Geologi Bawah Permukaan

Maulana Rizki Aditama, S.Si., M.Sc

Electrical properties
of
rocks and fluids

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Electrical properties of rocks and
fluids
Two electrical properties
- Resistivity
- Self Potentials

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 Resistivity (R)

WATER is a good conductor of electricity

(contains DISSOLVED SALTS).
Other components are POOR electrical conductors
• If we measure the resistivity of the rock we can:
- Determine fractional saturation of water in the rock
- If we also know the porosity and the resistivity of the water
- Then we can determine % hydrocarbon
- Composition can complicate – e.g. clay content

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 Resistivity (R or r)
— Resistivity (R in industry or r in academia)
— Normalised resistance
(for a unit area and per unit length).
— Defined such that resistance (r), r = RL/A
— i.e. Resistivity, R = rA /L … R in ohm.m
— Conductivity (s )
— Inverse of resistivity: s = 1/r (or1/R)
— s in mho/m (or siemens/m)

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 Types of Conductivity
• ELECTRONIC – charge transport by electrons
The property of solids such as graphite, metals
and metal sulphides (e.g. pyrite, galena)
• ELECTROLYTIC – charge transport by charged
ions
The property of water containing dissolved
salts.
Conduction in sedimentary rocks … mainly ELECTROLYTIC
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Resistivity of the Formation
1. Amount of Water (f and Sw)

Current flows through the formation

fluid
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(Figure from Rider, 2000, The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs)
Resistivity of the Formation
2. Salt content of water

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 Water conductivity, salinity and temperature
The conductivity of a NaCl solution can be calculated
from salinity and temperature
The Sen and Goode Formula works well (empirically
relates conductivity (1/Rw) to salinity and temp.)
æ d +dT ö
(
o f (T,C f )= d 1 + d2T + d 3T 2 C f - ç) 4 5 ÷C3 2
ç 1 + d6 C f ÷ f
è ø
where d1=5.6 (S.L/m.mol), d2=0.27 (S.L/m.mol)/oC, d3=–1.51´10-4
(S.L/m.mol)/oC2, d4= 2.36 (S/m/(mol/L)3/2, d5= 0.099 (S/m/(mol/L)3/2/oC), d6=
0.214 ((mol/L)-1/2), T is in oC and Cf is the salinity of the bulk pore fluid
(mol/L).
 Water resistivity and temperature

— Resistivity decreases as temperature increases

— Arps Formula (empirically relates Rw to temp)
§ RwT2 = RwT1 (T1 + 6.77) / (T2 + 6.77) (oF)
§ RwT2 = RwT1 (T1 + 21.5) / (T2 + 21.5) (oC)
RwT is water resistivity at formation temperature T.
Rw75 is the water resistivity at 75 degrees F.
Resistivity of the Formation
3. Water composition

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Resistivity of the Formation
4. Temperature of the water

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 Resistivity of the Formation
5. “Tortuosity” of the electrical path

(Wide, short paths) (Longer paths) (Long, Narrow paths)

High current Lower current Low current
Low Resistivity Higher Resistivity High Resistivity

• Above - same f; same Sw; same salt content etc.;

• Matrix effects – “tortuosity” of conducting path
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 Resistivity Notation

• Rw: is the resistivity of the formation water

• Ro: is the resistivity of a clean formation when it
is 100% saturated with water
• Rt: the true uninvaded formation resistivity as
measured by deep penetration logs
 Resistivity of the Formation
§ We want to use resistivity to measure saturation
§ So, we need to define the characteristics, of the
formation independently of the saturation
§ We consider the resistivity of a sample of the formation
100% water saturated. Call this Ro

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 Formation Resistivity Factor

Define: Formation Resistivity Factor, F = Ro/Rw

We have said, Resistivity Ro of the formation dependson:
1. Volume of water
i. How much pore space (Porosity, f)
ii. How much of the fluid is water (Saturation, Sw)
2. Salinity and temperature of the water
3. How well the water pathways are connected – short wide
pathways, or long thin tortuous pathways

So What does F depend on? 15

 F depends on
Porosity Tortuosity
• if f large, lots of water R0/Rw low
(wide paths)
• Ro is low
• so F = Ro/Rw small
R0/Rw moderate

R0/Rw high
(narrow paths)

F smaller if more porous F smaller, if paths less tortuous

In fact, F ~ 1/fm = f(1-m)/f
Tortuosity = f(1-m)
 Formation Resistivity factor, F

The formation factor measures how easily

current passes through the pore fluid and is a
function of both
— the porosity (how much space for
electrolyte), and
— the way in which the pores are connected
(tortuosity)
 Archie’s first law
F = Ro/Rw = af-m
— m = cementation factor
— a = tortuosity or lithology factor
— If f = 1 (all water) … Ro = Rw , F=a or 1!!
— If f = 0 (all matrix) … Ro →∞ , F→∞
— If pores were long tubes, then m = 1

— Measured values of m from 0.5 to about 5

— Depends on type of sediment, pore shape, type of
porosity and its distribution
 Archie’s first law
— Cementation exponent m is a
proxy for tortuosity
— It describes how changes to the
microstructure affects the
electrical flow if the porosity
remains constant.
— Tubes, cracks, cracked rocks m near 1
— Sandstones m between 1.5 and 2.5
— Carbonates m often 3 to 5
— Perfect spheres m=1.5
— Note that a = ‘tortuosity factor’
does NOT depend on lithology