Geologi Bawah Permukaan

Maulana Rizki Aditama, S.Si., M.Sc

ELECTRICAL LOGS

1
 Logging Process
— A log run is made at the end of each drilling
phase before casing the hole
— Each log is numbered from the first time it is
run – later runs may duplicate data
— Logging depth below Kelly Bushing (bKB) KB
— Magnetic markers placed on cable every 25
m under a standard tension of 1000 lbs
— Log up the hole at speeds between 300
m/hr and 1800 m/hr depending on tool
— Sample rate of once every
~15 cm or less
— Normally saved in LAS formatted files
— Each run can take 3-5 hrs
After Rider (2000)
 Dipmeter Dipmeter

Logging
Tools
Sondes

Sonic Density
After Ellis & Singer,
2007
Log Suites
e.g. DIL-SONIC-GR

(From Rider, 2000) Diameters ~ 3”

 Purposes of Drilling Mud
— Lubricates and cools the drill bit
— Prevents hole from collapsing (counteracts far-field stresses)
— Prevents flow of formation fluids (blow-outs)
— Brings cuttings to the surface
— Power transmission to bit nozzles or turbines.
— Support the weight of the pipe and casing.
— Used as a medium for transmission of electrical current,
elastic waves and radiation during well logging.
— Used as a fluid probe during well logging – can be used to
indicate permeability and fluid mobility in the formation.
 Invasion
Needs to control the MUD DENSITY (mud weight)
— Mud usually kept at slightly higher pressure than formation
fluids.
— Pressure difference leads to mud infiltrating porous and
permeable beds - known as INVASION
 Mud Constituents

Solid Particles - usually larger than pores

— Does not enter the pores space
— Build up as mud cake on the borehole wall, eventually
forms impermeable membrane
Mud filtrate
— Mud-filtrate invades the formation. Different chemistry
and salinity to the formation fluid
Invasion

(From Petrophysicst blog: http://petrophysicist.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/borehole-environment.html)

 %

Volume
Formation Water
Mud Filtrate (Rw)
(Rmf)

Mudcake
Flushed
Mud

Invaded Virgin
Resistivity (Wm)

Rmc Rxo Ri
Rm Rt
 Invasion of water-based muds
Water-Bearing Formation Oil-Bearing Formation

Formation
Borehole

Borehole
Water Based Formation Water Based Oil

Mud Filtrate
Water Mud Filtrate

Formation
Water
Flushed Transition Uninvaded Flushed Transition Uninvaded
Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
Invaded Invaded
Zone Zone

Distance into Formation Distance into Formation

 Invasion of oil-based muds
Water-Bearing Formation Oil-Bearing Formation

Oil Based Formation

Borehole

Borehole
Mud Filtrate Formation Oil
Filtrate
Oil Based
Water
Mud Filtrate

Formation
Water
Flushed Transition Uninvaded Flushed Transition Uninvaded
Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
Invaded Invaded
Zone Zone

Distance into Formation Distance into Formation

 Fluid segregation
High Density Mud Filtrate Low Density Mud Filtrate
Compared to Formation Oil Mud Compared to Formation Water
Mud
Cake Impermeable Rock Cake Impermeable Rock
Permeable Rock Oil-Based
Mud

Boreh ole
Borehole

Filtrate
Formation Formation
Oil Water
Water-
Based
Mud Filtrate Permeable Rock
Impermeable Rock Impermeable Rock
 Fluid Mobility
— Amount of invasion can be used to indicate the
mobility of reservoir fluids i.e., amount of
producible hydrocarbons
— Permeable layers have mud-cakes!
— Mud-cake can develop in caved formations!
— Mobile fluid saturations can be calculated from
resistivities measured by tools with different depths
of investigation
Resolution and Depth of Penetration

After Rider (2000)

 Electrical Logs

Three varieties of log:

— Resistivity Logs - require conductive muds
— Induction Logs (Conductivity)
— Spontaneous Potential (SP) Logs

Measure same property

Different physical techniques
 Resistivity Notation (re-visited)
— Rw is the resistivity of the formation water
— Ro is the resistivity of a clean formation when it is
100% saturated with water
— Rt: the true uninvaded formation
resistivity as measured by
deep penetration logs
— Rm is the mud resistivity
— Rmc is the mud cake resistivity
RESISTIVITY LOGS