 
       p  2         gy .
 
Dt x  y x  y  y  z  z y 
p  2v  2v  2v   u v w 
     gy
y 2 2 2
x y z y x y z
        
     
  
Dv p
128
Chapter
of the Fundamental

  2v
2 2v
v
       g y.
y  2 y 2 z 2 
 Dt  x 
Dw   u  w    v w     w 
            p  2     g z

Dt x  z x  y  z y  z  z 
p 2w 2w  2w   u v w 
     gz
2
z x 2
y z2 z x y z
        
     
  
 
Dw  2w 2w 2w 
p
     2  2  2    g z .
Dt z x y z
  
5.43 If we substitute the constitutive equations (5.3.10) into Eqs. 5.3.2 and 5.3.3., with
   (x, y , z) we arrive at
Du p   2u  2u  2u   u   u v    u w 
  g x  2 2
Dt x x y 2 z 2 x x y y x z  z x 
             
 
   
129
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.44 If plane flow is only parallel to the plate, v  w  0. Continuity then demands that
u/x  0. The first equation of (5.3.14) simplifies to

 2 2 2 
 u u u u  p u u  u
 u v w    g    
  x
 2 2 2 
t x y z x
   x y z 
u  2u
   2
t y
We assumed g to be in the y-direction, and since no forcing occurs other than due to the
motion of the plate, we let p/x  0.
 xx yy  zz 2   u v w 
5.45 From Eqs. 5.3.10,   p       V.
 
3 3 x y z
 
  2    2 
p  p        V.  p  p          V.
 3   3 
Vorticity
      
5.46 (V  )V  u  v w (uî  v ĵ  wk̂ )
 
 x y z 
   w w w    v v v  

 × (V  )V  u v w  u v w iˆ
    
y  x y z  z  x y z 
130
Chapter
of the Fundamental
   u u u   w w w  
  u v w ˆj
 u v w 
    
z  x y z  x  x y z 
   v v v   u u u  
 u v w kˆ
 u v w 
    
x  x y z  y  x y z 
w v u w v u
Use the definition of vorticity: ω  (  )î  (  ) ĵ  (  )k̂
y z z x x y
 w v  u w  v x  

(ω  )V  (  )  (  )  (  ) (uî  v ĵ  wk̂ )
 
y z x z x y x y z
 
       w v ˆ u w ˆ v u ˆ 
(V  )ω  u  v  w (  )i  (  )j  (  )k
  
x y z y z z x x y
  
131
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.47 Expand the above, collect like terms, and compare coefficients of î, ĵ, and k̂.
Studying the vorticity components of Eq. 3.2.21, we see that z  u/y is the only
vorticity component of interest. The third equation of Eq. 5.3.24 then simplifies to
Dz
   2z
Dt
 2z

y 2
since changes normal to the plate are much larger than changes along the plate, i.e.,
 z 
 z .
y x
5.48 If viscous effects are negligible, as they are in a short section, Eq. 5.3.25 reduces to
D z
0
Dt
that is, there is no change in vorticity (along a streamline) between sections 1 and 2.
Since (see Eq. 3.2.21), at section 1,
v u
z    10
x y
u
we conclude that, for the lower half of the flow at section 2,  10.
y
This means the velocity profile at section 2 is a straight line with the same slope of the
profile at section 1. Since we are neglecting viscosity, the flow can slip at the wall with a
slip velocity u0 ; hence, the velocity distribution at section 2 is u 2 (y)  u 0  10y.
Continuity then allows us to calculate the profile:
V1 A1  V2 A2
1
(10 0.04)(0.04w)  (u 10 0.02 / 2)(0.02w). u  0.3 m/s.
0 0
2
Finally,
u2 (y)  0.310y
5.49 No. The first of Eqs. 5.3.24 shows that, neglecting viscous effects,
Dx u u u
 x  y  z
Dt x y z
so that  y , which is nonzero near the snow surface, creates  x through the term
132
Chapter
of the Fundamental
y u/y, since there would be a nonzero u/y near the tree.
133
Chapter
of the Fundamental
Differential Energy Equation
  V2   V2 p 
5.50 KT n̂ dA   gz  uɶ  d V    gz  uɶ    V  n̂dA
     
t  2   2 
c.s. c.v. c.s.
    V2
  V2 p 
   (KT)d V   t   2   gz   uɶ d V 
   V 
2
 gz  uɶ  d V

c.v. c.v.
  c.v.
 
   V2   2 


V p
  K T      gz   uɶ      V   gz  uɶ   d V  0
2
 t  2   2  

c.v.     
 V2  V2 p  V2     V p 
     V   gz        V    V    V  V    0.
  gz 
t 2  2   2  t   t  
continuity momentum
 Duɶ
K 2T    uɶ   V  uɶ  0. or   K 2T.
t Dt
5.51 Divide each side by dx dy dz and observe that

T T T T T T
  
xKxdx xKx  2T yy dy y y  2T zKzdz zKz  2T

 2,  ,  2
dx x dy x 2 dz z
Eq. 5.4.5 follows.
Duɶ D(hp / ) Dh Dp p D Dh Dp p
5.52             V 
Dt Dt Dt Dt  Dt Dt Dt 
134
Chapter
of the Fundamental
where we used the continuity equation: D  /Dt     V. Then Eq. 5.4. 9 becomes
Dh Dp p
       V   K 2T  p  V
Dt Dt 
which is simplified to
Dh Dp
  K 2T 
Dt Dt
 T T T T 
5.53 See Eq. 5.4.9: uɶ  cT.  c  u v w   K T.
2
 t x y z 
T
Neglect terms with velocity: c  K 2T.
 t
135
Chapter
of the Fundamental
5.54 The dissipation function  involves viscous effects. For flows with extremely large
velocity gradients, it becomes quite large. Then
DT
cp  
Dt
DT is large. This leads to very high temperatures on reentry vehicles.

and
Dt
u
5.55 u  10(110 000 r 2 ).   2r 105. (r takes the place of y)
r
    2 
1 u
From Eq. 5.4.17,   2         4r 2 1010.
 2  y  
 
At the wall where r  0.01 m,   1.8105  4  0.012 1010  72N/m 2 s.
u
At the centerline  0 so   0.
r
At a point half-way:   1.8105  4 0.0052 1010  18N/m 2 s.
u   2u
5.56 (a) Momentum:   2
t y
2
T  2T  u 
Energy:  c K  
t y2 y
   
    
u  2u  u
(b) Momentum:  
t y 2 y y
 
Energy:
136
Chapter
of the Fundamental
T  u
2
c  2T 
K
t 
y2 
y
   
    
137

Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter Solutions Manual 1

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Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter Solutions Manual 1

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Chapter 5 / The Differential Forms

Solution Manual for Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter

Subtract terms and divide by rddrdz:

Since dr is an infinitesimal, (r  dr)/r  1 and (r  dr/2)/r  1. Hence,

This can be put in various forms. If  = const, it divides out.

Since dr is infinitesimal (r  dr)2 /r  r and (r  dr/2) / r  1. Divide by r sin  and there

Also, since the flow is incompressible,

be in the direction of flow. There is no variation with y. Also, we demand that

5.8 a) Use cylindrical coordinates with v  vz  0 :

Substituting in the expression for acceleration we get

5.12 In a plane flow, u  u(x, y) and v  v(x, y). u v

5.13 If u  C1 and v  C 2 , the continuity equation provides, for an incompressible flow,

The z-component of velocity wisalsoconstant. We also have

The density may vary with x, y, z and t. It is not, necessarily, constant.

u v v u (x 2 y 2)5 5 x(2x) 5x 25 y 2

RT 1716  500 ft 3 dx 2  2 /12

v  20ye x  20(0.2)e 2  0.541m/s

Hence, in the vicinity of the z-axis:

vr  10re z  10(0.2)e 2  0.271m/s

Integrate, letting   0 from the y-axis: v sin   20 cos   C

u v v u 13.511.3 m/s

v  v  0  220y. v  220  0.004  0.88m/s.

Differential Momentum Equation

5.26 Check continuity:

p ˆ p ˆ 100x  ˆ 100y  ˆ 100  ˆ ˆ

5.27 Check continuity (cylindrical coord from Table 5.1):

For Euler’s Eqs. (let v = 0 in the momentum eqs of

p ˆ 1 p ˆ 200   1 ˆ 200  ˆ

1 p vr v v v v

v u 16y 16y 2 8y 2 16y 3

v(x, o)  0.  f (x)  0. 8  C 10004/5. C  0.0318.

u(x, y)  629yx 4/5  9890y 2 x 8/5 .

plate), v = 0. C  0, and v(x, y)  0.

5.36 The x-component Navier-Stokes equation can be written as

Based on the given conditions the following assumptions can be made:

twice yields, u(y)  ay  b . To determine a and b we apply the following boundary

Dvz  v vz v vz vz  p  v

Rearrange the above equation and integrate:

C1 and C2 are determined using the boundary conditions: vz  0, at r  ro , and vz  Vc

Subtracting the second equation from the first yields,

Integrating again yields rv  C1  C 2  v  C1 

Apply the boundary conditions v  0 at r  ri , and v  ro at r  ro . We have

r 2o r 2i ro2

  r 2   r 2 r 2  1

p 2u 2u 2u   u v  w 

u/x  0. The first equation of (5.3.14) simplifies to

   w w w    v v v  

 w v  u w  v x  

y u/y, since there would be a nonzero u/y near the tree.

Differential Energy Equation

5.51 Divide each side by dx dy dz and observe that

xKxdx xKx  2T yy dy y y  2T zKzdz zKz  2T

DT is large. This leads to very high temperatures on reentry vehicles.

At the wall where r  0.01 m,   1.8105  4  0.012 1010  72N/m 2 s.

At a point half-way:   1.8105  4 0.0052 1010  18N/m 2 s.

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